The Formation of Social Skills in Children with Down Syndrome under the Influence of Regular Football

1Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture and Sports, Russian State Social University, 129226, Moscow, Russia. 2Department of Adaptive Physical Culture and Recreation, Russian State Social University, 129226, Moscow, Russia. 3Department of Life Safety and Adaptive Physical Culture of the Shuy branch of Ivanovo State University, 155908, Shuya, Russia. *Corresponding Author E-mail: svetlanazsyu@mail.ru

For a long time there is no doubt the positive effect of physical activity on the human body 1 . Their regular exposure stimulates the muscular, cardiac and immune systems 2, 3 . Very positive feasible physical activity affects the blood system 4,5 , improving its hemostatic and rheological properties 6 . This is also true for people who have a chromosomal pathology, the most common of which is Down syndrome. Down syndrome (trisomy on chromosome 21) is one of the forms of genomic pathology, in which the karyotype is most often represented by 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46, since the chromosomes of the 21st pair, instead of the normal two, are represented by three copies. The presence of an additional chromosome causes the appearance of a number of physiological features, as a result of which the child's body develops more slowly, later than usual, it goes through all the stages of formation. It's more difficult for a child with Down Syndrome to learn to walk, talk, read, write and do what ordinary children do. In addition, it is more difficult for children with Down syndrome to socialize in society, as they sometimes experience significant communication difficulties. Organizational actions in everyday life are very difficult for them 7 .
It has been noted that playing sports, primarily football, contributes to the development of many skills necessary for life in society, including punctuality, accuracy, discipline and diligence 8 . This is because football is a team sport, forming a team spirit, a sense of camaraderie, mutual assistance, and, therefore, creating the basis for quick adaptation in a team 9 . Therefore, it is during training that all children recover, actively socialize, reveal their abilities and become more sociable 10 .
Unfortunately, at present our country still lacks a unified system of sports training for people with Down syndrome, and football classes for children with Down syndrome are just starting to develop. For this reason, there is very little research in this area, which makes the information obtained as a result of a survey of parents of children with a chromosomal abnormality, who began to practice football regularly, very popular. The purpose of the work is to study the effectiveness of football in terms of the formation of social skills of children with Down syndrome.

Materials and Methods
The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Russian State Social University on September 15, 2017 (protocol ¹9). The study was conducted on the basis of the Russian State Social University in Moscow, Russia.
To achieve this goal, 47 middle-aged people permanently residing in the city of Moscow were taken into the study. All participants in the study were parents of children with Down syndrome, regularly playing football for at least 1 year.
To determine the degree of importance of the problems of playing sports for children with Down syndrome, a questionnaire method was used.
The authors developed a questionnaire in which the respondents were asked 26 questions that needed to indicate the degree (point) of their importance on a 10-point scale (1 point -minimum, 10 pointsmaximum). Depending on the degree of relevance of the question, expressed in points, the answers were divided into groups: 9-10 points -"absolutely relevant", 7-8 points -"relevant", 5-6 points -"hard to say", 3-4 points -"Not relevant", 1-2 points -"absolutely not relevant." The data obtained were statistically processed using the method of average values. The calculations were performed using the standard Microsoft Excel for Windows software package.

