Abstract

Imaging probes are an important consideration for any type of contrast agent-based imaging method. X-ray luminescence imaging (XLI) and x-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) are both contrast agent-based imaging methods that employ x-ray excitable scintillating imaging probes that emit light to be measured for optical imaging. In this work, we compared the performance of several select imaging probes, both commercial and self-synthesized, for application in XLI/XLCT imaging. Commercially available cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) and europium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS:Eu) microphosphor as well as synthesized ${\rm{NaGd}}{{\rm{F}}_4}$ nanophosphors doped with either europium or terbium were compared through their x-ray luminescence emission spectra, luminescence intensity, and also by performing XLCT scans using phantoms embedded with each of the imaging probes. Each imaging probe displayed a unique emission spectrum that was ideal for deep-tissue optical imaging. In terms of luminescence intensity, due to the large particle size, GOS:Eu had the brightest emission, followed by ${\rm{NaGd}}{{\rm{F}}_4}:{\rm{Tb}}$, ${\rm{NaGd}}{{\rm{F}}_4}:{\rm{Eu}}$, and finally the CdTe QDs. Lastly, XLCT scans showed that each imaging probe could be reconstructed with good shape and location accuracy.

© 2021 Optical Society of America

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