Evaluation of the Hygienic Quality of Raw Cow ’ s Milk in Oujda City Morocco

The aim of this study is to determine the microbiological quality of raw cows’ milk of Oujda city. Raw milk samples are collected randomly between June 2014 and May 2015 from 20 Mahlaba (dairies) for microbiological evaluation. The samples are analyzed to determine total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total coliform, fecal coliform, staphylococcus aureus, fecal streptococci, proteolytic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. The results of bacterial count showed that there is a variation between all the milk samples and a period effect is also observed. The mean counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria from all sale points are between 1.76×106 and 40.17×106 CFU/ml. Milk samples reveled counts total coliform and fecal coliform ranging from 0.58×105 to 11.10×105 CFU/ml and from 0.60×103 to 14.64×103 CFU/ml, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus are also detected in all samples with counts ranging from 0.35 ×103 to 3.08×103 CFU/ml. Fecal streptococci are found in all milk samples, at counts ranging from 0.16 ×102 to 2.18 ×102 CFU/ml. And finally, proteolytic and lactic acid bacteria are between 0.3×103 and 2.86×103 CFU/ml and 2.37×106 and 24.14 ×106 CFU/ml respectively. These results indicate a lack of compliance with good manufacturing practice at milking, collection and transportation of raw milk.

Milk is well known as a medium that favors the growth of several microorganisms, especially bacterial pathogens (Nada et al., 2012).Generally, milk from healthy cows is sterile inside the mammary gland.Whereas, number and type of bacteria that might occur in milk immediately after milking is associated with direct contact with contaminating sources in a dairy farm environment (Angulo et al., 2009).High temperatures also promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Clostridia (Mellenberger and Kirk, 2001).
However, keeping milk immediately after milking process in clean containers at refrigerated temperatures may retard the increase of initial microbial load and prevent the multiplication of microorganisms in milk between milking at the farm and transportation to the processing plant (Chye et al., 2004;Millogo et al., 2010).In this context, the assessment of the bacteriological quality of milk is necessary and essential to identify the points of failure in order to protect consumers and improve its hygienic appearance.
In Morocco, cows' milk production has a particular status in the agricultural development programs.Indeed milk production has been intensively promoted since the seventies due to significant demand for milk due to a population that has become increasingly important (Sraïri et al., 2005;Afif et al., 2008;Mchiouer et al., 2016).Many investigations have been performed on the quality of raw milk at different levels of the dairy sector in Morocco ; Ounine et al. (2004) and Taybi et al. (2014) evaluated the bacteriological quality of raw milk produced in the region of Gharb, while, Afif et al. (2008) performed it in the region of Tadla.To our knowledge, no comprehensive study on the hygienic quality of milk produced in the Eastern region of Morocco has been undertaken previously.Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the microbiological quality of raw cows' milk within the direct sale points (Mahlaba) in Oujda area.

Milk samples collection
Raw cows' milk samples are randomly collected from 20 Mahlaba (dairies) across Oujda city, Morocco.Samples are collected between June 2014 and May 2015.The collection is done in the morning under possible aseptic conditions; approximately 100 -300 ml milk are sampled from containers from each individual dairy into a sterile labeled bottle.Samples are delivered to the laboratory in a cool box (< 4°C) and tested immediately upon arrival.

Microbiological analysis
Each sample of milk is subjected to the following tests after preparing dilutions:

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The total mesophilic bacterial count, was realized by pipetting 1ml of each sample dilutions (10 -1 to 10 -6 ) into a Petri dish and mixed well with 15 ml of sterile standard plate count agar (PCA).The plates were then incubated at 30°C for 48 hours (Ghazi et al., 2010).

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Coliforms were performed on MacConkey medium, the separation of fecal coliform and total coliform were based on the incubation temperature which was 37°C for 24 hours for the enumeration of total coliform and is 44°C for 24 hours for the enumeration of fecal coliform.

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Staphylococcus aureus were enumerated on the medium Mannitol Salt Agar (Chapman, 1945), where, the plates were cultivated for 24 hours in an aerobic atmosphere at 37°C.Then the appeared golden yellow or orange colonies were counted.

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The enumeration of fecal streptococci was done using KF Streptococcus Agar as a selective medium after inoculating the plates, they were incubated inverted at 37°C for 46 to 48 hours (Kenner et al., 1961).

