Studies on water quality of Kaliyasot Dam, Madhya Pradesh, India

It is important to make assessment of water resources their magnitude, distribution and scope of utilization. It is also important to have an idea of the present and future demands of water for various uses e.g. industrial, irrigational and domestic purposes in public health point of view. In the present study it has attempted to assess water quality of ‘Kaliasot dam’ for a period of one year 2007-08 in monsoon, winter and summer seasons. The samples were collected from different points to cover complete dam area. The parameters observed are temperature, pH, Electrical conductance, turbidity, Total solids, TDS, SS, Nitrates, Phosphate, chloride, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Ca-H, Mg-H, D.O., BOD, COD, Na, K, Sulphate & Fluoride, all physico- chemical parameters .

The study has utmost importance and will help to further plan for irrigation water supply schemes for sustainable development.
Kaliasot reservoir is under environmental stress due to siltation, human encroachment, high macrophytic population and sewage input from various resources.Higher value of pH, chloride, alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate indicates eutrophication but water quality of reservoir is suitable for fish culture.The biological productivity of reservoir is greatly influenced by their hydro biological features.The soil inflow from the catchments area and basin affects the water quality of a reservoir.

Description of Sampling stations
North

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Eight sampling station were chosen at different points of the Kaliasot dam.The object of sampling is to collect small quantity of water from the body of water source for the purpose of water analysis and to analyse the physico-chemical constituents existing in water.The methods for water analysis were applied as prescribed by APHA (1985) and NEERI (1986).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results are summarised in table-1 Acidic natures of water reduce the appetite of fish and reduce the growth of fish.In this study, pH ranged from 6.8 -7.7, lower values recorded at SS 1 and higher values of 7.7 at SS 5 .Higher pH favours the fish production in reservoir.The EPA criteria for pH are 6.5-9.0 for fish water aquatic life .The findings of the study are similar with those are kataria (1994,2006), Raina et al (1984).

Specific conductivity
Electrical conductivity in water is due to ionisation of dissolved solids and becomes a measure of total dissolved solids.Electrical conductivity is used as a basic index to select the suitability of water for agricultural purposes.Upadhyay and Ray (1982) reported EC 150 -256.Kataria (1994), Jain et al., (1996) noted EC range of 151-227 µmhos/cm in Hathainkheda dam water and 320-1860 µmhos /cm in Betwa River and 319-4116 µmhos /cm in Kaliasot River.In the present study, minimum value was recorded 162 at SS 2 while higher value of 362 was found at SS 6 , E.C. of a sample.On the other hand, water is related to the natural and concentration of ionized substances present in the sample.Higher the concentration of acid, base and salts in water, a higher will be the EC.No permissible limit has been set up for EC in drinking water in its absence, the need of autotrophs are fulfilled by bicarbonates.

Turbidity
Turbidity is caused due to the presence of suspended matters, clay silt, colloidal organic particles plankton and other microscopic organism.
It is an expression of certain light scattering and light absorbing properties of water.It has significant effect and microbiological quality of drinking water and irrigation water.It may create Jaundice and polio in man.WHO recommended 5.0 NTU and Indian standards up to 10 NTU for drinking water (ISI 1983).High turbidity of River water was reported 85 NTU after confluence of industrial wastes by Trivedi (1979), Kataria (1994) noted 12.8 -180 NTU turbidity in Betwa River.In the present study turbidity has noted minimum 18.60 at S.S 1 and maximum of 29.9 at SS 6 .The standard is a suspension of silica of specified particle size selected such that a 1.0 mg/L suspension is one unit of turbidity.In general maximum values of turbidity were recorded during rainy season.The surface run off along with silt and organic debris resulted in increasing the turbidity value during monsoon period.

