Establishment of Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant on Rooftop of CSIR-Staff Quarter Building-Scientific and Industrial Research Scientist Apartment ( SIRSA )

This paper highlights the recent trends followed by CSIRCentral Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) in establishing Solar Photo -Voltaic Power Plants. This work is aimed at meeting up the conventional energy scarcity at CSIR-CGCRI, SIRSA Campus and developing clean/green energy in order to compensate the global challenges of energy scarcity, climate change and renewable energy development. Abiding by the scheme of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) under the aegis of Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE), CSIR-CGCRI has implemented Solar Roof-top Grid connected Power Plant at SIRSA Residential staff quarter since February 2014 with the capacity of 37.5 KWp (as per agreement). From September 2017, CSIR-CGCRI has further enhanced the capacity to 100.5 KWp (as per agreement). Results revealed that there is a stable growth of solar power energy generation. Keeping this in mind, the work pertains to the basic objectives of achieving reduction in carbon food print in line with clean energy generation which leads to reduction in air-pollution and global warming and at the same time conservation of conventional resources, which is getting reduced day-by-day. Nevertheless, the solar energy generated would eventually lessen the amount of energy purchased from the local Distribution Company (DISCOM) which would benefit our organisation economically. Material Science Research India www.materialsciencejournal.org ISSN: 0973-3469, Vol.16, No.(1) 2019, Pg. 14-36 CONTACT Ashok Kumar Ray ashokray.jsr@gmail.com CSIR Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Oriental Scientific Publishing Company This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/160104 Article History Received: 19 March 2019 Accepted: 15 April 2019


Introduction
From Literature review it was found, the strength of solar PV system with Net-metering arrangements has increased from 7.6 GW in 2007 to 13.5 GW in 2008 and was 21 GW at the end of 2009.Similarly, annual solar PV generation also had increased from 3.7 GW in 2007 to 10.7 GW in 2009. 1 The geographical location of India being in the equatorial sun belt of the earth, is advantageous because it receives enormous radiant energy from the sun.Clear sunny weather is available 250 to 300 days per annum in the most part of India, resulting in 1600 to 2200 kWh/sq.mradiation, which is comparable with radiation received in the tropical and subtropical regions.The equivalent energy potential is about 60,000 Lakhs GWh of energy per year. 2 It is observed that during 2014 -2017 India was able to achieve a non-conventional energy milestone, which includes solar power, wind energy or possibly small hydro plant which pushed the country's renewable generation more than one lakh gigawatt hours (GWh) in a single year for the first time. 3e Central Electricity Authority reported 93,207 GWh of renewable electricity up to the end of February, and the more updated daily data from POSOCO's National Load Despatch Centre showed that a further 6,832 GWh had been generated by the end of March 29, to push the total over the 100,000 GWh line in FY 2017 -18 with two days to spare. 3 India's renewable energy production now stands well ahead of the total electricity generation of relatively populous developing nations like the Philippines, or small but advanced economies like Belgium.It also exceeds all the electricity produced by Israel and Hong Kong combined -where virtually all power comes from burning coal, gas or oil.
More importantly, "actual generation" is a conservative and more revealing index of a country's transition to clean energy than the widely used term "generation capacity". 3ermal coal plants in India are currently running at a little below 60 % of their capacity, but these numbers are still substantially higher than those for renewables, dependent as they are on adequate sunshine for SPV plants.The energy actually generated for the grid puts the various sources on a more comparable footing.
Coal still dominates power production, but renewable generation now accounts for 7.7 % of grid power averaged over the last 12 months -more than twice as much as nuclear energy.In December 2017, it exceeded large-scale hydro for the first time. 3newables are on track to contributing 10 % of India's year -round power by the end of 2019 -21 years ahead of the forecast made by World Coal Association CEO Benjamin Sporton, who claimed in London's Financial Times that "renewables like wind and solar in India (are) unlikely to reach 10 per cent of the (grid) mix before 2040".On a monthly basis, Sporton's claim was wrong even before he made it, as last July's renewable generation produced 11.7 % of India's power.
The major development this year has been the arrival of solar as a substantial contributor to the overall renewable generation -shown in red in the chart above.Several large solar parks are now up and running.Just this month, the first 600 MW of the 2000 MW Pavagada plant in Karnataka were commissioned, putting it on course to being the world's largest solar plant.
However, it's not all smooth sailing for renewable energy in India.As recently reported, solar investment has been threatened by the prospect of safeguard tariffs on imported solar equipment, the result of contradictory policy goals and the government's clear commitment to renewables is matched by equivocal statements regarding the future of coal.
But renewable generation will keep growing, and next financial year, the 100 billionth unit of renewable energy will probably be produced in January or February, not the end of March.
In the light of above studies, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), one of the foremost laboratories in the family of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research under the aegis of Central Government had already installed 100.5 KWp (as per agreement) grid connected solar power plant at SIRSA in order to supplement their energy consumption of the residential complex and it is running successfully.Initially a capacity of 37.  Quality of all components including the structural system was adequately taken into consideration and has been suitably addressed.

