Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Analysis of Centella asiatica and Indigofera aspalathoides in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, characterized by red thickened scaly patches with overlying silvery white scaly patches distributed into extensor surfaces involving palms and scalp. In the present study, we intended at assessing the antioxidant activity and interaction of bioactive compound present in ethanolic and ethyl acetate of Centella asiatica and Indigofera aspalathoides with (VEGF) vascular endothelial growth factor and inflammatory marker IL-17 in silico analysis, which in turn is an important factor for triggering the psoriasis. The whole plant active compounds extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate. Extracts were screened for the presence of antioxidants by antioxidant scavenging activityhydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, and nitric oxide radical and (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH assay. In silico method, compound interactions with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-17 (IL-17) analysed using Patch Dock Server. MTT assay, (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) performed in L929 fibroblasts cell line were used to evaluate the cell toxicity. Form our analysis, ethanolic extract of Indigofera aspalathoides extract (FSE) showed better antioxidant scavenging activity and compounds namely dodecanoic acid,10 methyl-,methyl ester and Pregnan-18-oic acid, 20-hydroxy-,[5alpha] has better affinity and produced docking score 26.47 and -30.56 with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-17 (IL-17) as compared to control using in silico method. In case of cytotoxicity studies, 5001⁄4g/ml of ethanolic extract (FSE), Indigofera aspalathoides showed 85% of cell viability in L929 fibroblast.

Human skin, is the largest organ in the body which covers the whole body and possess the first line defense.However, there are more conditions that may affect the skin and cause many diseases.Among them, psoriasis is one of the most common and frequent skin diseases.Its symptoms were characterized by red, scaly, raised patches, itchiness and bleeding.Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the increased rate of epidermal layer associated with the hyperprofileration and malfunctioning mature epidermal keratinocytes.Psoriasis is a common skin condition which can be itchy and painful; between 1.5% and 3% of people in the world have   psoriasis 1 .Day today life, our body have exposed too many external factors, which causes various damages such as irritation or allergies.However, our body produces the defense reaction against the negative effects of these factors is inflammation.
In the complex process of inflammation an excess of free radicals was produced.The presents of ROS would trigger the biological responses which activate the transcription factor AP-1 and other nuclear transcription factor Kappa B (TNF-²) [2].These factors regulate secretion of few signal molecules known as pro-inflammatory cytokines and interleukins (IL's).These interleukins cause skin inflammation, which appears redness with surrounded by inflamed and aggregative psoriatic lesions.Another important factor in the pathogenesis of psoarisis, VEGF belongs to the platelet-derived growth represents a family of homodimeric glycoproteins and plays the important role in the angiogenic process 3 Around 50% of psoriatic patients in America and Europe use complementary and alternative medicine, including plant-based medicines 4 .The secondary metabolite in plants plays an important role as antipsoriatic agents.In the present investigation, the antioxidant activity and interaction of the bioactive compound of ethanolic and ethyl acetate of centella asiatica and Indigofera aspalathoides were analyzed.

Collection of plant material
The whole plant of Centella asiatica

Preparation of crude extraction
The fresh leaves of Centella asiatica and Indigofera aspalathoides were washed under the running tap water, shade-dried for 5 days and ovendry at 55 °C for 24 hrs.The sample was ground to a fine powder using an electrical mixer.The whole part of the plant was taken in 1:3 ratio, suspended ethanol and ethyl acetate respectively.It was kept on a rotatory shaker for continuous agitating for 24  hrs.The extracts were filtered using whatman no.1 filter paper, and the filtrates were dried at ambient temperature in a fume hood in the dark until all solvent evaporated.

Antioxidant activity determination Super oxide anion radical scavenging activity
The Superoxide anion scavenging activity was determined by the method of 5 .About 1 ml NBT solution containing 156 µM NBT dissolved in 1.0 ml 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 1 ml NADH solution containing 468 ¼M NADH dissolved in 1 ml 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and 0.1 ml various concentration of sample and reference compounds (25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 µg) were mixed well and the reaction was started by adding 100 µl phenazinemethosulfate solution containing 60 µM phenazinemethosulfate in 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.the reaction mixture was incubated at 25°C for 5 min and absorbance at 560 nm was measured against control samples.BHT were used as reference compounds.Percent inhibition was calculated by comparing the results of control and test samples.

Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity
The nitric oxide scavenging ability of the plant extracts were measured by the method of Griess reaction 6 .The reaction mixture (3ml) containing 10 mM sodium nitroprusside in phosphate buffered saline and the reference compound at different concentrations were incubated at 25°C for 150 min.A 0.5-ml aliquot of the incubated sample was removed at 30min intervals and 0.5 ml Griess reagent (1% sulfanilamide, 0.1% naphthylethylene diamine dihyrochloride in 2% H3PO4) was added.The absorbance of the chromophore formed was measured at 546nm.All tests were performed in triplicate.Percent inhibition of the nitric oxide generated was measured by comparing the absorbance values of control and test preparations.Curcumin was used as a positive control.NO Scavenged (%) = (A cont -A test)/A cont × 100

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
The ability of the plant extracts to scavenge the H 2 O 2 was determined by 7 .Various concentrations of the plant extracts were dissolved in One milliliter of iron-EDTA solution (0.13% ferrous ammonium sulfate and 0.26% EDTA), 0.5 mL of EDTA (0.018%), and 1 mL of DMSO(0.85%v/v in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) were added DPPH radical scavenging activity of extract was determined according to the method reported by 8 .An aliquot of 0.5 ml of sample solution in methanol was mixed with 2.5 ml of 0.5 mM Methanolic solution of DPPH.The mixture was shaken vigorously and incubated for 30 min in the dark at room temperature.The absorbance was measured at 517 nm using UV spectrophotometer.Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control.DPPH free radical scavenging ability (%) was calculated by using the formula.% of inhibition = absorbance of control -absorbance of sample / absorbance of control ×100.

Cytotoxicity studies
The fibroblast cells (L929) were plated separately using 96 well plates with the concentration of 1×10 5 cells/well in DMEM media with 1X Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution and 10% fetal bovine serum (Himedia, India) in CO 2 incubator at 37°C with 5% CO2.The cells were washed with 200 µL of 1X PBS, then the cells were treated with various test concentration (25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µg/ml) of compound in serum free media and incubated for 24 hrs.The medium was aspirated from cells at the end of the treatment period.0.5mg/mL MTT prepared in 1X PBS was added and incubated at 37°C for 4 hrs using CO 2 incubator.After incubation period, the medium containing MTT was discarded from the cells and washed using 200 µL of PBS.The formed crystals was dissolved with 100 µL of DMSO and thoroughly mixed.The development of color intensity was evaluated at 570nm.The formazan dye turns to purple blue color.The absorbance was measured at 570 nm using microplate reader

GCMS -IIT
The JEOL GCMATE II GC-MS with data system is a high resolution, double focusing instrument.Maximum resolution: 6000 Maximum calibrated mass: 1500 Daltons.Source options: Electron impact (EI); Chemical ionization (CI) 9 Molecular Docking -Patchdock Docking was performed for the compounds present in the FSE extract.Both ligand and receptor were converted to the pdb format and processed for the docking protocol using patchdock 10 .

Statistical analysis
In the present study, all the experiments were conducted in triplicate, and data analysis was done by mean±SEM.

RESuLTS AND DISCuSSION
Two plants extract namely, Centella asiatica (FVEA, FVE) and Indigofera aspalathoides (FSEA, FSE) of ethanol and ethyl acetate used respectively.The yield calculated and shown in table 1.These extracted were stored and used for further investigation.
Among the four extracts, increased percentage of inhibition for free radical scavenging activity was found in FSE extract as compared with other extracts (Figure 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).The decreased IC 50 value for FSE was found in scavenging the  2).Overall scavenging the free radical assay, FSE was observed to have potent antioxidant activity.
In silico analysis performed using patch dock server to support the in vitro analysis.Eighteen compounds found in the FSE extract, one of the compound Dodecanoic acid,10 methyl-,methyl ester, a fatty acid produced high affinity -26.47 with VEGF and Pregnan-18-oic acid,20hydroxy-,[5alpha] compound produced high affinity -30.56 with IL-17.The hydrogen bond interaction of VEGF and IL-17 was observed with the respective compounds (Table 3).

