Mishra D, Patnaik S. GC-MS Analysed Phyto-Chemicals and Antibacterial Activity of Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal Extract in the Context of Treatment to Liver Cirrhosis. Biomed Pharmacol J 2020;13(1).

---

Manuscript received on :11-07-2019
Manuscript accepted on :17-01-2020
Published online on: 25-01-2020

---

Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: Tukaram Dudhamal  
Second Review by: maha jalal
Final Approval by: Prof. Juei-Tang Cheng

---

How to Citeclose    |   Publication History close

 Views: (Visited 9,223 times, 1 visits today)    PDF Downloads: 1794

Debendranath Mishra ¹ and Sunita Patnaik ^2*

¹Sub-Centre, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Ausa Road, Peth, Latur (M.S.) 413531, India

^2*Pratibha College Of Commerce and Computer Studies, Pune Dist. (M.S.) 411019, India

Corresponding Author E-mail : suneeta.pattnaik@gmail.com

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1862

Abstract

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandhā in Sanskrit) is one of the important medicinal plants in Ayurveda with a wide spectrum of actions and applications against diseases including gastric, hepatic, cardiovascular and immunological disorders. The objective of this paper was to review and investigate the phytochemical constituents with GC-MS analysis and to establish the antibacterial property of the plant extract against the bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia (which are proven causal organisms for all forms of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) and also liver infections) for which Withania somnifera plant has been significantly used as a multidrug constituent. The qualitative phytochemical study of different parts of the plant confirms presence of 10 bioactive compounds like Alkaloids, Phenols, Steroids, Terpenoids, etc. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of whole plant crude extract further validates the qualitative phytochemical data. 11 compounds, importantly Oleic Acid, Phytol and n-hexadecanoic acid at molecular level were identified from the extract in the GC-MS analysis. These compounds are known for different therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. The extracts of the plant are found effective (showing larger zones of inhibitions) against these two bacteria. The findings and results of this paper could help to evaluate and assess the therapeutic multipurpose use of Withania somnifera more rationally and can create an awareness of the need of in situ conservation of this most wanted medicinal plant.

Keywords

Antibacterial; Ayurvedic; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis; Phytochemical; Therapeutic

Introduction

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is one of the most important medicinal plants in Āyurveda based medicines ¹ with a wide spectrum of actions and applications. The whole plant as well as specific parts (roots, stems, leaves) of plant extract and its active constituents have been used for the treatments of a larger number of human ailments. In India, Ashwagandhā producing major states are Maharashtra, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. India produces more than 1500 tonnes of Withania roots which is much less than the requirement. Thus, a need arises for the enhancement in its cultivation and larger production.²

Studies indicate that Withania has immune-modulatory, stem cell and more vital properties besides positively influencing the other metabolic systems, and also acts on anti-serotogenic and arthritis.³ As a popular Āyurvedic rejuvenative plant, Ashwagandhā is used in many medicines and formulations by Āyurvedic pharma companies that helps to maintain the vitality and functioning of the body systems.⁴ Charaka Samhitā describes Ashwagandhā in the treatment of liver diseases.⁵ Withania somnifera being a multidrug constituent, it needs to be extensively studied from antibiotic property and phytochemical correlation point of view. The plant extract contains many bioactive compounds. Alkaloids, withanolides and several sitoindosides have been reported to be present in the roots of the plant. It also contains withanolides (withaferin A and withanolide D).⁴ The root extract plays some role in decreasing serum AST, ALT towards normal levels in gentamicin intoxicated rats; due to its free radical scavenging activity showing its hepatoprotective effect.⁶ Also Withanolides have anti-inflammatory property.⁶ Phytochemicals have several biological properties such as antimicrobial effect, antioxidant activity, and anti cancer property, etc. It is therefore necessary to find the type of bioactive compounds at molecular level through phytochemical GC-MS analysis in the plant parts of Withania somnifera for understanding its potential in multidrug actions.

Many individuals today are affected with UTI and liver disorders for which general medical practitioners treat the patients with antibiotics, whereas Ayurvedic practitioners deal individuals with several herbal formulations. Pharmacological industries developing medicines against most dreadful disease pathogens are becoming unsuccessful due to multi-resistance of the pathogens to many drugs.⁷ The herbal drugs sold in the market for various diseases do not explain the content of medicines properly like, correct plant names, plant parts, quantity of bio-compounds or active parts, etc. So, there is a need to understand the proper working principle of the herbal drugs for their efficient outcome in light of their biological/therapeutic activities. The present paper has focused on these two aspects scientifically.

