Evaluation of adsorption efficiency of Ferronia elephantum fruit shell for congo red retrieveal from aqueous solution

The retrieval of color from industrial effluent is a major problem as restriction become more stringent. Effluents from textile pulp and paper industries are highly colored due to residual dyes, and thus lower the aesthetic value structure and are toxic and harmful for aquatic and human life. The presence of color in water inhibits the growth of aquatic fauna and flora by reducing light penetration. Various techniques such as chemical Coagulation Bio – sorption, Oxidation using ozone and adsorption have been generally employed for ret rival of color, Adsorption is one of the most effective physical process and has a great potential for the removal of dyes from wastewater. The aim of this study was to prepare activated carbon from Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell and adsorption isotherm was developed for Congo red cycle. Which can be readily used to designing purpose in pollution amendment and control. Current World Environment Vol. 5(1), 213-216 (2010)


INTRODUCTION
The retrieval of color from industrial effluent is a major problem as restriction become more stringent.Effluents from textile pulp and paper industries are highly colored due to residual dyes, and thus lower the aesthetic value structure and are toxic and harmful for aquatic and human life.The presence of color in water inhibits the growth of aquatic fauna and flora by reducing light penetration.Various techniques such as chemical Coagulation Bio -sorption, Oxidation using ozone and adsorption have been generally employed for ret rival of color, Adsorption is one of the most effective physical process and has a great potential for the removal of dyes from wastewater.The aim of this study was to prepare activated carbon from Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell and adsorption isotherm was developed for Congo red cycle.Which can be readily used to designing purpose in pollution amendment and control.

Adsorbent Preparation
The adsorbent Ferronia elephantum Fruit shell (FEFS) was collected from the Pandhari forest situated in between warud and Padhurna.The Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell was first dried at a temperature of 160°C for six hours.After grinding it was then soaked overnight in 0.1 N NaOH solution to remove the lignin content, excess alkalinity was then neutralized with 0.1 N HCI solution.It was washed with distilled water several time till the wash water become colorless.Then it was kept in muffle furnace at 130°C for 6 hrs. it was sieved to obtain average particle size of 200 mesh.Finally it was dried again in an over at 50°C for hours.The adsorbent was then stored in desiccators for final studies.

Adsorbate Preparation and Batch study
Stock solution (1000mg/L) of Congo Red was prepared by dissolving 1 gm of dye in 1000 ml of double distilled water.The stock solution were diluted with double distilled water to obtain required standard solution.The dried amount of 0.2gm. of FEF.Shell was take in 250 ml reagent bottle and standard solution (100ml) containing various concentration of Congo Red dye was added and system is equilibrated by shaking the contents of the flask at room temperature.The adsorbent and adsorbent were separated by filtration and filtrate was determined by spectrophotometer at 495 nm a against a reagent blank.The spectrophotometer systrornic(model 104) was used to measure the concentration of Congo Red.
Effect of pH on the scavenging the dye was studied using 100ml dye solution having 40 mg/L initial concentration.Effect of initial concentration.Agitating time and adsorbent dose was also studied.

Effect of Initial dye concentration & contact time
The initial concentration of Congo Red solution was varied from 20,30,40,60 mg/L and batch experiments were carried out by taking 200 ml of this solution with dried 200mg on the adsorbent and the system is equilibrated by shaking the contents of the flask at room temperature equilibrium reached in 2 hours.Final concentration of Congo Red was determined by spectrophotometer at 495 n.m. the percentage removal of Congo Red was observed to be 87%.To establish equilibrium time for maximum uptake and to know the kinetics of adsorption process.The adsorption of Congo Red on adsorbent was studied as a function of contact time.Percentage removal of dye is found to decrease with increase in dye concentration.From contact time data it may be seen that dye removal is very rapid during initial period of contact and the maximum are reached within the first 30 minutes removal.

Effect on pH
The adsorption capacity of Congo Red as a function of pH.It was observed that percentage removal of Congo Red is maximum of pH = 8 and then decrease with increase of pH.

Effect on sorbent Dosage
Batch sorption studies were performed to determine the effect of sorbent dosage on Congo red removal.The percent removal increase rapidly and reaches about 95% For 100% removal of the Congo Red the dosage required is 300mg/50ml for the initial concentration of 50mg/L at pH = 8.0

Sorption Kinetics
The rate of adsorption of Congo Red on Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell was studied by using the first order kinetic model, Pseudo second

First order Kinetics
The rate of adsorption of Congo Red on Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell was studied by using the first order rate equation proposed by Lagergren.It is found that as initial dye concentration increase Lagergren rate constant decrease, This indicates that, adsorption does not follow the 1 st order kinetics.

Pseudo Second order models
Pseudo Second order models showed that, Rate constant K 2 is almost constant at different initial concentration which is shown in Table 1.this indicate that adsorption of Congo Red.On Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell obey the 2 nd order kinetics.Also the concentration of Congo Red increasing from 20mg/L to 60mg/L equilibrium sorption capacity q e increase.

Elovich Model
Adsorption of Congo Red an Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell are shown.A linear relationship is obtained bet n the amount of Congo Red, Adsorbed q t and Int.from the table 1, show that value ∝ and β varied as a function fo Congo Red concentration.As the concentration of Congo Red increase from 20mg/L. to 6mg/L.value of ∝ increase and β decrease.This favored the adsorption phenomenon.

Isotherm Modeling Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
The Langmuir sorption isotherm is shown in Table 2. Q o values found be comparable with commercial activated carbon.Value of R L lies between 0 and 1 indicate the favorable adsorption.It indicates the applicability of Langmuir adsorption isotherm.The calculated value r 2 confirm the applicability of Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Freundlich Adsorption isotherm
Freundlich plot for the adsorption of Congo Red on Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell is given in table 2. it was that the values of adsorption intensity 1/n <1, reveal the applicability of freundlich adsorption.

Thermodynamics Parameters
The influence of temperature upon the adsorption rate was investigated at 30°C 40°C and 50°C it is observed that mass of the Congo Red.Adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent increase with increasing temperature.The result of adsorption process reveals that at pH = 8.0, of Congo Red uptake capacity is better.

4.
The adsorption of Congo Red an Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell followed the Pseudo second order model and Elovich model.

5.
Study of temperature effects on Freundlich parameter reveals increasing trend in adsorption capacity with increase in temperature.It followed the endothermic process.6.
it is calculated that the adsorbent prepared from Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell could be exploited for commercial applications.Regeneration studies are not necessary with the view that the cost of the adsorbent is very low and it can be disposed of safely.

Table 1 : Kinetic model value for adsorption of Congo Red on FEFS Concentration 1 st Order Pseudo second order Elovich
The negative value of free energy change ΔG indicates the feasibility and spontaneous nature of adsorption of Congo Red.ΔH value suggests endothermic nature of Congo Red on Ferronia elephantum Fruit Shell.Positive value is ΔSis due to increase randomness during adsorption of Congo Red.