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After witnessing a set back of an inverter getting burnt due to thunder and lightning in the first phase of work, reasons were searched and additional remedial actions were taken and hence replaced by the developers free of cost as per terms of the agreement.The proposed project site is located in the campus of CSIR Residential Complex (SIRSA), 59 Lake Road, Kolkata-700029.In the roof of all the buildings (excluding CSIR Guest-House).

Summary of the Project
CSIR -Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute has setup Solar PV System at their residential complex in order to supplement their energy consumption for common service of the residential complex install 100.5 kWp (as per agreement) Gridconnected Solar Plant.
Output voltage of the Power Plant was 440V AC and has to be synchronized with grid at the AC bus bar of the Main service panel at 440V, 3ø 4 Wire system.There was no need of storage battery because the system is grid interfaced.
Virtually there was no need of installation of distribution network, since there will be a dedicated line feeding the PV generated power in to the AC Bus Bar of main Service panel i.e. the LT receiving and load distribution point.Major system components are-Solar PV Module, Array Junction Box, Inverter, AC Distribution Board, Data-logger and Import-Export energy meter.
An agreement with CESC was executed for Net Metering facility.
The entire plant was insured from fire and other perils through National Insurance Co. Ltd.

Results and Discussion
For the first time in India's power generation history, the financial year 2017-18 saw renewable energy production reach the 1 lakh Gigawatt-hour mark.This achievement came almost at the end of the financial year on 29 March, tracked by the National Load Dispatch Centre of the Power Systems Operations Company (POSOCO).Within a span of two years, Pavagada Solar Park in Karnataka would be the largest single-site solar plant in the world after attaining its full 2 GW installed capacity. 10 The city of Diu, which is actually a centrally administered territory was recognized as the first city in India to meet -up its day -time power requirement through the solar plant.This small city has historically been dependent on Gujarat to supply almost all its power.This changed with the Smart Cities mission.Diu set up a 9 Megawatt (MW) solar plant and installed another 1.3 MW capacity using government building rooftops.Diu also started incentivizing rooftop solar installations, paying Rs  10,000 subsidy for every kilowatt (KW) of installed capacity.Running entirely on solar power during daytime, even negotiating the summer peaks is no mean achievement for any Indian city.Gandhinagar in Gujarat also aspires to use solar as its predominant power supply source.The city is working towards creating a 5 MW captive installed base, using government and private residential buildings to put up generation units. 10

Off -Grid and On -Grid Solar PV Systems
The "Usage of Solar power" benefits to the society by the means of green revolution along with economy.It is noteworthy that in the long run there is a reduction in electricity energy charges.However, there are two types of system we choose -1) grid -tied solar power systems and 2) off-grid systems, in order to select the solar power option that is suitable to us.

Off -Grid Solar PV Systems
This type of solar electric system is not connected to the electrical utility grid.It relies on batteries to store the electricity produced by the solar panels for use when the system is unable to produce sufficient energy (for example: at night) to meet household functions or any other electrical loads.This system is expensive than Grid -tied system due to Battery cost and it will require a recurring maintenance cost of battery at the same time disposal of waste battery is an another big issue.

Grid -Tied Solar PV Systems
The system comprising grid interfacing between Utility supply and Solar Power.It includes the possibility to earn, sell, and generate revenue from local DISCOM's.In this case, the utility company  Further, where the Solar Power Plant is not capable to generate enough electricity to power the home/ Electrical loads, the utility supply grid will supply electricity whenever needed.This system also is more cost effective than Off -grid system.
When choosing a solar power system, it is important to decide when we are going to utilize the system.For example, if we want to utilize the solar power at night, then battery based off -grid system is the only option, otherwise a grid-tied system may be the best choice.
Grid -tied solar power systems is connected, or "tied" to the existing utility electrical grid.Electricity that is produced by the solar power plant flows freely back to the grid, and to the utility company through net-metering arrangements.The direct benefit for the electricity generated by the solar panels of the consumers is obtaining credit.As long as the solar array generates more electricity than the captive use, the electricity will be free to inject in the utility grid.
If the consumer consumes more electricity than is generated, then they will be billed for only the excess consumption.For the SIRSA SPV Plant, energy generated through solar modules is initially consumed by the connected load at day time (captive use).If solar power generation exceeds the load demand, then the excess power will feed to the DISCOM's grid.