Materials and Methods

Collection and Identification of Plant material

The plant, Aśwagandhā (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) was collected from Sunrise Agro Services, Pune, Maharashtra, India during the month of August, 2016. The Plant’s identification and authentication was confirmed by Botanical Survey of India, Pune with reference to Voucher No. BSI/WRC/IDEN.CER./2016/455/SP-2.

Extraction and Phytochemical Analysis

The powdered plant material of whole part was taken separately and successively in each of different solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, Water, Petroleum Ether, Benzene and Chloroform) and subjected to Soxhlet extraction procedure.⁸ Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out for each solvent extract according to the standard procedure.^9,10

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis

GC-MS analysis of whole plant extract (methanolic) was done at the Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF) labs, IIT Bombay using standard GCMS model as explained below. The procedure followed was of Dandekar et al.¹¹

Instrument details

Agilent 7890 instrument was used for GC, detector used was Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and the total run time of GC was 35 min.

Joel Accu Time of Flight Analyzer (TOF) GCV instrument for MS was used, Specification: Mass range of 10-2000 amu and resolution is of 6000.

GC-MS analysis was performed by split less injection (spilt 20:80-8-200-5M-8-260-10M-10-280-HP5-ETOH) of 1.0 μl of the sample in methanol on a Hewlett Packard 6890 (USA) gas chromatograph built-in with a cross-linked 5% phenyl methyl Siloxane HP-5 MS capillary column (length 30 mm x internal diameter 0. 32 mm x film 0. 25 μm), joined with a mass detector.

GC-MS operating conditions

The initial column temperature was 35 °C with a hold time of 3 minutes. The temperature was programmed to rise by 8°C /min with a final temperature of 280°C. In the process, 1μl of the sample was injected into the port and immediately vaporized and moved down the column with helium as the carrier gas with flow rate of 1 ml/min. The MS Spectrum was taken at 70 eV. After the separation in the column, the components were identified and further analyzed by FID. The identification of the compounds was done by comparing the spectrum of unknown compounds with the spectrum of known compounds in NIST MS 2.0 structural library to find out the names, molecular weight and structure.

Collection of Micro-Organisms and Maintenance

The bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli Migula (1895) Castellani and Chalmers (1919) (AL 1980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter 1886) Trevisan 1887 (Approved Lists 1980) were obtained from stock culture kept in the Department of Biotechnology, College of Computer science and Information Technology (COCSIT), Latur, Maharashtra, India. These identified samples were already collected from Department of Microbiology, Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MIMSR) Latur, Maharashtra, India.  The organisms were cultured on nutrient agar (bacteria) and stored at 4^oC until use. 

Inhibitory Activity of Withania Whole Plant Extract against Causal Bacteria

Antibacterial activity of whole plant methanolic extract of Withania somnifera against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (the causal organisms of liver disease) was determined by agar disk diffusion method. Agar plates (Mueller Hinton Agar) are inoculated with a standardized inoculum of the test microorganism (E. coli and K. pneumoniae). Dried methanolic extract of Withania whole plant was dissolved in 20 % Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to make saturated solution of plant extract. Then, Whatman filter paper No. 1 discs (about 6 mm in diameter) soaked in the saturated extract-DMSO solution were placed on the agar surface. The Petridishes were incubated under suitable conditions. Antibacterial agent diffuses into the agar and inhibits the growth of the microorganism.¹² Accordingly, in this experiment, inhibitory growth zones were also measured. Standard antibiotic (Erythromycin) disc was used as positive control for comparison of the results with that of inhibition shown by the plant extracts. Only DMSO solution soaked disc without plant extract or antibiotic was used as negative control.

Results

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis

The outcomes of extracted contents of whole plant (in different solvents) tested for presence or absence of various phytochemicals (in qualitative form) are noted in Table 1. The results show that Withania somnifera plant contains a maximum ten types of phytochemical groups, such as – alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides, Phenols, saponins and terpenoids. 

Table 1: Phytochemical tests results, where (+) sign indicates presence and (–) sign indicates absence of corresponding phytocomponents.

(M= Methanol, E= Ethanol, W= Water, PE= Petroleum Ether, B= Benzene, C= Chloroform)

GC-MS Analysis 

The Chromatogram of GC-MS spectra analysis showing peaks of the number of compounds from the GC fractions of the methanol extract of whole plant of Withania somnifera is represented in Fig 1. In this observation, presence of 12 different bioactive compounds namely, Azetidin-2-one 3,3-dimethyl-4-(1-aminoethyl), O-Bromoatropine, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, Sucrose, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, Hexadecanoic acid,methyl ester, 17-Octadecynoic Acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, Phytol, 9-Methyl-Z-10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and Oleic Acid were identified as major compounds.  Table 2 shows the reported therapeutic /biological activities of these identified bio-compounds.

