1. For an another insightful history of policy history, see Graham, Hugh Davis, “The Stunted Career of Policy History: A Critique and an Agenda,” The Public Historian 15 (1993): 15–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar My work focuses much more on the professional and intellectual history of what policy historians have written since the 1970s. I would like to thank Edward Berkowitz, Donald Critchlow, Michael Grossberg, Richard Hamm, Michael Katz, Morton Keller, Eric Patashnik, Beryl Radin, and Nora Zelizer for their suggestions. I would especially like to thank Ellis Hawley for sharing his valuable documents with me.

2. Baker, Paula, “Remarks at a Roundtable Discussion on the State of Policy History And Its Future,”27 May 1999,paper presented at the 1999 Policy History Conference,Clayton, Missouri.Google Scholar

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20. Correspondence from Morton Keller, 26 August 1999.

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29. See, for example, Grable, Stephen W., “Applying Urban History to City Planning: A Case Study in Atlanta,” The Public Historian 1 (1979): 45–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stearns, Peter N., “History and Policy Analysis: Toward Maturity,” The Public Historian 4 (1982): 5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

30. See, for example, W. Andrew Achenbaum, “American Medical History: Social History and Medical History,” and Fox, Daniel, “History and Health Policy,” in The Journal of Social History 18 (1985): 343–364CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Reed, James, “Public Policy On Human Reproduction and the Historian,” The Journal of Social History 18 (1985): 383–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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49. Hugh Graham later echoed this proposal by claiming that historians were able to understand the “institutions that drive the policy process—their personality and culture, their values and memory, the legacy of their leaders.” Graham, Hugh Davis, “The Stunted Career of Policy History: A Critique and an Agenda,” Public Historian 15 (1993): 35–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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55. One exemplary publication comes from Sarah Binder. Her recent publication draws on a wealth of historical data to argue that partisan interests in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were the primary factors shaping parliamentary rules for minority rights in Congress. Her work demonstrates clearly how majorities must grapple with rules inherited from the past. Binder, Sarah, Minority Rights, Majority Rules: Partisanship and the Development of Congress (Cambridge, 1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

56. Hawley, Ellis W., “Remarks at a Roundtable Discussion,”27 May 1999,paper presented to the 1999 Policy History Conference,Clayton, Missouri.Google Scholar

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66. One notable example is Katz, Michael B., The “Underclass” Debate Views from History (Princeton, 1993).Google Scholar

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70. Katz, Michael B., The Undeserving Poor: From Poverty to the War on Welfare (New York, 1989).Google Scholar

71. Steinmo, Sven, Taxation and Democracy: Swedish, British, and American Approaches to Financing the Modern State (New Haven, 1993).Google Scholar

72. Gordon, Linda, Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare (New York, 1994), 306.Google Scholar See also Kessler-Harris, Alice, “Designing Women and Old Fools: The Construction of the Social Security Amendments of 1939,” in U.S. History as Women's History: New Feminist Essays, eds. Kerber, Linda, Kessler-Harris, Alice, and Sklar, Kathryn Kish (Chapel Hill, 1995), 87–106Google Scholar; Boris, Eileen, Home to Work: Motherhood and the Politics of Industrial Homework in the United States (Cambridge, 1994)Google Scholar; Fraser, Nancy and Gordon, Linda, “‘Dependency’ Demystified: Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the Welfare State,” Social Politics 1 (1994): 4–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Muncy, Robyn, “Gender and Professionalization in the Origins of the U.S. Welfare State: The Careers of Sophonisba Breckinridge and Edith Abbott, 1890–1935,” Journal of Policy History 2 (1990): 290–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a nuanced and innovative analysis of this issue, see Mettler, Suzanne, “The Stratification of Social Citizenship: Gender and Federalism in the Formation of Old Age Insurance and Aid to Dependent Children,” Journal of Policy History 11 (1999): 31–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

73. Lieberman, Robert C., Shifting the Color Line: Race and the American Welfare State (Cambridge, Mass., 1998)Google Scholar; Quadagno, Jill, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York, 1994)Google Scholar. For a pointed critique of this type of policy analysis, see Davies, Gareth and Derthick, Martha, “Race and Social Welfare Policy: The Social Security Act of 1935,” Political Science Quarterly 112 (1997): 217–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

74. Skocpol, Theda, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 539.Google Scholar See also Ladd-Taylor, Molly, Mother Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State 1890–1930 (Urbana, Ill., 1994).Google Scholar

75. Bix, Amy Sue, “Diseases Chasing Money and Power: Breast Cancer and AIDS Activism Challenging Authority,” Journal of Policy History 9 (1997): 5–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Turner, William B., “Lesbian/Gay Rights and Immigration Policy: Lobbying to End the Medical Model,” Journal of Policy History 7 (1995): 208–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

76. Berkowitz, Edward, Mr. Social Security: The Life of Wilbur Cohen (Lawrence, Kan., 1995).Google Scholar

77. See, for example, Lee, Frederic S., “From Multi-Industry Planning to Keynesian Planning: Gardiner Means, the American Keynesians, and National Economic Planning at the National Resources Committee,” Journal of Policy History 2 (1990): 186–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Skerry, Peter, “The Ambivalent Minority: Mexican Americans and the Voting Rights Act,” Journal of Policy History 6 (1994): 73–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Zelizer, Julian E., “‘Where Is the Money Coming From?’ The Reconstruction of Social Security Finance, 1939–1950,” Journal of Policy History 9 (1997): 399–424CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jacobs, Meg, “The Politics of Purchasing Power: State-Building, Political Economy, and Consumption Politics, 1909–1959” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1999)Google Scholar; Brinkley, Alan, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York, 1995)Google Scholar; Weir, Margaret, Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States (Princeton, 1992).Google Scholar

78. Graham, Hugh Davis, “Race, History, and Policy: African Americans and Civil Rights Since 1964,” Journal of Policy History 6 (1994): 12–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Graham, , The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972 (New York, 1990).Google Scholar Gareth Davies showed how Lyndon Johnson's initial campaign against poverty framed its programs within popular American ideals of individualism and self-sufficiency. The book traces why these efforts were abandoned by the 1970s, but also hints that those older programs offered a vision of federal assistance that might have been more successful politically. See Davies, Gareth, From Opportunity to Entitlement: The Transformation and Decline of Great Society Liberalism (Lawrence, Kan., 1996).Google Scholar

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