Research Article
Year 2017,
Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 515 - 521, 20.06.2017
Abstract
To date, herbal medicines are the important source in the
development of new drugs to remedy various diseases.
However, it is crucial to provide scientific justification of these
drugs to determine their side effects in treatments. This study
was aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, acute and subacute
toxicity of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (SKEO) in a
mice model. Plant materials of S. khuzestanica were collected
from the rural regions of Lorestan Province, west of Iran. Gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was
performed to determine the main components of SKEO. To
assess the acute toxicity, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 ml/kg doses of SKEO
were injected intraperitoneally into four groups of six mice.
The number of deaths was counted at 24 h after the treatment.
Sub-acute toxicity of the effects of SKEO was evaluated by
determine the clinical chemistry and hematological parameters
of the treated mice after oral administration of SKEO at the
doses of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 ml/kg, respectively, for 14 consecutive
days. Twenty-three compounds were identified in SKEO by
GC/MS analysis, in which the main component was carvacrol
(64.4%). The LD50 value of intraperitoneal injection of SKEO
was 1.79 ml/kg and the maximum nonfatal dose was 1.13 ml/
kg. No death was observed at the doses of 0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg,
while in the group receiving 0.8 ml/kg of SKEO, only one mouse
died (12.5%). There was no significant difference between the
biochemical and hematological parameters following the oral
administrations of SKEO at the used doses of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 ml/
kg and the controls (P>0.05). The obtained results in this work
showed that SKEO at the tested doses had no significant toxicity
on the liver and kidney tissues as well as on the hematological
parameters in the mice. Therefore, SKEO could be safe for the
mammalian host at the used doses.
References
- 1. Cosa P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Mae L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro ‘proof-of-concept’. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 106: 290-302. 2. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microb Rev 1999; 12:564-82. 3. Mahmoudvand H, Saedi Dezaki E, Ezatpour B, Sharifi I, Kheirandish F, Rashidipour M. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities of Pistacia vera essential oil. Planta Medica 2016; 82: 279-84. 4. Hadian J, Mirjalili MH, Kanani MR, Salehnia A, Ganjipoor P. Phytochemical and morphological characterization of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad populations from Iran. Chem Biodivers 2011;8:902-15. 5. Jafari F, Ghavidel F, Zarshenas MM. A critical overview on the pharmacological and clinical aspects of popular Satureja species. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016; 9:118-27. 6. Hajhashemi V, Sadraei H, Ghannadi AR, Mohseni M. Antispasmodic and anti-diarrhoeal effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;71:187-92. 7. Safarnavadeh T, Rastegarpanah M. Anti-oxidants and infertility treatment, the role of Satureja khuzestanica: A minisystematic review. Iranian J Reprod Med 2011;9:61- 70. 8. Sanchez de Rojas V, Somoza B, Ortega T, Villar AM, Tejerina T. Vasodilatory effect in rat aorta of eriodictyol obtained from Satureja obovata. Planta Med 1999;65:234-8. 9. Ghazanfari G, Minaie B, Yasa N, Nakhai LA, Mohammadirad A, Nikfar S, Dehghan G, Boushehri VS, Jamshidi H, Khorasani R, Salehnia A, Abdollahi M. Biochemical and histopathological evidences for beneficial effects of Satureja khuzestanica jamzad essential oil on the mouse model of inflammatory bowel diseases. Toxicol Mech Methods 2006;16:365-72. 10. Sadeghi-Nejad B, Shiravi F, Ghanbari S, Alinejadi M, Zarrin M. Antifungal activity of Satureja khuzistanica (Jamzad) leaves extracts. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2010;3:36-40. 11. Amanlou M, Fazeli MR, Arvin A. Antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extract of Satureja khuzistanica. Fitoterapia 2004;75:768-70. 12. Farsam H, Amanlou M, Radpour MR, Salehinia AN, Shafiee A. Composition of the essential oils of wild and cultivated Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad from Iran. Flavour Frag J 2004;19:308-10. 13. Saedi Dezaki E, Mahmoudvand H, Sharififar F, Fallahi S, Monzote L, Ezatkhah F. Chemical composition along with anti-leishmanial and cytotoxic activity of Zataria multiflora. Pharm Biol 2015; 8: 1-7. 14. Yesil Celiktas O, Hames Kocabas EE, Bedir E, Vardar Sükan F, Özek T, Baser HCK. Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, depending on location and seasonal variations. Food Chem 2007;100:553- 9. 