Studies on Storage and Viability of Jamun Seeds (Syzygium cuminii Skeels)

An experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 to study the storage and viability of jamun seeds (Syzygium cuminii Skeels). Studies revealed that the seeds possessed short viability due to recalcitrant. This could be overcome by finding a suitable storage temperature and container for storage of jamun seeds. This study showed significant differences among the various storage and treatments. The seeds stored at refrigerated (5p C) gave higher germination per cent at zero, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after extraction (DAE)(78.56%, 73.52%, 43.33%, 60.41%, 60.09%, 53.76% and 54.36% respectively) compared to seed of other storage conditions. Seeds treated with Poly bag + Trichoderma harzianum (86.68%, 66.29%, 22.64%, 35.13%, 33.21%, 28.78% and 30.75% respectively)at zero, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after extraction (DAE) gave higher germination followed by seeds kept in poly bag and seeds treated with Poly bag + Charcoal powder. Seeds stored at room temperature are not recommended for jamun seed storage because seed deterioration rate under such condition is higher within 15 days of extraction. The use of bio-control agents and moisture holding media are therefore recommended as an approach for extending the viability and potential to increase the germination of jamun seeds.

Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) is an important, underexploited, indigenous fruit crop of our country.It belongs to Myrtaceae family.It has gained tremendous importance and recognition in recent past not only because of its hardy nature but also for its uncomparable medicinal and nutritional properties.The fruits are good source of iron, minerals, sugars and proteins.The fruits are used in the preparation of delicious beverages, jellies, jam, squash, wine, vinegar, etc.The vinegar prepared out of juice extracted from slightly unripe fruits is stomachic, carminative and diuretic, apart from having cooling and digestive properties (Thaper, 1958).The fruit syrup is a remedy for diarrhoea.The seed powder has antidiabetic properties and is a lotion for the cure of ringworm (Dastur, 1952).The importance of fruit can be judged by the premium price it fetches at metros.It has been reported that it is sold in Mumbai at the rate of rupees 150 to 300 per kilogram of fresh ripe fruits.Maximum number of jamun trees is found scattered throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the country.Seed contain an alkaloid jambosin and a glycoside, jambolin or antimallin, which reduces or stop diastatic conversion of starch into sugars.The volatile oil from the jamun seeds can be extracted & used as an effective medicine against diabetes, heart & liver trouble (Vijayanand et al., 12 and Singh,10).Seeds are recalcitrant and are relatively high in moisture content and possess a characteristic feature of losing their viability during desiccation.Desiccation below critical level leads to loss of viability.Prolonging the viability of seeds for more days would facilitate the availability of seeds for multiplication and also use by local farmers throughout the year.
To increase the productivity, there should be availability of good planting material along with proper management practices.The crop can be propagated sexually, through seeds and asexually by the use of grafting.Most of the planting material is produced from seeds and there are reports that do not present satisfactory germination.Since the seeds exhibit slow and less germination, pregermination treatments may enhance the germination potential of jamun seeds.Therefore the objectives of this study are to determine the suitable storage temperature and containers for maintaining the high germination and viability rate of jamun seed after three months storage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigation was carried out during the year 2015-2016 at K.R.C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi.The experiment was laid in Factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with two factors viz.seeds stored in refrigerated at 5p C and seeds kept at room temperature.The treatments comprised of seeds kept in T 1 -Poly bag (300 gauge thick), T 2 -Poly bag + Charcoal powder (20g per kg of seed), T 3 -Poly bag + Bavistin (2g per kg of seed), T 4 -Poly bag + Saw dust (half kg per kg of seed), T 5 -Poly bag + Trichoderma harzianum (10 g per kg of seed) and T 6 -Control (Paper bag) with three replications.Observations were recorded in respect of days for initiation of germination, for fifty per cent germination and for complete germination at zero, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days interval.Germination percentage was recorded.The germination percentage was worked out after complete germination, i.e., after stoppage of germination.It was calculated by dividing total number of seeds sown with the number of seeds germinated and was multiplied by 100.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The spread in acreage of Syzygium cuminii Skeels is mainly through seeds, as sexual propagation is traditionally followed for large-scale multiplication.Grafting is one of the most effective asexual methods for large scale selected clonal multiplication.The essential component for this endeavour is the availability of large-scale healthy seedling rootstocks.In the context of conflicting reviews from literature on seed germination behaviour was executed.The results highlighted that the seeds of jamun has short viability and slow germination rate.
