Investigation of Exhaust Emission Factors Based on Vehicle Models

Hydrocarbon and Carbon monoxide emissions in passenger cars of Iran’s production is very high. This research is trying to technical examination of three vehicle models (Pride, Peugeot 206 and Samand) production of 2004, 2006 and 2008 check out amount of HC and CO emissions. MGT5 device was used to measure exhaust emission factors from this vehicle. The result of this study indicate that Pride and 206 Peugeot production of 2006 and Samand production of 2004 have most pollution in the production of HC. Most CO emissions was in vehicle production of 2004. Samand and Pride have lowest and most emissions, respectively. vehicles manufactured in 2008 is close to Euro IV Standard. However, vehicles manufactured since 2004 are Euro II standard. by increasing vehicle age was obsorved emissions increase.


INTRODUCTION
Emissions of many air pollutants have been shown to have variety of negative effects on public health and the natural environment .Emissions that are principal pollutants of concern include: Hydrocarbons, Carbon monoxide(CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Particulate matter, Sulfur oxide (SOx), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs).hydrocarbons are toxins.Hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog, which can be a major problem in urban areas.Carbon Monoxide poisoning is also a major killer.By 1964, most new cars sold in the U.S. were so equipped, and PCV quickly became standard equipment on all vehicles worldwide (Rosen and Erwin, 1975).
Air pollution and cars were first linked in the early 1950's by a California researcher who determined that traffic was to blame for the smoggy skies over Los Angeles.At the time, typical new cars were emitting nearly 13 grams per mile hydrocarbons (HC), 3.6 grams per mile nitrogen oxides (NOx), and 87 grams per mile carbon monoxide (CO) (Milestones in Automobile Emissions, 1994).Emission levels are dependent upon many parameter including vehivle-related factors such as model.Size, fuel type, technology level and milage, and opration factors such as speed, acceleration, gear selection, road gradient and ambient temperature (Boulter et al, 2007).The power to move a car comes from burning fuel in an engine.Pollution from cars comes from by-products of this combustion process (exhaust) and from evaporation of the fuel itself (Automobile Emissions, 1994).
Similarly, Ford Motor Company Chemistry Department Research Staff has instrumented a 1992 Aerostar van with Fourier transform infra-red instrumentation to measure approximately 20 species of emissions (e.g., CO, CO2, methane, total hydrocarbons, NO, and so forth) at high time resolution while on the road (Jession, 1994).Diesel engines while they have many advantages, they also have the disadvantage of emitting significant amounts of particulate matter (PM) and the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and lesser amounts of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and toxic air pollutants (Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association.2009).
Air pollution is the most serious environmental problem in Tehran with exhaust emissions from spark-ignition engines accounting for a major part of problem.The formation and accumulation of deposits on the internal surfaces of engines could adversely affect the exhaust emission from vehicles.It is the perception that some of fuel additives can remove these deposits due to their detergency.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Technical examination as an accepted method was done around the world by government agencies or quasi-governmental for evaluation of vehicles that consistent with defined standards of safety and pollution.This study was done 2011 and was attempted using the data collected in previous years by the center of vehicl technical examination.Three types of domestically produced cars (Pride, Peugeot 206 and Samand modeles years 2004, 2006 and 2008) based on years of production and operation were compared the amount of emissions.
MGT5 device was used to measure exhaust emission factors from gasoline-powered vehicles such as CO2 -CO -HC -O2 -NO.If the vehicle is out of state or there is a defect in performance ignition systems, exhaust pollutants will go beyond the standard.This device consists of a Propp that placed inside the vehicle exhaust and Pumps.MGT5 device analysis the exhaust gases by using a computer system and displays on the monitor or LED.Then the result of vehicle test is printed.CO and HC emissions of exhaust gases of vehicles, operating years and car model are the input data of this study.It is worth noting that the amount of suffering to pass a technical examination of the test are as follows: in Auto injector for the CO gas approval number is up 2.5 and HC gas to number 250.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pay attention to Table1, between HC emission of Samand vehicle and 206 Peugeot production of 2004 is no significant difference.It means, The amount of their pollution is close together but the difference emissions of Samand, Pride and 206 Peugeot, Pride in this year's production is significant at level of 0.05 percent.between HC emission in vehicles produced 2006 and 2008 is no significant difference exept of Pride and Samand cars production in 2008, this difference is significant because of Samand car is be more modern.
Result of correlation measure the amount of CO emission of vehicle manufactured of 2004, 2006 and 2008 showed that only between emissions of Peugeot 206 and Pride production of 2008 are no significant difference.Between the amount of CO emission in other vehiceles production of different years in this study are significant different at level of 0.05 percent (table 2).Kelly and Groblicki, 1993 found that during moderate to heavy loads on the engine, the vehicle ran under fuel enrichment conditions, resulting in CO emissions 2,500 times greater than those at normal stoichiometric operation (HC was 40 times as great).
LeBlanc et al 1995 in their study appear capable of adequately distinguishing the CO emission effects associated with variations in engine and vehicle operations for individual vehicle makes and models.However, it should be noted that the large variability in vehicle-to-vehicle CO emission response to changes in operating modes that has been noted in ongoing studies indicates that a model based on vehicle speed and acceleration profiles alone may not provide sufficient CO emission rate predictive capabilities for the fleet.Weather and road conditions influenced PM concentrations more than the differences between the city and highway traffic environments.
Iran's government in line with environmental protection and prevent air pollution, Timeline standards limit emissions of gasoline, diesel and dual burner vehicles, Domestic and imported and motorcycles be determined.Accordingly, the standards limit emissions of light vehicles, semi-heavy and heavy vehicles in 2010 and 2011 is Euro II, But the years 2012, 2013 and 2014 the vehicles must earn Euro IV standard.Table 3 shows european emission standards for CO emission in passenger cars.Experimental results of (Horng Tsai et al,2000), indicate that the emissions of CO and THC from in-use motorcycles are significantly higher than new ones, but not for NOx, and the emissions of THC from 2-stroke motorcycles are much higher than 4-stroke ones.The emissions of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) from in-use motorcycles are higher than new motorcycles for all five driving patterns, and those from 2-stroke engines are higher than 4-stroke motorcycles.Emission of VOCs in the modes of deceleration and idle accounts for the most mass emitted during the test driving cycle.