15. Diskin CJ, Tomasso CL, Alper JC, Glaser ML, Fliegel SE. Longterm selenium exposure. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: 824-6. 16. Tavakoli Kareshk A, Keyhani A, Mahmoudvand H, Tavakoli Oliaei R, Asadi A, Andishmand M, Azzizian H, Babaei Z, Zia- Ali N. Efficacy of the Bunium persicum (Boiss) essential oil against acute toxoplasmosis in mice model. Iran J Parasitol 2015;10:625-31. 17. Adams RP. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publishing Corporation. 2007. 18. Mahmoudvand H, Kheirandish F, Ghasemi Kia M, TavakoliKareshk A, Yarahmadi M. Chemical composition, protoscolicidal effects and acute toxicity of Pistacia atlantica Desf. fruit extract. Nat Prod Res 2016;30: 1208-11. 19. Mahmoudvand H, Kheirandish F, Saedi Dezaki E, Shamsaddini S, Fasihi Harandi M, Chemical composition, efficacy and safety of Pistaciavera (var. Fandoghi) to inactivate protoscoleces during hydatid cyst surgery. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82: 393-8. 20. Mahmoudvand H, Fallahi Sh, Mahmoudvand H, Shakibaie M, Harandi MF, Dezaki ES. Efficacy of Myrtuscommunis L. to inactivate the hydatid cyst protoscoleces. J Invest Surg 2015; 18: 1-7. 21. Mahmoudvand H, Tavakoli Oliaei R, Mirbadie SR, Kheirandish F, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Ezatpour B, Mahmoudvand H. Efficacy and safety of Bunium Persicum (Boiss) to inactivate protoscoleces during hydatid cyst operations. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2016;17:713-9. 22. Abdollahi M, Salehnia A, Mortazavi SH, Ebrahimi M, Shafiee A, Fouladian F, Keshavarz K, Sorouri S, Khorasani R, Kazemi A. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic,reproduction stimulatory properties and safety of essential oil of Satureja Khuzestanica in rat in vivo: a oxicopharmacological study. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:BR331-5 23. 23.Assaei R, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Pajouhi N, Ranjbar Omrani GH, Sepehrimanesh M, Zal F. Effects of essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica on the oxidative stress in experimental hyperthyroid male rat. Vet Res Forum 2015 Summer; 6: 233-8. 24. 24.Hashemipour H, Kermanshahi H, Golian A, Veldkamp T. Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2013;92:2059-69. 25. Palabiyik SS, Karakus E, Halici Z, Cadirci E, Bayir Y, Ayaz G, Cinar I. The protective effects of carvacrol and thymol against paracetamol-induced toxicity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2). Hum Exp Toxicol 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. 26. Ahmadvand H, Tavafi M, Assadollahi V, Jafaripour L, Hadipour-Moradi F, Mohammadrezaei-Khoramabadi R, Khosravi P, Salehi H, Cheraghi A. Protective effect of carvacrol on renal functional and histopathological changes in gentamicin-induced-nephrotoxicity in rats. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2013; 8: 23-8. 27. Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Samini F, Borji A. Protective effects of carvacrol against oxidative stress induced by chronic stress in rat’s brain, liver, and kidney. Biochem Res Int 2016; 2016: 2645237. 28. Kheirandish F, Delfan B, Farhadi S, Ezatpour B, Khamesipour A , Kazemi B, Ebrahimzade F, Rashidipour M. The effect of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil on the lesions induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 5: 648-53. 29. Farsam H, Amanlou M, Radpour MR, Salehinia AN, Shafiee A. Composition of the essential oils of wild and cultivated Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad from Iran. Flavour Frag J 2004;19:308-10. 30. Ezatpour B, Saedi Dezaki E, Mahmoudvand H, Azadpour M, Ezzatkhah F. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effects of Pistacia khinjuk against Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 149707. 31. Mahmoudvand H, Tavakoli R, Sharififar F, Minaie K, Ezatpour B, Jahanbakhsh S, Sharifi I. Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of Nigella sativa and its active principle, thymoquinone. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:1052-7.
Year 2017,
Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 515 - 521, 20.06.2017
Abstract
Bitkilerin çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisi için ilaç geliştirme
amacıyla kullanılan önemli kaynaklar olduğu bilinmektedir
ancak bitkisel ilaçların tedavi amacıyla kullanılabilmesi için yan
etki profillerinin belirlenmesi gereklidir. Bu çalışmada, Satureja
khuzestanica uçucu yağının (SKEO) kimyasal bileşiminin
tespiti ve bir fare modelinde akut ve sub-akut toksisitesinin
gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Satureja khuzestanica örnekleri
İran’ın batısındaki Lorestan bölgesinin kırsal alanlarından
toplanmıştır. SKEO’nun kimyasal bileşimi gaz kromatografisi/
kütle spektrometrisi (GC/MS) yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir.
