The process of axial and radial Si–Ge heterostructure formation during nanowire growth by vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism was studied using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. It was demonstrated that radial growth can be stimulated by adding chemical species that decrease the activation energy of precursor dissociation or the solubility of semiconductor material in catalyst drop. Reducing the Si adatom diffusion length also leads to Si shell formation around the Ge core. The influence of growth conditions on the composition and abruptness of axial Ge–Si heterostructures was analyzed. The composition of the GexSi1–x axial heterojunction (HJ) was found to be dependent on the flux ratio, the duration of Si and Ge deposition, and the catalyst drop diameter. Maximal Ge concentration in the HJ is dependent on Ge deposition time owing to gradual changing of catalyst drop composition after switching Ge and Si fluxes. The dependence of junction abruptness on the nanowire diameter was revealed: in the adsorption-induced growth mode, the abruptness decreased with diameter, and in the diffusion-induced mode it increased. This implies that abrupt Ge–Si HJ in nanowires with small diameter can be obtained only in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with negligible diffusion component of growth.
Conference
International Conference on Novel Materials and their Synthesis (NMS-VII) and the 21st International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers (FCFP-XXI), Novel Materials and their Synthesis, NMS, Novel Materials and their Synthesis, 7th, Shanghai, China, 2011-10-16–2011-10-21
References
1 10.1016/S1748-0132(08)70061-6, O. Hayden, R. Agarwal, W. Lu. Nano Today3, 12 (2008).Search in Google Scholar
2 10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71650-9, Y. Li, F. Qian, J. Xiang, C. M. Lieber. Mater. Today9, 18 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
3 10.1021/nl9029972, J.-S. Park, B. Ryu, C.-Y. Moon, K. J. Chang. Nano Lett.10, 116 (2010).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4 10.1021/jp910821e, J. Johansson, K. A. Dick, P. Caroff, M. E. Messing, J. Bolinsson, K. Deppert, L. Samuelson. J. Phys. Chem. C114, 3837 (2010).Search in Google Scholar
5 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.12.096, N. D. Zakharov, P. Werner, G. Gerth, L. Schubert, L. Sokolov, U. Gosele. J. Cryst. Growth290, 6 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
6 10.1021/nl072849k, T. E. Clark, P. Nimmatoori, K.-K. Lew, L. Pan, J. M. Redwing, E. C. Dickey. Nano Lett.8, 1246 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7 10.1063/1.2360225, R. Dujardin, V. Poydenot, T. Devillers, V. Favre-Nicolin, P. Gentile, A. Barski. Appl. Phys. Lett.89, 153129 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
8 10.1021/nl9018148, I. A. Goldthorpe, A. F. Marshall, P. C. McIntyre. Nano Lett.9, 3715 (2009).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9 L. J. Lauhon, M. S. Gudiksen, Ch. M. Lieber. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A362, 1247 (2004).10.1098/rsta.2004.1377Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10 10.1021/nl070874k, Ch. Chen, Sh. Shehata, C. Fradin, R. LaPierre, Ch. Couteau, G. Weihs. Nano Lett.7, 2584 (2007).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11 10.1063/1.3002299, M. J. Tambe, S. K. Lim, M. J. Smith, L. F. Allard, S. Gradecak. Appl. Phys. Lett.93, 151917 (2008).Search in Google Scholar
12 10.1021/ja057157h, M. A. Verheijen, G. Immink, Th. de Smet, M. T. Borgstrom, E. P. A. M. Bakkers. J. Am. Chem. Soc.128, 1353 (2006).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13 10.1021/nl020289d, Ch. M. Lieber. Nano Lett.2, 81 (2002).Search in Google Scholar
14 10.1021/nl0156888, Y. Wu, R. Fan, P. Yang. Nano Lett.2, 83 (2002).Search in Google Scholar
15 10.1021/nl062596f, G. Liang, J. Xiang, N. Kharche, G. Klimeck, Ch. M. Lieber, M. Lundstrom. Nano Lett.7, 642 (2007).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16 10.1038/nature04796, J. Xiang, W. Lu, Y. Hu, Y. Wu, H. Yan, Ch. M. Lieber. Nature441, 489 (2006).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