Figure 1: Chromatogram of GC-MS Analysis Click here to View figure

Table 2: Compounds identified from Withania somnifera extract 

Almost all phytocompounds are thus found from literature reports as anti-microbial, anti-inflamatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective in therapeutic activitity.

Antibacterial Activity

The results of the present study indicated (Table 3) that whole plant extract of Withania somnifera is active against growth of bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia as per the size of the zone of inhibitions.

Note –E is Erythromycin and Negative Control C is with DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide)

Discussion

Results of phytochemical analysis observed in this study are in confirmation with Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API)¹³ for alkaloids. The study reveals and confirms that Withania somnifera has the phytochemicals like alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, etc. are present in its whole plant extract (Table 1). These results are similar to the findings of other researchers’ work.^14,15  Result of Uddin et al.¹⁴ shows presence of all these phytochemicals in all the plant part extracts of Withania somnifera. According to result of Visveswari et al.¹⁵, Flavonoids are absent in aqueous extract of the root of Withania somnifera. Analysis carried out by GC-MS of the methanolic extracts of whole plant (present study) revealed presence of 11 compounds at molecular level viz. Oleic Acid, Phytol, n-hexadecanoic Acid,  9-Octadecenoic acid(Z)-, methyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, Azetidin-2-one 3,3-dimethyl-4-(1-aminoethyl), 17-Octadecynoic acid, O-Bromoatropine, and Sucrose (as in Fig 1 and Table 2). All these bioactive compounds are responsible for the antibacterial property and other therapeutic uses of the plant, e.g. alkaloids have pharmacological effects and are used as medications. Also some phytochemicals have antioxidant and anticancer activity.¹⁶

The potentiality of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal for multidrug action was rationally understood from the present study. The experiments indicated that Ashwagandhā is active against bacterial strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae showing zones of inhibitions (Fig.2). The inhibition zones displayed by the whole plant extracts were found to be greater against E. coli than Klebsiella. The results (Table 3) were in agreement with other researchers.^3,7,17  According to these authors, the plant extracts show inhibition against E.coli and the isolates of K. pneumonia, but no action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the present study, Ashwagandhā plant extract against E coli shows inhibition zone of 20.5 ± 2.40 mm, whereas according to a report¹⁸, the zone of inhibition was 0.63 ± 0.03 mm only. But results of Kaur et al.,¹⁹ show zone of inhibition as similar to present finding against Klebsiella pneumonia, whereby zone of inhibition is 8.84 ± 0.16 mm, and is equally high.

Table 3: Inhibitory Activity of whole plant extract of Withania somnifera 

 (Values expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation of 4 observations of each)

Figure 2 Click here to View figure

Conclusion

The present study reveals that the plant extract of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is effective against growth of both the bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, which are causal organisms for liver infection too. The chemical compounds responsible for making Withania plant as antibiotic and hepatoprotectant in nature are confirmed through GC-MS findings. The GC-MS identified phytochemicals are found reasonably responsible for the multi-therapeutic uses and effects of Withania somnifera in various health disorders including liver cirrhosis.  The findings and results of this paper could help to evaluate and assess the therapeutic multipurpose use of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal more rationally and further opened the scope for development of novel phytochemo-therapeutic drugs from the plant, which may serve as improved therapeutic agents and can create an awareness of the need of in situ conservation of this most wanted medicinal plant. 

Acknowledgements 

The authors are thankful to the authorities of Biotechnology Research Centre of COCSIT, Latur for facilitating the research work there. The authentic plant identification by BSI, Pune and the GC-MS analysis done by Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, IIT Powai, Mumbai are also duly acknowledged here.

Conflict of Interest 

The authors do not have any conflict of interests with the data contained in the paper.