Akut toksisitesinin belirlenmesi amacıyla SKEO, 0.5, 1, 2 and
4 ml/kg dozlarda 6’şar fareden oluşan 4 gruba intraperitoneal
enjeksiyonla uygulanmıştır. Uygulamadan 24 saat sonra ölen
fareler sayılmıştır. SKEO’nun sub-akut toksik etkilerinin
belirlenmesi için 14 gün boyunca oral yoldan 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8
ml/kg dozlarda SKEO uygulanan farelerin biyokimyasal ve
hemotolojik parametreleri incelenmiştir.
GC-MS yöntemiyle yapılan çalışmada SKEO içeriğinde
bulunan 23 bileşik tespit edilmiş ve bu bileşikler içerisinde en
yüksek miktarda bulunan türevin %64.4 oranıyla karvakrol
olduğu görülmüştür. İntraperitoneal enjeksiyon yoluyla
uygulanan SKEO’nun LD50 değeri 1.79 ml/kg, maksimum
öldürücü olmayan dozu ise 1.13 ml/kg olarak bildirilmiştir.
SKEO’nun; 0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg dozlarda uygulandığı gruplarda
ölüm tespit edilmezken bileşiğe 0.8 ml/kg dozda maruz falan
farelerden sadece biri ölmüştür (%12.5). Oral yoldan 0.2, 0.4
and 0.8 ml/kg dozlarda SKEO uygulanan farelerin biyokimyasal
ve hemotolojik parametreleri kontrol grubuna ait değerlerle
karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir
(P>0.05). Bu çalışma sonucunda elde edilen veriler; SKEO’nun,
farelerin karaciğer, böbrek dokuları ve kan parametreleri
üzerinde belirgin bir toksistesi olmadığını göstermiştir. Bu
nedenle SKEO’nun belirtilen dozlarda diğer memeliler için de
güvenli olduğu düşünülmektedir.
References
- 1. Cosa P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Mae L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro ‘proof-of-concept’. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 106: 290-302. 2. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microb Rev 1999; 12:564-82. 3. Mahmoudvand H, Saedi Dezaki E, Ezatpour B, Sharifi I, Kheirandish F, Rashidipour M. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities of Pistacia vera essential oil. Planta Medica 2016; 82: 279-84. 4. Hadian J, Mirjalili MH, Kanani MR, Salehnia A, Ganjipoor P. Phytochemical and morphological characterization of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad populations from Iran. Chem Biodivers 2011;8:902-15. 5. Jafari F, Ghavidel F, Zarshenas MM. A critical overview on the pharmacological and clinical aspects of popular Satureja species. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016; 9:118-27. 6. Hajhashemi V, Sadraei H, Ghannadi AR, Mohseni M. Antispasmodic and anti-diarrhoeal effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;71:187-92. 7. Safarnavadeh T, Rastegarpanah M. Anti-oxidants and infertility treatment, the role of Satureja khuzestanica: A minisystematic review. Iranian J Reprod Med 2011;9:61- 70. 8. Sanchez de Rojas V, Somoza B, Ortega T, Villar AM, Tejerina T. Vasodilatory effect in rat aorta of eriodictyol obtained from Satureja obovata. Planta Med 1999;65:234-8. 9. Ghazanfari G, Minaie B, Yasa N, Nakhai LA, Mohammadirad A, Nikfar S, Dehghan G, Boushehri VS, Jamshidi H, Khorasani R, Salehnia A, Abdollahi M. Biochemical and histopathological evidences for beneficial effects of Satureja khuzestanica jamzad essential oil on the mouse model of inflammatory bowel diseases. Toxicol Mech Methods 2006;16:365-72. 10. Sadeghi-Nejad B, Shiravi F, Ghanbari S, Alinejadi M, Zarrin M. Antifungal activity of Satureja khuzistanica (Jamzad) leaves extracts. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2010;3:36-40. 11. Amanlou M, Fazeli MR, Arvin A. Antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extract of Satureja khuzistanica. Fitoterapia 2004;75:768-70. 12. Farsam H, Amanlou M, Radpour MR, Salehinia AN, Shafiee A. Composition of the essential oils of wild and cultivated Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad from Iran. Flavour Frag J 2004;19:308-10. 13. Saedi Dezaki E, Mahmoudvand H, Sharififar F, Fallahi S, Monzote L, Ezatkhah F. Chemical composition along with anti-leishmanial and cytotoxic activity of Zataria multiflora. Pharm Biol 2015; 8: 1-7. 14. Yesil Celiktas O, Hames Kocabas EE, Bedir E, Vardar Sükan F, Özek T, Baser HCK. Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, depending on location and seasonal variations. Food Chem 2007;100:553- 9. 