Use of jejunal serosal patch and pyloric exclusion in the management of complex duodenal injury

Background Duodenal injuries are relatively rare but remain a management challenge with a high incidence of postoperative complications. Guidelines from the World Society of Emergency Surgery and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma favour a primary repair for less-complex injuries, but the management of more complex duodenal trauma remains controversial with varying techniques supported, including pyloric exclusion, omental or jejunal patch closure, gastrojejunostomy and pancreatoduodenectomy. We describe the techniques used in one case of complex duodenal trauma. Technique The duodenum is approached via a standard laparotomy with Kocherisation. Primary repair of the duodenal perforations is performed using a 3/0 polydioxanone suture (PDS), followed by mobilisation of a loop of mid-jejunum against the area of duodenal trauma over the primary repair as a jejunal serosal patch. The antimesenteric jejunal serosal border is sutured to the serosa of the duodenum (serosa only) using a 3/0 PDS. Pyloric exclusion is then performed through an anterior gastrostomy, to control the volume of gastric juice entering the duodenum. The pylorus is sutured closed using an absorbable suture followed by closure of the anterior gastrostomy using a GIA stapling device.


Background
Duodenal injuries are relatively rare owing to their well-protected retroperitoneal position, but remain challenging to both diagnose and treat, with a high incidence of postoperative complications.The lack of a complete serosal envelope in addition to the high volume of fluid passing daily into and through the duodenum, place it at higher risk of leakage, failure of repair and fistula formation.In addition, because of the forces involved, there is a high incidence of additional injuries, in particular pancreatic trauma. 1 Owing to the lack of robust level I data, expert consensus dictates managing simple perforations (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade I-II; Figure 1) with primary repair alone.4][5] One technique described is the jejunal serosal patch, which reinforces the primary repair by offering an additional layer of protection 6 to mitigate against leakage.Pyloric exclusion is another technique described after severe duodenal injury, as a temporary measure to prevent fluids entering the lumen of the duodenum from the stomach, thereby enabling primary repair without resection and, in theory, reducing leakage from the primary repair. 3,4Following a high-velocity road traffic accident, a healthy 62-year-old man sustained multiple abdominal and bony injuries.Intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal free air with fat stranding around the second part of duodenum was noted on computed tomography trauma imaging.Damage control laparotomy findings included two duodenal perforations, an ischaemic terminal ileum, significant retroperitoneal contamination and parenchymal pancreatic injury with some minor bleeding from superior mesenteric branches and small pancreatitis vessels.This paper describes the management and techniques used to treat the duodenal injuries.

Technique
The abdomen is prepared as standard, and a midline incision performed for a trauma laparotomy to immediately control bleeding and contamination.The duodenum is explored as part of the trauma laparotomy and mobilised using a right medial visceral rotation (Cattell-Braasch manoeuvre) and Kocherisation.In our Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2024; 106: 413-417 case, multiple traumatic perforations of the duodenum are noted, including grade III injury (Figure 2).

Primary repair
A primary, single-layer repair was performed using a 3/0 polydioxanone suture (PDS; Ethicon) (Figure 3) and drains were inserted adjacent to the duodenum.A standard trauma laparotomy was completed and the abdomen was packed, but a temporary closure device (Abthera) placed with a planned take back once physiology was restored.The patient was then transferred to the intensive care unit for restoration of physiology, including reversal of the coagulopathy, hypothermia and acidosis.

Jejunal serosal patch
At the relook laparotomy, leakage was noted from the blunt duodenal perforation areas throughout segments 3 and 4 of a very friable duodenum with bruising to the head of pancreas.To manage further maturing dehiscence, a loop of mid-jejunum was mobilised tension-free and its antimesenteric border placed against the primary repair to reinforce it.The healthy jejunal serosa was sutured directly to the duodenum using 3/0 PDS simple interrupted tension-free sutures, superior and inferior to the area of duodenal injury as a serosal patch (Figure 3).The pancreatic parenchymal injury was gently debrided.The pancreatic duct was not involved (clinically and at follow-up magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography). Drains were placed behind, in front of, above and below the duodenal-pancreatic injury to control any fistulae or contamination that may develop.

Pyloric exclusion
To control gastric fluid in-flow into the duodenum, an anterior gastrotomy was created to access the pylorus (Figure 4).Anchoring sutures were placed on either side of the gastrostomy to aid exposure.The pylorus was identified and grasped using Babcock forceps to elevate it into the surgical field for suturing.The pylorus was then closed using interrupted simple absorbable sutures (3/0 vicryl; Ethicon), thereby creating complete gastric  5).The anterior gastrotomy was then closed using a GIA stapler and the suture line buried using 3/0 PDS.With regards to feeding, an open (surgical) jejunostomy tube was placed during this procedure to enable gut feeding.In addition, a nasogastric tube was inserted to allow for gastric drainage and feeding at a later stage.

Discussion
4][5] Extensive duodenal injuries with complete devascularisation and pancreatic head injuries often require an emergency pancreaticoduodenectomy. [7][8][9] The techniques described here have been proven to protect the primary repair and reduce complications including suture line dehiscence.However, choosing when to utilise these techniques remains a dilemma faced by trauma surgeons owing to a lack of standardisation and clear indications.Currently, the surgeon must consider and alter treatment based on the patient's situation because performing these techniques does prolong the operative period, which is not always possible in complex trauma patients in whom duodenal damage is unlikely to be an isolated injury.Excluding the pylorus allows the duodenum to rest temporarily by decreasing the fluid volume, diverting gastric contents and avoiding activation of pancreatic enzymes.The pylorus will re-open following pyloric exclusion; the mean time to opening varies based on type of suture used, being approximately 2-3 and 4-6 weeks with absorbable and non-absorbable sutures, respectively. 10Jejunal serosal patch is commonly used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer perforation, where it has eliminated the need for synthetic material and aids by providing a layer of protection. 62][13] There are multiple ways to establish nutrition following duodenal trauma and pyloric exclusion.The primary surgeon opted to utilise open jejunostomy in this particular case to keep the mucosa healthy by feeding it, in turn reducing critical care complications. 2 Another viable option is total parental nutrition, but this is associated with numerous additional problems. 14Feeding in our patient was introduced gradually; enterally through the nasogastric tube on day 9 and then orally on day 23.Bilious output was noted consistently from day 13

Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 1 American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification (from Moore and Jones 2 with permission)