Total solids
Contain different type of nutrients and it determines the suitability of drinking water.Increasing value of TDS (Total dissolved solids) indicates pollution by extraneous resource (Aboo and Shastry 1968).In the present study, Total solids, Total dissolved solids and dissolved solids are found minimum 166, 142, 122 mg/L at SS 2 while maximum value of 408, 380, 60 mg/L noted at SS 7 and 60 mg/L at SS 3 given in table-1.Total solids were found raining from 166 to 410 mg/L minimum values were recorded at SS 2 due to various streams forming in the river bring about considerable amount of TS into rivers and then into dam.(Jain et al.1996).This is in conformity with the studies conducted by Kulshreshtha and Adholia (1989).Suspended solids (SS) interfere with the transition of light and a settle out of suspension covering a streamed or dam bottom.Excess SS, adversely affects fish by reducing.Their growth rate and resistance to disease, preventing the successful development of fish and larvae, and reducing the amount of food available Dissolved solids are calculated from total and suspended solid analysis.Dora et al. (1987) in Subernarekha River noted 84 -1725 mg/L TDS, Kataria (1996)  In the presents study nitrate ranged from 1.62mg/L at SS 2 to 2.92mg/L at SS 8 .Kataria (1994) noted nitrate range of 1.18 to 5.0 mg/L in confluence of industrial wasters of Betawa River.Kataria (1996) noted range from 0.030-1.48ppm of Nitrate in Tawa reservoir.Kataria (2006) reported nitrate 0.08 -0.48 ppm range in drinking water of piparia.

Phosphate
Phosphate is readily taken by phytoplankton.It varied from 0.006-1.20 mg/L in Kolar reservoir.Phosphate is very essential plant nutrient.Higher value of phosphate in reservoir water is due to agriculture wastes and use of fertilizers.Phosphate may enter to surface water from man-generated wastes and land run off.Domestic wastes contains approximately (1.6Kg) of phosphorous / capita/ year of which 64 % is from p-builders used in synthetic detergents.In this study phosphate was noted ranged from 0.72 mg/L minimum at SS 2 and 1.48 mg/L maximum at SS 7 .The findings are similar with Kataria (1996) noted phosphate ranged 0.064 -1.04 ppm in Tawa reservoir.

Chloride
Chloride label of water pollution indicates the pollutional degradation of water pollution.It is found in the form of Na, K and Ca salts.Higher concentration of chloride is hazardous to human consumption creates health problems.Desirable recommended limit for chloride is 250 mg/L by ISI (1983).In the present study it varied from 26.6 mg/ L at SS 3 to 52.75 at SS 6.The findings are similar with those of Katariya (1995) and Mitra (1982).Kataria (2001) noted chloride range of 50.4 -120.4 mg/L in drinking water of Pipariya (M.P.) and 17 -54 mg/L in reservoir dam water and Dwivedi & Sonar (2004) noted chloride range 20.4 -56.8 mg/L in water reservoir of Arunachal Pradesh.

Dissolved oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important parameter in water quality assessment.It reflects the physical and biological processes prevailing in the water.Depletion of DO in water due to high temperature to increased microbial activity.Oxygen is soluble in good water (Kudeshia,) V.P. (1995) 7 mg/L at 30°C.The DO of Kaliasot dam was observed in the range of 4.24 mg/L minimum at SS 1 to 6.8 mg/L maximum at SS 8 .Lower than the permissible limit of DO, water becomes unfit for the aquatic animal.The findings are similar to Vaishnav and Sahu (2006).

Biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemical oxygen demand acceptable limit of B.O.D. is 6.0 -100 mg/L In the presents study BOD levels of Kaliasot dam water were found in the range 3.42-5.86.The values of BOD were much above the permissible limit indicating presence of decomposable organic matter in the reservoir.BOD depicts the pollution of water source due to pollutants organic origin.In summer season the volume of dam water decreases with the increases of concentration of organic matter.

Chemical Oxygen Demand
COD increases due to pollution of input 30 nos.In the present study ranged from 32.6 -42.8 mg/L.COD depicts the pollution of water source due to pollutants organic origin.In summer season the volume of dam water decreases with the increases of concentration of organic matter.The limit of COD generally specify by various authorities in 250 ppm.

Total Alkalinity
Total alkalinity due to salt of weak acid and bicarbonate to highly alkaline water is unpotable.Alkalinity in this study ranged from158.4-193 mg/L.

Sodium (Na)
Sodium plays a vital role in water analysis.It ranges from 2.8-11.00mg/L at different sampling