Among the different germination inducing treatments, the jamun seeds treated with poly bag + Trichoderma harzianumin general responded well with high seed germination.Seedling emergence is primarily a function of the moisture and temperature (Savage etal., 1994) 1 to 7).Maximum number of days for initiation was recorded when seeds treated with control (14.06-30.64)followed by saw dust Table 1 to 7.And similar results were also obtained for seeds of control took maximum number of days for completion of germination (37.26-18.37)Table 1 to 7.This behaviour was irrespective of the month of sowing.These observations are in line with findings of (Jubeset al., 1975).Availability of moisture in the soil also plays an important role to initiate germination of seeds sown in any of the months.Early seed germination begins with the imbibition of water by the seed and increase in fresh weight due to increasing water uptake.The imbibition phase was followed by a period where there is little water uptake called the lag phase.The fresh weight of the seed begins to increase again as water uptake drives the emergence of the radicle.The time needed for seed to germinate is related to the difference in the seeds threshold water potential and the seeds water content.The difference is the basis for the hydro time model (Gummerson, 1986 andBradford, 1990).Maximum number of days took for 50 per cent germination with seeds of control (Table 1 to 7).This might be due to as recalcitrant seeds must not dry below 30 to 50 per cent or else they will lose their ability to germinate (Chin and  Roberts, 1980).Seed stored at ambient condition become very much prone to fungal attack which leads to loss of seed viability and vigor (Mittal, 1998).In case of storage conditions, the highest germination percentage was obtained when the seeds were stored in refrigerated conditions compared (43.33-78.56) to seed stored at ambient conditions (0.28-83.76)Table 1 to 7.This might be due to decline in the endogenous levels of gibberellins in litchi seeds and suggested that this decline was the limiting factor for the maintenance of viability and/or germination of these seeds, Dhillon and Sharma (1986).Temperature affects both seed germination percentage and germination rate (Kotowski, 1926).Germination rate is invariably  1 to  7).This may be due to Polythene bags with a wall thickness from 0.1 to 0.25 mm is thick enough to prevent excessive moisture loss and thin enough to allow some gas exchange for short-term storage of recalcitrant seeds (Anandalakshmiet al., 2005).
T. harzianum might have released growth promoting substances which result in rapid germination of seeds and also caused suppression of soil borne pathogens (Priyarani et al., 1999 andMukhopadhyay, 1987).While least per cent germination was recorded in the seeds treated with saw dust (0.5 kg per kg seed) kept in poly bag (Table 1 to 7).Seed stored in paper bags did not germinate.These containers did not prevent seeds from desiccation.The moisture contents of the seeds stored in paper bags allowed free movement of air and moisture leading to poor hygienic condition inside the container.This could be the reason for poor germination of seeds stored in these containers (Anandalakshmi et al., 2005).The investigation revealed that freshly extracted jamun seeds gave higher per cent germination.It was gradually reducing when days increased after extraction.Seeds stored at refrigerated condition can extend the seed viability.The seeds kept in polybag and seeds treated with poly bag + Trichoderma harzianum (10 g/kg) recorded higher seed germination compared to other treatments.

Table 1 .
Effect of different treatments on initiation of germination under different storage conditions Figure in parentheses are arc sign transformed values

Table 2 .
Effect of different treatments on 50 % germination under different storage conditions Figure in parentheses are arc sign transformed values

Table 3 .
Effect of different treatments on complete germination under different storage conditions Figure in parentheses are arc sign transformed values

Table 4 .
Effect of different treatments on germination percentage under different storage conditions