Why does Solar Panel Size Matter?
Output Power is directly proportional to the no. of solar cell in a panel.The more solar cells working           during ideal conditions.This is called the Standard Test Condition rating (STC for short).
To determine an STC rating, solar labs test the panels under ideal conditions called "peak sun," or 1000 watts of sunlight per square meter of surface.The results of solar power generation at our SIRSA complex have been explained in their proper perspective.
Month wise daily average Terrestrial Solar radiation on inclined plane of PV Array at SIRSA complex is revealed in Table .1  Year Wise Performance Ratio Fig. 23 and Table 13 depict the trend and performance the year wise performance ratio of our Solar Power Generating system.

Performance Monitoring Mechanism
Performance data monitoring (Daily, Monthly, Yearly energy generation) system will be provided for generation and other parameters data-logging.
Web enable data logging system is a separate unit.The data logging system includes PV string monitoring system also.The data Logger should have the provision of recording the data of solar insolation and ambient temperature and associated electrical parameters at different stages to study performance of system as well as to study status of the system at a particular instant.The data logger should have required transducer to monitor and record the required system data.The data logger should be provided with an insolation meter and a temperature meter matched with the system.The data logger shall have reliable battery backup and data storage capacity to record all sorts of data simultaneously round the clock.Web based Data Logger and remote monitoring must be compatible with data logger software.The system shall be provided with GSM Modem with required SIM card.The modem must be compatible to GSM and /or GPRS system.The other required accessories, hardware and compatible software shall have to be provided as an integrated part of the system to monitor the real time data (maximum 20 minutes delay) through web server.The Data logger shall continuously send data to the server.The system can be monitored from anywhere through internet without installing any special software.
The Schematic of the grid connected solar photovoltaic power plant is revealed in Fig. 34.

Conclusion
The aforesaid study leads to the following conclusions: At present, the most crucial global challenge is to control the global warming which in turn largely depends upon carbon emission which eventually depends upon type of energy generated.Solar Photovoltaic Energy Generation is such a key technology to produce decarbonised electrical energy and has currently emerged as an attractive alternate electricity source to combat such temperature rise.As a contribution to the above global green energy revolution, CSIR-CGCRI has utilised the entire available roof tops of the residential quarters and installed 37.5 (as per agreement) kWp Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant in 2014 and further enhanced its capacity in 2017 to 100.5 kWp (as per agreement) thereby reducing the carbon footprint to a substantial level.
Results revealed that due to the capacity enhancement, there is an overall growth of solar power energy generation having on an average performance ratio more than 80%.
Apart from generating clean energy, CSIR-CGCRI is also benefitted by less energy purchase from local DISCOM.

Terminology [5-9]; (See Appendix-II)
Uniqueness of theWork: • Conceiving this work on multistoried building roof top (Ground + 10).• To counter the technical uncertainties for maintaining good health of the system.• Weather pattern uncertainty and vulnerability of the total system on such height which Fig. 1: Renewable generation-April 2014 to Feb 2018 3 counters lightning and wind pressure.To implement preventive measure against lightning CSIR-CGCRI was installed Early Streamer Emission (ESE) Arrestors and

Table 4 : Energy generation for the FY-2013-14 ( Feb 2014-March 2014)* Solar Energy Solar Energy Total Solar Energy CESC Energy Total Energy Used (kWh) Sold (kWh) Generation (kWh) Purchased (kWh) Used (kWh)
*For the year 2013-14 ( As the SPV Plant was installed in Feb'2014, the general energy generation is taken for two months)

Table 8 : Energy generation for the FY-2017-2018 Month Solar Energy Solar Energy Total Solar Energy CESC Energy Total Energy Used kWh Sold kWh Generation (kWh) Purchased kWh Used kWh
FY 2017-18 (The 2nd phase Solar Plant having capacity of 63 KWp (as per agreement) was installed at the same premises to enhance the entire plant capacity by 100.5 KWp (as per agreement) in the month of September-2017 *

How is a Solar Panel's Rating Calculated?
Solar panels would have a number listed on the back that indicates how much power they would pump out