Statistical analyses
The analyses were performed using Minitab Software.All values were presented as means ± standard deviations.Statistical differences between groups of samples were determined by one-way ANOVA.Relative proportions were compared using Fisher's exact test and a probability value of less than 0.05 was defined statistically significant (Pyz-£ukasik et al., 2015).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The mean of all bacteriological parameters studied based on time (month) are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) generally inform us on the hygienic quality of raw milk (Beerens et al., 2000).Mean TMAB in analyzed milk were ranged between 3.92×10 6 and 40.17×10 6 CFU/ml, the differences in bacterial contamination observed between months are statistically significant.Indeed, bacterial contamination in the summer period was much greater than the contamination in the winter period.Adjlane-Kaouche et al. (2014) results also showed that the average germ count is clearly higher in the hot season.The deterioration of the raw milk quality in many dairies (Mahlaba) might be due to the lack of good production practices including the mix between the stored evening milk with the morning new one (Afif et al., 2008).Milk samples revealed counts total coliform and fecal coliform ranged between 0.58×10 5 and 11.10×10 5 CFU/ml and between 0.60×10 3 and 14.64×10 3 CFU/ml, respectively.In Morocco, the number of coliforms carried in raw milk is usually high.The study carried by Ounine et al. (2004) in Gharb region showed values of 1.07×10 7 CFU/ml and 1.99×10 6 CFU/ml for total coliforms and fecal coliforms, respectively.Afif et al. (2008) results averaged; 6.31×10 5 CFU/ml and 12.17×10 3 CFU/ml for total coliforms and fecal coliforms, respectively in the region of Tadla.Coliforms bacteria loads are also reported to be significantly high in summer than in winter in the study of Lues et al. (2010).The presence of coliforms and pathogenic flora in milk is probably originated from cows' udder and milking utensils (Kivaria et al., 2006).Staphylococcus aureus are also detected in all samples with counts rangined between 0.35 ×10 3 and 3.08×10 3 CFU/ ml.This value is lower to that found in other regions of Morocco, that was reported by Taybi et al. (2014); 2.15×10 4 CFU/ml and also the one reported by Ounine et al. (2004); 5.37×10 4 CFU/ ml.The differences observed between months were also statistically significant in fact the higher average was observed during the month of August.Staphylococcus aureus are a particular indicator of the presence of the subclinical mastitis in the dairy cattle they have the ability to be transmitted from animals to humans (Adesiyun et al., 1998).Microbial contamination in raw milk depends also on the temperature at which it is stored and the time that elapses between milking and collection (Cempirkova, 2006).Fecal streptococci are found in all milk samples, at counts ranged between 0.16 ×10 2 and 2.18 ×10 2 CFU/ml.The presence on fecal streptococci reflects a problem of environment contamination (Ghazi et al., 2010).Finally, proteolytic and lactic acid bacteria were between 0.3×10 3 and 2.86×10 3 CFU/ml and 2.37×10 6 and 24.14 ×10 6 CFU/ml, respectively.The differences observed between months were also statistically significant.Spontaneous acidification of different tested milk is linked to the relative proportions of technological interest flora and milk spoilage flora which are the proteolytic bacteria.Lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid and they are used for technological transformations of milk (Nawaz et al., 2011;Mchiouer et al., 2017).High temperature (> 8°C) favors the growth of lactic acid bacteria, especially if it is associated with unfavorable conditions of transportation (Pistocchini et al., 2009).

CONCLUSION
The results of this study clearly indicate that microbiological quality of raw milk sold in the Mahlaba of Oujda city, Morocco, is poor.The presence of pathogens and high microbial counts affect the quality of raw milk as well as its derivatives products.Pathogenic bacteria in raw milk concerns public health, since drinking milk is still considered good for health especially in rural population.The safety of raw cow milk is influenced by a combination of management and control measures along the entire dairy supply chain.Control of animal health and adherence to good milking practices are important in reducing the microbial load in raw milk.
streptococci, and fecal coliform, proteolytic bacteria and Lactic acid bacteria for raw milk based on the time (month)

Table 1 .
Statistical characteristics of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total coliform and fecal coliform for raw milk based on the time (month).Mean values within columns marked with different letters differ significantly at P Â 0.05 SD: standard deviation CV: Coefficient of variation F: Ficher value

Table 2 .
Statistical characteristics of staphylococcus aureus, fecal