The results of
There is reasonable agreement between the different types of studies for emissions of NOx, but agreement for emissions of other pollutants is qualitative.Remote sensing studies indicate that emissions of NO are normally distributed, while emissions of CO and HC are skewed to a few high emitting vehicles.(Yanowitz. et al, 2000) indicate that average emissions of PM, CO, and HC have been reduced during the past two decades, but average emissions of NOx have not changed.Thus, emissions regulations for PM have been somewhat effective, although the degree of PM reduction is less than expected based on changes in the standards.Emission regulations have apparently not been effective at reducing in-use NOx.In comparison, there are estimates that transit buses generate less than 5% of the vehicle miles traveled for heavy-duty vehicles.

CONCLUSION
Today one of the important factors affecting the issue of vehicle emissions is receiving tax of the vehicles.in Europe and other developed countries around the world receiving tax depends on their pollution.High consumption and high polluting vehicles pay more taxes .for approaching emissions standards to international standards should be made legal with non-standard products and with full compliance standardization of vehicles and construction technical examination centers trying to improve pollution problem in Iran.
97 percent of CO and 92.8 percent of HC in Tehran air caused by pollution from the transportation sector in 1995 year (Department ofEnergy, 1996). in 2008 year, The share of HC and CO emissions from passenger cars was 59 percent and 88 percent, respectively in Iran (Department of Energy, 1999).Yli-Tuomi et al (2005) by research on emissions of fine particles, NOx and CO from

future) July 1992 January 1996 January 2000 January 2005 September 2009 September 2014
Table 4 indicate that Pride and 206 Peugeot production of 2006 and Samand production of 2004 have most pollution in the production of HC.Most CO emissions was observed in vehicle production of 2004.Samand and Pride have lowest and most emissions, respectively.

Table 4 : The average HC and CO emissions during 2004, 2006 and 2008 years between three Production: Pride, Peugeot 206 and Samand
Wang et al (2012)shows that trucks with high BC EFs do not usually have high NOx EFs, and vice versa, indicating that the current emission standards implemented in Beijing and nationwide have only limited impact on NOx emissions control.Therefore, effective multi-pollutant control strategies and in-use compliance programs are imperative to reduce the overall emissions from the transportation sector.