17 10.1021/nl073407b, Y. Hu, J. Xiang, G. Liang, H. Yan, Ch. M. Lieber. Nano Lett.8, 925 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18 10.1038/nnano.2007.302, Y. Hu, H. H. Churchill, D. J. Reilly, J. Xiang, Ch. M. Lieber, Ch. M. Marcus. Nat. Nanotechnol.2, 622 (2007).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19 10.1021/nl0614821, J.-E. Yang, Ch.-B. Jin, Ch.-J. Kim, M.-H. Jo. Nano Lett.6, 2679 (2006).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
20 10.1088/0268-1242/19/10/R02, D. J. Paul. Semicond. Sci. Technol.19, R75 (2004).Search in Google Scholar
21 10.1063/1.1753975, R. S. Wagner, W. C. Ellis. Appl. Phys. Lett.4, 89 (1964).Search in Google Scholar
22 T. B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P. R. Subramanian, L. Kacprzak. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Material Park, OH (1990).Search in Google Scholar
23 10.1021/nl0719630, E. Sutter, P. Sutter. Nano Lett.8, 411 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
24 D. Bahloul-Hourlier, P. Perrot. J. Nano Res.4, 135 (2008).10.4028/www.scientific.net/JNanoR.4.135Search in Google Scholar
25 10.1063/1.3173811, K. M. Varahramyan, D. Ferrer, E. Tutuc, S. K. Banerjee. Appl. Phys. Lett.95, 033101 (2009).Search in Google Scholar
26 10.1038/nature01141, L. J. Lauhon, M. S. Gudiksen, D. Wang, Ch. M. Lieber. Nature420, 57 (2002).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
27 10.1021/nl1031138, Y. Zhao, J. T. Smith, J. Appenzeller, Ch. Yang. Nano Lett.11, 1406 (2011).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
28 10.1021/nl802408y, I. A. Goldthorpe, A. F. Marshall, P. C. McIntyre. Nano Lett.8, 4081 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
29 10.1063/1.3531631, H.-K. Chang, S.-Ch. Lee. Appl. Phys. Lett.97, 251912 (2010).Search in Google Scholar
30 10.1088/0268-1242/14/2/012, D. Briand, M. Sarret, K. Kis-Sion, T. Mohammed-Brahim, P. Duverneuil. Semicond. Sci. Technol.14, 173 (1999).Search in Google Scholar
31 10.1007/s00339-007-4376-z, N. Li, T. Y. Tan, U. Gosele. Appl. Phys. A90, 591 (2008).Search in Google Scholar
32 10.1126/science.1178606, C.-Y. Wen, M. C. Reuter, J. Bruley, J. Tersoff, S. Kodambaka, E. A. Stach, F. M. Ross. Science326, 1247 (2009).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
33 10.1039/b817391e, J. L. Lensch-Falk, E. R. Hemesath, D. E. Perea, L. J. Lauhon. J. Mater. Chem.19, 849 (2009).Search in Google Scholar
34 10.1021/nl201124y, D. E. Perea, N. Li, R. M. Dickerson, A. Misra, S. T. Picraux. Nano Lett.11, 3117 (2011).Search in Google Scholar
35 10.1134/S1995078009030094, A. V. Zverev, K. Yu. Zinchenko, N. L. Shwartz, Z. Sh. Yanovitskaya. Nanotechnol. Russia4, 215 (2009).Search in Google Scholar
36 10.1351/PAC-CON-09-12-03, A. G. Nastovjak, I. G. Neizvestny, N. L. Shwartz. Pure Appl. Chem.82, 2017 (2010).Search in Google Scholar
37 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.096105, S. Kodambaka, J. Tersoff, M. C. Reuter, F. M. Ross. Phys. Rev. Lett.96, 096105 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
38 10.1016/S0167-5729(01)00012-7, B. Voigtlander. Surf. Sci. Rep.43, 127 (2001).Search in Google Scholar
39 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.125331, V. Cherepanov, B. Voigtlander. Phys. Rev. B69, 125331 (2004).Search in Google Scholar
40 10.1134/1.2010695, A. V. Zverev, I. G. Neizvestny, I. A. Reizvikh, K. N. Romanyuk, S. A. Teys, N. L. Shwartz, Z. Sh. Yanovitskaya. Semiconductors39, 967 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
41 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.121302, F. Glas. Phys. Rev. B74, 121302(R) (2006).Search in Google Scholar
42a L. Pauling. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd ed., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY (1960).Search in Google Scholar
42b L. Pauling. General Chemistry, Dover Publications, New York (1988).Search in Google Scholar
© 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
