Effect of Aluminium, Magnesium Doping on Magnetic Nature of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Studied by X-ray Diffraction Method

Zinc Oxide nanoparticles were prepared by an ultra-sonicated method. It’s characterized with XRD, SEM, and FTIR. X-ray diffraction is utilized to find exact grain size, arrangement of the crystal in the materials and used to prove doping exists. (242), (151) the hkl value proves doping exists in the prepared material. After doping the metal shows the hexagonal structure and size below 100nm. FTIR finds functional group that shows metal functional group of the nanoparticles. The current study explains the magnetic nature of ZnO by using magnetic (1) symmetry which is identified by XRD and crystal impact Match-2 and Diamond-3 software.


INTRODUCTION
ZnO is factotum that has good optical, chemical and electrical properties. It's also found beneficial in constructing piezoelectric dimmers, sensors optical dimmers, surface acoustic dimmers 3 solar cell, antibacterial activity etc. The reaction of different crystal structured material are used in random access memories. 4,5 The magnetic and optical properties could be improved by embedding transition metals or rare earth element. First principle calculation is used to stud dopping effect on domin wall. On doping domain wall region the energy is grater compared to bulk region 2 .
The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles numerous methods have been used, such as chemical vapor deposition, gas evaporation sol-gel, spray pyrolysis, precipitation and thermal decomposition but the chemical techniques tend to be preferred as they provide control of nucleation, growth and ageing of particles during synthesis 6,7 . Among these, the hydrothermal method is a cost effective, low-temperature, substrate independent and straightforward technique that determines controllable structures 8 . Therefore, the purpose of analysis is to characterize ZnO nanoparticles in order to determine its potential use in wastewater treatment.

Preparation of Pure ZnO Nanoparticles
Zinc acetate (ZnC 4 H 6 O 4 ) 0.5 moles prepared by using distilled water the same methods are followed to prepare the base solution of Potassium hydroxide (KOH). The sample is prepared by using the Sonication method with frequency at 6000MHz's. The PEG is added for the extra effective and de-aggregation purposes. The initial pH of the pure sample solution is 6 the base (KOH) is added till the solution reach the base pH 10 to 11 the precipitate is allowed to settle and separated then washed with dill HCL for removing the impurities then dried at 80 0 C for 12 h then it is calcinated at 360 0 C for 3 hours. The precipitate is stored and named as (CHEM-2).

Preparation of Aluminium and Magnesium Doped Materials
Then the pure ZnO nanoparticles where doped with Aluminium and Magnesium under 120 0 C and 6000 MHz of ultrasound the dopping is made under base pH. The double dopping is made to enhance the magnetic nature of the sample. The sample is dried at 120 0 C for 3 h and calcinated under 360 0 -420 0 C for one hour. The doped sample is stored and named as (CHEM-4).

X-ray diffaraction (XED)
XRD is used as the finger print region for inorganic material, in XRD to identify the purity and crystal nature. Crystal Impact Match-2 and Diamond-3 software are used to draw the crystal structure of pure and doped ZnO. The blue lines indicate observed data and the red line stasis matched data, and various colors show doped sample. The observed XRD is shows in Figure 1.
The pure ZnO has hexagonal structure and P63mc space group. The atomic distance between Zn-Zn band is 0.33Ǻ and for Zn-O band is 0.38Ǻ. The d-value is 2.8902Ǻ of the sample indicates that the sample is pure (98-900-4181 ref data number).

Effect of Doping
In our study we used two doping with pure sample Al and Mg were used as doping materials, the blue lines in Fig. 5 shows the observed data the red line shows matched data. The observed XRD is shows in Fig. 4 the doped sample shows the cubic shape which is shows in Fig. 6 where the lattice parameter of the doped materials is changed. The lattice cell parameter of the doped sample is a=8.066Ǻ and shows the Fd-3 space group the atomic distance of doped material is Zn-O=1.7463Ǻ, Al-O=2.0165Ǻ, Mg-O=0.0051Ǻ. The doping of Al is 65.5% and Mg is 34.5%. The 2 theta value of 56.23Ǻ, and 59.57Ǻ are indicated for doping with is common to Al and Mg, The doublet peaks show the doping exists in the sample it because of lattice order displacement. The hkl value of doped material in the particular point is  Fig. 7

the space group as
Fd¯3̅ m which origin of center arranged as ¯43m at -1/8 -1/18 from center ¯3m (11,12,13). Asymmetric unit with the ferromagnetic moment the XRD shows the arrangement of the atom in this symmetric nature and confirms the theoretical magnetism changed from diamagnetic nature to ferromagnetic nature. lower atomic radius gives the best result in doping and from lattice disorder this lattice disorder gives the change in morphology.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The SEM images shows in Fig. 8,9,10, from the image. The size varies from 20-60nm. It may be due to environmental factors like far atmospheric moisture etc. From the image the average particle size is 20-60nm. As doping happens, the addition of impurity to the parent material. The parent materials lattice arrangement is changed, as there is also a change in lattice disorder of parent material and the morphology of parent material is also changed f(9). In the present study, Al and Mg used as a doping material and zinc oxide were used as the parent material. The atomic radius of Zn is more than Al, so the doping takes place in a good manner. The

CONCLUSION
Zinc Oxide nanoparticles where prepared by using ultra sonicated method. The ZnO nanoparticles are characterized by using X-ray diffraction, SEM, and FTIR. The XRD confirmed the atomic distance, d-value and the hkl value of the sample for the pure zinc oxide and doped with Al and Mg. From X-RD results the shape of the pure sample is hexagonal and changed to the cubic structure. The magnetic symmetry is changed from diamagnetic to Asymmetric unit with ferromagnetic moment. X-RD shows the arrangement of the atom symmetric nature and confirms the theoretical magnetism changed from diamagnetic to ferromagnetic nature. The SEM image confirmed the spherical shape for Zinc Oxide nanoparticles and the hexagonal the Al and Mg doped Zinc Oxide nanoparticles was confirmed. The sample shows less than 100nm that shows in the report. The lower atomic radius gives best result in a doping and from lattice disorder this lattice disorder gives change in morphology. The FTIR confirmed the Zn-O stretching mode and 3649.32 cm -1 the elimination of OH in Zn (OH) converted into ZnO, while doping with Al and Mg confirmed by the doping 555.50 cm -1 is allotted for Mg-O Lo to phonon mode of MgO lattice, 439.77 cm -1 is fit for E2 mode of morphed ZnO and the Vibration of Mg-O. These Nano particles are used to treat phenolic effluent like cresol, Ortho cresol, etc.,

NOTE:
There is no Acknowledgment & Conflict of interest for this manuscript.