research results and discussion
The results of the statistical processing of the opinions of parents about the degree of formation of social skills of their children with Down syndrome involved in football are shown in Table 1.
The results obtained during the survey showed that none of the considered social skills was classified by parents as "not relevant" (3-4 points) and "absolutely not relevant" (1-2 points). All indicators fell into the group of "absolutely relevant" (9-10 points) and "relevant" (6-8 points). This indicates a high degree of importance for parents of the proposed questions. The average score for assessing relevance ranged from 5 ("knows the basics of first aid") to 9.667 ("fulfills the instructions of elders -parents, teachers, trainers").
Parents paid special attention to social skills at ¹1-5 and stated the highest ratings of their formation. The indicators of Mo and Me, close to the arithmetic mean ( X ), indicate the uniformity of respondents' opinions. The low values of the coefficient of variation V also indicate unanimity in the interpretation of parents of the behavior of their children. The obtained digital data confirms the opinion about the positive impact of football on the degree of discipline, attitude to loved ones, the ability to independently serve and build communication with friends.
Children having deviations in health status are often closed in themselves for different reasons. For this reason, often there are misunderstandings in the family, with friends and there is a reluctance of peers to communicate with them. The football is in constant contact dealing with each other, which contributes to the development of communication between children 11 . Trainings are held under the supervision of a trainer, corrective exercise and giving various guidelines. All classes and especially new exercises begin at the signal whistle of the coach, to which children with down syndrome from surveyed families are well accustomed always adequately respond to its sound. Because of this, they are more concentrated, the attention is not scattered, they listen carefully to the explanations of the coaches. Thanks to this motor density of training is consistently high, which helps to carry out the plan the training sessions 13,14 . Regular classes in this mode are formed in the mind of the child with a chromosomal pathology is the concept of discipline, an understanding of how to behave in teams, how to organize their actions to accomplish a specific task. Received on the sports activities skills of children with down syndrome suffer in relationships with parents, teachers and peers 15 . They become more socialized, not afraid to meet difficult and unfamiliar situation, are well adapted to communication in a large team. This resulted in the establishment of skills such children easier learn independence and are willing to offer the aid of their comrades 16,17 .
Parents' assessments of skills ¹6-13 gave an average score () of 8.67 to 8, which suggests that children, thanks to football, become more attentive to their things, to the opinions and requirements of parents, are interested in talking with them, asking questions and adequately conducting a dialogue, they try to analyze and think, building a logical chain in the conversation. Indicators 6, 9, 13 had positive kurtosis (Ex) and negative asymmetry (As), which indicates the uniformity of respondents' opinions. Many estimates turned out to be significantly higher than the arithmetic average. The unanimity of the respondents when scoring was confirmed by the proximity of the median (Me) and mode (Mo) = 8-9 to the arithmetic average with the calculated indicator of the coefficient of variation (V) -not higher than 15%. However, negative values of excess (Ex) and asymmetry (As) in indicators ¹7, 10, 11 and relatively high values of the coefficient of variation (V = 25-28%) indicated the heterogeneity of the opinions expressed by the respondents.
The average value from 7.833 to 7.5 received questions ¹14-19. The skills included in this group characterize good manners and upbringing. As you know, children with a chromosomal abnormality often have some dementia, so it is difficult for them to fully understand and evaluate their behavior. Correcting bad manners is possible only by constantly correcting the child. It is necessary to systematically remind him of how to behave so that the correct scheme of action becomes a habit. Very important here is a mandatory greeting, which is an integral part at the beginning of a football training session. Team sports are also characterized by the constant support of their comrades. So, in training, children congratulate their teammate with every goal scored. This develops a sense of empathy, which in the future will help the child to be attentive to others and will enable him to be aware of his behavior and other people.
Social skills under numbers 20-26 showed the awareness of a child with Down syndrome of their actions, the ability to perform tasks and make decisions on their own. Digital indicators of the significance of these skills were very scattered, which indicates uncertainty in the responses of the survey participants. This can be explained by various reasons: either the child does not do it often, or such things have not yet been encountered.

ConClusion
The analysis of the opinions of parents of children with Down syndrome showed the high importance of sports in the life of their child. As a result of visiting the section, such children get rich experience in communication. Here they take an example and try to be polite. Sports activity socializes the child, makes it possible to prove himself as an athlete, helps to overcome any internal barriers. Exercise helps to increase physical and psychological indicators in children with Down syndrome. According to parents, playing football changes the child's life for the better, adapts children to life in a team, reveals their mental potential, makes them more confident and more disciplined.

Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest is declared.

Sources of financing
The study was conducted at the expense of the authors.

ethics Committee resolution
The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Russian State Social University on September 15, 2017 (protocol ¹9).

aCknowledgeMent
The team of authors thanks the administration of the Russian State Social University for the opportunity to conduct research on its basis.