The use of standards for the measurement of photoluminescence quantum yields (QYs) in dilute solutions is reviewed. Only three standards can be considered well established. Another group of six standards has been investigated by several independent researchers. A large group of standards is frequently used in recent literature, but the validity of these is less certain. The needs for future development comprise: (i) confirmation of the validity of the QY values of many commonly used standard materials, preferably in the form of SI traceable standards; (ii) extension of the set of standard materials to the UV and near-IR spectral ranges; and (iii) good standards or robust protocols for the measurements of low QYs.
Project Year: 2004, Project Code: 2004-021-1-300
References
1 10.1351/pac200779030293, S. E. Braslavsky. Pure Appl. Chem.79, 293 (2007).Search in Google Scholar
2 10.1351/PAC-REP-09-09-02, U. Resch-Genger, P. C. DeRose. Pure Appl. Chem.82, 2315 (2010).Search in Google Scholar
3a 10.1351/pac198860071107, D. F. Eaton. Pure Appl. Chem.60, 1107 (1988).Search in Google Scholar
3b 10.1016/1011-1344(88)85081-4, D. F. Eaton. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B2, 523 (1988).Search in Google Scholar
4 10.1021/ed076p1260, S. Fery-Forgues, D. Lavabre. J. Chem. Educ.76, 1260 (1999).Search in Google Scholar
5 K. Rurack, U. Resch-Genger. Pure Appl. Chem. Manucript in preparation.Search in Google Scholar
6a J. R. Lakowicz. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 2nd ed., Springer, New York (1999).10.1007/978-1-4757-3061-6Search in Google Scholar
6b J. R. Lakowicz. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3rd ed., Springer, New York (2006).10.1007/978-0-387-46312-4Search in Google Scholar
7 M. Montalti, A. Credi, L. Prodi, M. T. Gandolfi. Handbook of Photochemistry, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton (2006).10.1201/9781420015195Search in Google Scholar
8 10.1021/j100820a009, W. H. Melhuish, J. Phys. Chem.65, 229 (1961).Search in Google Scholar
9 10.1021/j100855a027, W. R. Dawson, M. W. Windsor. J. Phys. Chem72, 3251 (1968).Search in Google Scholar
10 10.1016/0047-2670(83)80061-6, S. R. Meech, D. Phillips. J. Photochem.23, 193 (1983).Search in Google Scholar
11 10.1021/ac50020a053, M. J. Adams, J. G. Highfield, G. F. Kirkbright. Anal. Chem.49, 1850 (1977).Search in Google Scholar
12 10.1039/b912178a, K. Suzuki, A. Kobayashi, S. Kaneko, K. Takehira, T. Yoshihara, H. Ishida, Y. Shiina, S. Oishic, S. Tobita. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.11, 9850 (2009).Search in Google Scholar
13 10.1023/B:JOFL.0000031828.96368.c1, R. A. Velapoldi, H. H. Tønnesen. J. Fluoresc.14, 465 (2004).Search in Google Scholar
14 R. A. Velapoldi, K. D. Mielenz. Standard Reference Materials: A Fluorescence Standard Reference Material: Quinine Sulfate Dihydrate, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 260-64, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC (1980). <http://ts.nist.gov/MeasurementServices/ReferenceMaterials/upload/SP260-64.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
15 10.1021/j100495a018, J. H. Brannon, D. Magde. J. Phys. Chem.82, 705 (1978).Search in Google Scholar
16 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0327:FQYATR>2.0.CO;2, D. Magde, R. Wong, P. G. Seybold. Photochem. Photobiol.75, 327 (2002).Search in Google Scholar
17 10.1007/s10895-005-0054-8, L. Porrès, A. Holland, L. O. Palsson, A. P. Monkman, C. Kemp, A. Beeby. J. Fluoresc.16, 267 (2006).Search in Google Scholar
18 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87477-9, J. Shen, R. D. Snook. Chem. Phys. Lett.155, 583 (1989).Search in Google Scholar
19 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00838-X, M. Fischer, J. Georges. Chem. Phys. Lett.260, 115 (1996).Search in Google Scholar
20a H. Du, R. C. A. Fuh, J. Z. Li, L. A. Corkan, J. S. Lindsey. Photochem. Photobiol.68, 141 (1998).Search in Google Scholar
20b 10.1562/2004-11-06-TSN-361.1, J. M. Dixon, M. Taniguchi, J. S. Lindsey. Photochem. Photobiol.81, 212 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
21 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1967.tb08790.x, J. W. Eastman. Photochem. Photobiol.6, 55 (1967).Search in Google Scholar