References

1. Sharma PV. Caraka Samhita, Text with English translation, Chaukhambha orientalia. 1-4, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office (2014).
2. Bara KJ., Soni R, Jaiswal S, Saksena P Dr. Phytochemical study of plant Withania somnifera against various diseases. Journal Of Agriculture And Veterinary Science; 9(8), 109-112 (2016).
   CrossRef
3. Saidulu C, Venkateshwar C, Gangadhar RS, Ashok VT. In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Withania somnifera Leaf and Root Extracts grown in Heavy Metal toxic soils. International journal of advances in pharmacy, biology and chemistry; 3(4), 872-879 (2014).
4. Umadevi M, Rajeswari R, Sharmila RC, Selvavenkadesh S, Pushpa R, Sampath KKP, Bhowmik D. Traditional And Medicinal Uses of Withania somnifera. The Pharma Innovation; 1(9), 102-110 (2012).
5. Patnaik S and Mishra DN. Importance of botanical identities of plants quoted for the treatment of liver cirrhosis in Charaka Sam̟hita̅, International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 6(3), 2233-2247 (2016).
6. Sultana N, Choudhury SS, Hossain TM. Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract On Some Serum Liver Marker Enzymes (AST, ALT) In Gentamicin. Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist; 7(1), 1-7 (2012).
   CrossRef
7. Kumar K, Dubey M, Agnihotri A, Bhadauria S, Bhagyawsant SS, Shrivastava A. Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of Withania somnifera aqueous and alcoholic extracts. Journal of pharmacy research; 4(10), 3421-3423 (2011).
8. Redfern J, Kinninmonth M, Burdass D, and Verran J. Using Soxhlet ethanol extraction to produce and test plant material (essential oils) for their antimicrobial properties. Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education; 15(1), 45-46 (2014).
   CrossRef
9. Evans WC, Evans D (ed.), Trease GE. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th Ed., Edinburgh, UK, Saunders Ltd., Elseviers publication (2009).
10. Yadav P, Harisha CR, Prajapati PK. Validation of pharmacopoeial characters of Bhringaraja (Eclipta alba Hassk.). Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research; 8(1), 17-24 (2011).
    CrossRef
11. Dandekar R, Fegade B, Bhaskar VH. GC-MS analysis of phytoconstituents in alcohol extract of Epiphyllum oxypetalum leaves. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry; 4(1), 149-154 (2015).
12. David W and Franklin R. Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests. CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance, 13^th Wayne, PA, USA, Ry Standards Institute, CLSI Standard MO2-7 (2016).
13. Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, 1-6, New Delhi, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India (2008),
14. Uddin G, Gul S, Rauf A. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, in vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Evaluation of Withania somnifera World Applied Sciences Journal, 27(5), 562-565 (2013).
15. Visweswari G, Christopher R, Rajendra W. Phytochemical Screening Of Active Secondary Metabolites Present In Withania somnifera Root: Role In Traditional Medicine. International Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences and research; 4(7), 2770-2776 (2013).
16. Mishra P, Jamdar P, Desai S, Patel D, Meshram D. Phytochemical analysis and assessment of in vitro antibacterial activity of Tinospora cordifolia. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences; 3(3), 224-234 (2014).
17. Mohammad B, Saeide S, Zahra S, Shahla S, Hemadollah Z, Gelareh SB. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Withania somnifera Leaf Extracts against Antibiotic-Resistant Isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center; 1(2), 1-4 (2014).
    CrossRef
18. Kumari M and Gupta RP. In vitro antibacterial effect of Withania somnifera root extract on Escherichia coli. Veterinary World; 8(1), 51-60 (2015).
    CrossRef
19. Kaur S, Kaur PH, Aggarwal S. Evaluation of antibacterial activity, antioxidant potential and phytochemicals of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences; 4(3), 1032-1042 (2015).
20. Siddiqui N, Azad B, Alam SM, Ali R. Indoles: Role in Diverse Biological Activities. International Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Clinical Research; 2(4), 121-127 (2010).
21. Channabasava, Govindappa M, Chandrappa CP, Sadananda TS. In vitro Antidiabetic activity of three fractions of methanol extracts of Loranthus micranthus, Identification of Phytoconstituents by GC-MS And possible mechanism identified by GEMDOCK Method. Asian Journal Of Biomedical And Pharmaceutical Sciences; 4(34), 34-41 (2014).
    CrossRef
22. Ravikumar VR, Gopal V, Sudha T. Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents of Stem Bark Extracts of Zanthoxylum Tetraspermum Wight & Arn. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences; 3(4), 391-402 (2012).
23. Hase GJ, Deshmukh KK, Pokharkar RD, Gaje TR, Phatanagre ND. Phytochemical Studies on Nerium oleander Using GC-MS. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research; 9(6), 885-891 (2017).
    CrossRef
24. Dhanalakshmi R and Manavalan R. Bioactive Compounds in Leaves of Corchorus trilocularis by GC-MS Analysis. International Journal of PharmTech Research; 6(7), 1991-1998 (2014).
25. Abubakar MN, and Majinda RRT. GC-MS Analysis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Pterocarpus angolensis (DC). Medicines; 3(3); 1-9 (2016).
    CrossRef
26. Hameed IH, Hussein HJ, Kareem MA, Hamad NS. Identification of five newly described bioactive chemical compounds in methanolic extract of Mentha viridis by using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy; 7(7), 107-125 (2015).
    CrossRef
27. Fontana A, Spolaore B, Polverino LP. The biological activities of protein/oleic acid complexes reside in the fatty acid. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.; 1834(6), 1125-1134 (2013).
    CrossRef