15. Diskin CJ, Tomasso CL, Alper JC, Glaser ML, Fliegel SE. Longterm selenium exposure. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: 824-6. 16. Tavakoli Kareshk A, Keyhani A, Mahmoudvand H, Tavakoli Oliaei R, Asadi A, Andishmand M, Azzizian H, Babaei Z, Zia- Ali N. Efficacy of the Bunium persicum (Boiss) essential oil against acute toxoplasmosis in mice model. Iran J Parasitol 2015;10:625-31. 17. Adams RP. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publishing Corporation. 2007. 18. Mahmoudvand H, Kheirandish F, Ghasemi Kia M, TavakoliKareshk A, Yarahmadi M. Chemical composition, protoscolicidal effects and acute toxicity of Pistacia atlantica Desf. fruit extract. Nat Prod Res 2016;30: 1208-11. 19. Mahmoudvand H, Kheirandish F, Saedi Dezaki E, Shamsaddini S, Fasihi Harandi M, Chemical composition, efficacy and safety of Pistaciavera (var. Fandoghi) to inactivate protoscoleces during hydatid cyst surgery. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82: 393-8. 20. Mahmoudvand H, Fallahi Sh, Mahmoudvand H, Shakibaie M, Harandi MF, Dezaki ES. Efficacy of Myrtuscommunis L. to inactivate the hydatid cyst protoscoleces. J Invest Surg 2015; 18: 1-7. 21. Mahmoudvand H, Tavakoli Oliaei R, Mirbadie SR, Kheirandish F, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Ezatpour B, Mahmoudvand H. Efficacy and safety of Bunium Persicum (Boiss) to inactivate protoscoleces during hydatid cyst operations. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2016;17:713-9. 22. Abdollahi M, Salehnia A, Mortazavi SH, Ebrahimi M, Shafiee A, Fouladian F, Keshavarz K, Sorouri S, Khorasani R, Kazemi A. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic,reproduction stimulatory properties and safety of essential oil of Satureja Khuzestanica in rat in vivo: a oxicopharmacological study. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:BR331-5 23. 23.Assaei R, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Pajouhi N, Ranjbar Omrani GH, Sepehrimanesh M, Zal F. Effects of essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica on the oxidative stress in experimental hyperthyroid male rat. Vet Res Forum 2015 Summer; 6: 233-8. 24. 24.Hashemipour H, Kermanshahi H, Golian A, Veldkamp T. Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2013;92:2059-69. 25. Palabiyik SS, Karakus E, Halici Z, Cadirci E, Bayir Y, Ayaz G, Cinar I. The protective effects of carvacrol and thymol against paracetamol-induced toxicity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2). Hum Exp Toxicol 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. 26. Ahmadvand H, Tavafi M, Assadollahi V, Jafaripour L, Hadipour-Moradi F, Mohammadrezaei-Khoramabadi R, Khosravi P, Salehi H, Cheraghi A. Protective effect of carvacrol on renal functional and histopathological changes in gentamicin-induced-nephrotoxicity in rats. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2013; 8: 23-8. 27. Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Samini F, Borji A. Protective effects of carvacrol against oxidative stress induced by chronic stress in rat’s brain, liver, and kidney. Biochem Res Int 2016; 2016: 2645237. 28. Kheirandish F, Delfan B, Farhadi S, Ezatpour B, Khamesipour A , Kazemi B, Ebrahimzade F, Rashidipour M. The effect of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil on the lesions induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 5: 648-53. 29. Farsam H, Amanlou M, Radpour MR, Salehinia AN, Shafiee A. Composition of the essential oils of wild and cultivated Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad from Iran. Flavour Frag J 2004;19:308-10. 30. Ezatpour B, Saedi Dezaki E, Mahmoudvand H, Azadpour M, Ezzatkhah F. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effects of Pistacia khinjuk against Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 149707. 31. Mahmoudvand H, Tavakoli R, Sharififar F, Minaie K, Ezatpour B, Jahanbakhsh S, Sharifi I. Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of Nigella sativa and its active principle, thymoquinone. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:1052-7.
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Details
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 20, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 21 Issue: 3 |