22 10.1016/0022-2313(92)90077-M, A. Pardo, D. Reyman, J. M. L. Poyato, F. Medina. J. Lumin.51, 269 (1992).Search in Google Scholar
23 10.1016/0047-2670(85)85079-6, K. P. Ghiggino, P. F. Skilton, P. J. Thistlethwaite. J. Photochem.31, 113 (1985).Search in Google Scholar
24 10.1021/j100483a006, J. Olmsted. J. Phys. Chem.83, 2581 (1979).Search in Google Scholar
25 10.1021/j100224a020, S. Hamai, F. Hirayama. J. Phys. Chem.87, 83 (1983).Search in Google Scholar
26 10.1016/0047-2670(77)85005-3, M. Mardelli, J. Olmsted. J. Photochem.7, 277 (1977).Search in Google Scholar
27 10.1021/j100550a010, J. V. Morris, M. A. Mahaney, J. R. Huber. J. Phys. Chem.80, 969 (1976).Search in Google Scholar
28 K. H. Drexhage. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. A, Phys. Chem.80, 421 (1976).10.6028/jres.080A.044Search in Google Scholar
29 10.1021/j100451a030, T. Karstens, K. Kobs. J. Phys. Chem.84, 1871 (1980).Search in Google Scholar
30 10.1016/0022-2313(91)90137-K, J. Arden, G. Deltau, V. Huth, U. Kringel, D. Peros, K. H. Drexhage. J. Lumin.48–49, 352 (1991).Search in Google Scholar
31 10.1016/0022-2313(81)90075-2, R. Sens, K. H. Drexhage. J. Lumin.24–25, 709 (1981).Search in Google Scholar
32 10.1021/j100469a012, D. Magde, J. H. Brannon, T. L. Cremers, J. Olmsted. J. Phys. Chem.83, 696 (1979).Search in Google Scholar
33 10.1021/j100183a045, S. J. Isak, E. M. Eyring. J. Phys. Chem.96, 1738 (1992).Search in Google Scholar
34 10.1021/ac062160k, N. Boens, W. Qin, N. Basaric, J. Hofkens, M. Ameloot, J. Pouget, J. P. Lefevre, B. Valeur, E. Gratton, M. van de Ven, N. D. Silva, Y. Engelborghs, K. Willaert, A. Sillen, G. Rumbles, D. Phillips, A. J. W. G. Visser, A. van Hoek, J. R. Lakowicz, H. Malak, I. Gryczynski, A. G. Szabo, D. T. Krajcarski, N. Tamai, A. Miura. Anal. Chem.79, 2137 (2007).Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
35 10.1063/1.477800, E. J. Nunes Pereira, M. N. Berberan-Santos, A. Fedorov, M. Vincent, J. Gallay, J. M. G. Martinho. J. Chem. Phys.110, 1600 (1999).Search in Google Scholar
36 10.1366/000370210791666390, C. Würth, C. Lochmann, M. Spieles, J. Pauli, K. Hoffmann, T. Schüttrigkeit, T. Franzl, U. Resch-Genger. Appl. Spectrosc.64, 733 (2010).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
37 J. B. Birks. Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, John Wiley, New York (1970).Search in Google Scholar
38a R. F. Chen. Anal. Lett.1, 35 (1967).10.1080/00032716708051097Search in Google Scholar
38b R. F. Chen. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. A, Phys. Chem.76, 593 (1976).Search in Google Scholar
39 10.1021/j100372a045, G. Grabner, G. Köhler, G. Marconi, S. Monti, E. Venuti. J. Phys. Chem.94, 3609 (1990).Search in Google Scholar
40 I. B. Berlman. Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules, Academic Press, New York (1971).Search in Google Scholar
41 10.1021/j100853a084, R. Rusakowicz, A. C. Testa. J. Phys. Chem.72, 2680 (1968).Search in Google Scholar
42 J. N. Demas, G. A. Crosby. J. Phys. Chem.75, 991 (1971).Search in Google Scholar
43 10.1021/j100248a024, G. Jones, W. R. Jackson, C. Y. Choi, W. R. Bergmark. J. Phys. Chem.89, 294 (1985).Search in Google Scholar
44 10.1021/j100309a012, W. E. Ford, P. V. Kamat. J. Phys. Chem.91, 6373 (1987).Search in Google Scholar
45 10.1016/0143-7208(89)85048-X, G. Seybold, G. Wagenblast. Dyes Pigm.11, 303 (1989).Search in Google Scholar
46 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85142-B, R. Gvishi, R. Reisfeld, Z. Burshtein. Chem. Phys. Lett.213, 338 (1993).Search in Google Scholar
47 10.1021/ja00432a028, J. Van Houten, R. J. Watts. J. Am. Chem. Soc.98, 4853 (1976).Search in Google Scholar
48 10.1246/bcsj.55.2697, K. Nakamaru. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.55, 2697 (1982).Search in Google Scholar
49 10.1246/bcsj.55.1639, K. Nakamaru. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.55, 1639 (1982).Search in Google Scholar
50a 10.1081/SL-120039700, A.-S. Chauvin, F. Gumy, D. Imbert, J.-C. G. Bünzli. Spectrosc. Lett.37, 517 (2004).Search in Google Scholar
50b A.-S. Chauvin, F. Gumy, D. Imbert, J.-C. G. Bünzli. Spectrosc. Lett.40, 193 (2007).Search in Google Scholar