DISCuSSION
The folklore of medicinal plants has been widely used in the allergies, skin diseases, inflammations and scavenging free radicals.The known secondary metabolite of the extracts are the response for the antioxidant activity and also essential to reduces the pathogenesis of several skin diseases.In the present study, selected whole plants of Centella asiatica (FVEA, FVE) and Indigofera aspalathoides (FSEA, and FSE) of ethanol and ethyl acetate extract were used for free radical scavenging activities.FSE showed better activity in scavenging the hydroxyl radical (•OH), nitric oxide (NO•) and super oxide (O 2 ". ), when compare to other three extracts.The presences of hydroxyl ion are known to initiate the lipid peroxidation and cause DNA damage 11 .Nitric oxide (NO•), plays a major role in autoimmunity and inflammation process.It has been reported, in the case of undue production of nitric oxide causes many inflammatory disorders which includes psoriasis 12 .The free radical superoxide has been implicated one of the harmful ROS.It affects the cellular components in the biological system by indirectly commence the lipid oxidation.It has been reported the toxicity of nitric oxide (NO•) increases greatly when it reacts with superoxide radical (O 2 ". ), forming the highly reactive peroxynitrite anion, toxic for living cells 13 .DPPH assay widely used to test the ability of the plant compounds as free radical scavengers or hydrogen donor.Among the extracts, FSE extract showed the better reduction in DPPH and thus proves the presence of antioxidant properties.
Psoriasis is commonly associated with a prominent permeability barrier abnormality and excess dermal vascularity in VEGF production 14 .Angiogenesis is initiated by the activation of vascular endothelial cells through several factors.Thus, VEGF protein selected for in silico analysis and it has been found that dodecanoic acid, 10 methyl-, methyl ester have higher affinity.The supported report of inhibiting the VEGF -2 with ligand axitinib showed lowest binding free energy -54.68Kcal/mol 15 ).However, there still has no proper inhibitor for controlling the VEGF expression.In general, methotrexate has been prescribed for the psoriatic patients, which is an anticancer drug and causes major dysfunction to various organs.Thus, natural bioactive compounds would be new anti-VEGF agents without side effect to control the angiogenesis.In the pathogenesis of psoriasis, dendritic cells (DC), T-helper (Th)17 and keratinocytes are involved in various stimuli factors produce and allow to secrete TNF-alpha and interleukin IL-23.The induced expression of IL-23 differentiates the native T cells to Th17.Thus the activated Th17 cells produce over expressed IL-17, in-turn it activates keratinocytes and also promotes epidermal hyperplasia 16 .In the present study, Pregnan-18-oic acid,20-hydroxy, 5alpha has produced high affinity towards IL-17 as compared to other interaction patterns.According to author 17 , IL-17 expressed 30 times more for the people with psoriatic lesions than the normal people.Thus, IL-17 could unlock psoriatic lesions and clear the skin.Therefore, these potential VEGF and IL-17 inhibitors are required for the future treatment of psoriatic patients to improve their quality of life.Further, ethanolic extract of FSE was assessed for cytotoxicity studies in L929 fibroblasts cell lines.The cell viability showed 85% at the concentration of 500µg/ml and found to be non-cytotoxicity.
From the analysis, ethanolic FSE extract showed better antioxidant scavenging activity.The bioactive compounds in the ethanolic FSE extract showed control in the growth of fibroblast by using cell viability assay and also it proves the inhibitory action against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and IL-17 in silico model.However, the common side effects are known during the treatment.Therefore, the natural character and high effectiveness of compounds are promising features for developing novel topical formulations that might replace hitherto known remedies with limited application.
Published by Oriental Scientific Publishing Company © 2018This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons license: Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY).

Table 2 .
IC 50 values for plant extracts

Table 3 .
Ligand -Protein interaction by Patch Dock Server