51 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1970.tb06011.x, A. T. Gradyushko, A. N. Sevchenko, K. N. Solovyov, M. P. Tsvirko. Photochem. Photobiol.11, 387 (1970).Search in Google Scholar
52 V. V. Zelinskii, V. P. Kolobkov. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR101, 241 (1955).Search in Google Scholar
53 10.1021/j100407a046, E. M. Kober, J. V. Caspar, R. S. Lumpkin, T. J. Meyer. J. Phys. Chem.90, 3722 (1986).Search in Google Scholar
54 10.1016/0022-2852(69)90335-X, P. G. Seybold, M. Gouterman. J. Mol. Spectrosc.31, 1 (1969).Search in Google Scholar
55 10.1039/tf9575300646, G. Weber, F. Teale. Trans. Faraday Soc.53, 4315 (1957).Search in Google Scholar
56 10.1016/1010-6030(94)01057-9, H. Stiel, K. Teuchner, A. Paul, W. Freyer, D. Leupold. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A80, 289 (1994).Search in Google Scholar
57 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02320.x, K. Teuchner, A. Pfarrherr, H. Stiel, W. Freyer, D. Leupold. Photochem. Photobiol.57, 465 (1993).Search in Google Scholar
58 10.1021/ja047649e, A. Gorman, J. Killoran, C. O’Shea, T. Kenna, W. M. Gallagher, D. F. O’Shea. J. Am. Chem. Soc.126, 10619 (2004).Search in Google Scholar
59 10.1016/S1010-6030(96)04584-4, S. Reindl, A. Penzkofer, S. H. Gong, M. Landthaler, R. M. Szeimies, C. Abels, W. Baumler. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A105, 65 (1997).Search in Google Scholar
60 10.1007/BF00632467, P. Sperber, W. Spangler, B. Meier, A. Penzkofer. Opt. Quant. Electron.20, 395 (1988).Search in Google Scholar
61 10.1016/0009-2614(88)85007-3, M. Vogel, W. Rettig, R. Sens, K. H. Drexhage. Chem. Phys. Lett.147, 452 (1988).Search in Google Scholar
62 10.1039/a804973d, H. Langhals, J. Karolin, L. B. A. Johansson. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.94, 2919 (1998).Search in Google Scholar
63 10.1039/b007671f, S. Kalinin, M. Speckbacher, H. Langhals, L. B. A. Johansson. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.3, 172 (2001).Search in Google Scholar
64 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.07.051, W. Holzer, A. Penzkofer, T. Tsuboi. Chem. Phys.308, 93 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
65 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.05.064, A. Endo, K. Suzuki, T. Yoshihara, S. Tobita, M. Yahiro, C. Adachi. Chem. Phys. Lett.460, 155 (2008).Search in Google Scholar
66a 10.1002/anie.200702854, D. Wu, A. B. Descalzo, F. Weik, F. Emmerling, Z. Shen, X. Z. You, K. Rurack. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.47, 193 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
66b 10.1002/asia.200700267, K. Kiyose, H. Kojima, T. Nagano. Chem. Asian J.3, 506 (2008).Search in Google Scholar
66c 10.1002/anie.200702070, G. Ulrich, R. Ziessel, A. Harriman. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.47, 1184 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
66d 10.1021/ja077756j, K. Umezawa, Y. Nakamura, H. Makino, D. Citterio, K. Suzuki. J. Am. Chem. Soc.130, 1550 (2008).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
66e 10.1002/chem.200801996, G. M. Fischer, M. Isomäki-Krondahl, I. Göttker-Schnetmann, E. Daltrozzo, A. Zumbusch. Chem.—Eur. J.15, 4857 (2009).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
66f 10.1039/c0cc00359j, G. M. Fischer, C. Jungst, M. Isomaki-Krondahl, D. Gauss, H. M. Moller, E. Daltrozzo, A. Zumbusch. Chem. Commun.46, 5289 (2010).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
67 10.1366/000370207779701389, B. Ciesielska, A. Lukaszewicz, L. Celewicz, A. Maciejewski, J. Kubicki. Appl. Spectrosc.61, 102 (2007).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
68 C. Würth, M. Grabolle, J. Pauli, M. Spieles, U. Resch-Genger. Anal. Chem.83, 3431 (2011).Search in Google Scholar
69a 10.1007/s10895-005-2629-9, U. Resch-Genger, D. Pfeifer, C. Monte, W. Pilz, A. Hoffmann, M. Spieles, K. Rurack, J. Hollandt, D. Taubert, B. Schonenberger, P. Nording. J. Fluoresc.15, 315 (2005).Search in Google Scholar PubMed
69b 10.1351/PAC-REP-09-09-02, U. Resch-Genger, P. C. DeRose. Pure Appl. Chem.82, 2315 (2010).Search in Google Scholar
© 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston