Using the techniques of molecular biology to search for novel insecticides.

We investigated the interaction between human lung cancer cells, laminin, and several differentiating agents. When grown on laminin coated substrate eight out of 11 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines exhibited attachment to laminin and three had extensive outgrowth of long neurite-like processes. Of seven non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, selected for their in vitro anchorage-independent growth, attachment was observed in only three cell lines, and process formation was far less extensive than in SCLC cell lines. Among several differentiating agents, only dcAMP, which alone induced attachment and some process formation, increased laminin-mediated attachment and process formation of two SCLC cell lines, NCI-N417 a variant cell line, and NCI-H345, a classic cell line. The expression of several neuroendocrine and neuronal markers was investigated in these two SCLC cell lines. The expression of the light subunit of neurofilaments increased in NCI-N417 within 3 to 4 days of seeding, while NCI-H345 exhibited approximately 5 fold increase in expression of the GRP gene and a 3 fold increase expression of the P-actin gene. The expression of a number of other neuroendocrine and neuronal markers did not change following growth on laminin. The doubling times remained unchanged independent of the presence of and attachment to laminin while topoisomerase II gene expression levels in NCI-N417 cells decreased approximately 5 fold when cells were growing on laminin. Among the four major histological types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by the development of early and widespread metastases and by initial sensitivity to chemotherapy. However, SCLC recurs in the majority of patients and becomes resistant to multiple antineoplastic drugs, causing the death of about 90% of patients in less than 2 years. The other three types of lung cancer, commonly referred to as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have a lower tendency to metastasise and are less sensitive to antineoplastic drugs than SCLC (Minna et al., 1989). Crossing basement membranes is an important step in metastasis formation. Tumour cell attachment to laminin, the major component of basement membranes, followed by production and release of proteolytic enzymes by the tumour cell (such as collagenase IV and plasminogen activator) is thought to play an important role in metastasis formation (Martin & Timpl, 1987). Moreover, binding to laminin elicits cell-specific responses in different cell types, like cell polarisa-tion, differentiation, neurite outgrowth, migration, and cell growth (Martin & Timpl, 1987; Beck et al., 1990). Laminin …

Summary We investigated the interaction between human lung cancer cells, laminin, and several differentiating agents. When grown on laminin coated substrate eight out of 11 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines exhibited attachment to laminin and three had extensive outgrowth of long neurite-like processes. Of seven non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, selected for their in vitro anchorage-independent growth, attachment was observed in only three cell lines, and process formation was far less extensive than in SCLC cell lines. Among several differentiating agents, only dcAMP, which alone induced attachment and some process formation, increased laminin-mediated attachment and process formation of two SCLC cell lines, NCI-N417 a variant cell line, and NCI-H345, a classic cell line. The expression of several neuroendocrine and neuronal markers was investigated in these two SCLC cell lines. The expression of the light subunit of neurofilaments increased in NCI-N417 within 3 to 4 days of seeding, while NCI-H345 exhibited approximately 5 fold increase in expression of the GRP gene and a 3 fold increase expression of the P-actin gene. The expression of a number of other neuroendocrine and neuronal markers did not change following growth on laminin. The doubling times remained unchanged independent of the presence of and attachment to laminin while topoisomerase II gene expression levels in NCI-N417 cells decreased approximately 5 fold when cells were growing on laminin.
Among the four major histological types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by the development of early and widespread metastases and by initial sensitivity to chemotherapy. However, SCLC recurs in the majority of patients and becomes resistant to multiple antineoplastic drugs, causing the death of about 90% of patients in less than 2 years. The other three types of lung cancer, commonly referred to as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have a lower tendency to metastasise and are less sensitive to antineoplastic drugs than SCLC (Minna et al., 1989).
Crossing basement membranes is an important step in metastasis formation. Tumour cell attachment to laminin, the major component of basement membranes, followed by production and release of proteolytic enzymes by the tumour cell (such as collagenase IV and plasminogen activator) is thought to play an important role in metastasis formation (Martin & Timpl, 1987). Moreover, binding to laminin elicits cell-specific responses in different cell types, like cell polarisation, differentiation, neurite outgrowth, migration, and cell growth (Martin & Timpl, 1987;Beck et al., 1990).
Laminin can determine cell attachment of some SCLC cells, which usually grow in suspension, followed by dramatic morphological changes; the attachment to laminin was also shown to be associated with an increased resistance to several cytotoxic agents commonly used in the treatment of SCLC patients (Fridman et al., 1990).
In this paper we describe the ability of human lung cancer cell lines to undergo attachment and process formation when grown on laminin coated surfaces, and in presence of traditional differentiating agents. We report in particular the characterisation of the changes taking place in certain SCLC cell lines, concerning expression of intermediate filament proteins, and several neuroendocrine and neuronal markers.

Materials and methods
Cell lines and growth curves The human lung cancer cell lines used were established and characterised as described previously Gazdar et al., 1985). They were maintained in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 and air, at 37'C. All the cell lines studied were selected because they were growing as floating aggregates, including seven NSCLC cell lines, which more frequently grow as adherent monolayers (Gazdar & Oie, 1986). NSCLC cell lines did not express neuroendocrine properties, in contrast to SCLC cell lines. Cell lines were maintained in the medium which best supported their growth; this was RPM11640 with 10% FCS for all SCLC cell lines except NCI-H345 which grew better in HITES serum-free medium (Simms et al., 1980). NSCLC cell lines were all grown in ACL-4 serum-free medium (Gazdar & Oie, 1986), except a NSCLC cell line which grew best in HITES plus 2.5% FCS. Cell lines were tested and found to be free of Mycoplasma contamination.
Proliferation and doubling times were assessed by cell counting, by MTT assay and by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The dye MTT (3[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), stains only metabolically active cells and the number of cells is proportional to the intensity of staining. Thymidine incorporation provides an estimate of proliferating cells which incorporate thymidine during the S phase of the cell cycle.

Laminin
Laminin, extracted as previously described (Kleinman et al., 1986), was diluted in PBS, placed into the wells and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. The supernatant was then gently removed, replaced by 2% BSA, and incubated at 37°C for another hour, to block non-specific binding sites on the plastic surface. The use of BSA did not influence the results of the attachment experiments (not shown). Two washes with PBS followed, and cells were then seeded. Tissue culture dishes (35 mm diameter, Falcon, Lincoln Park, NJ) were coated with 10 ltg of laminin, while 5 fg and 2 jg were placed into wells of 24 or 96 well plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA), respectively. Slides for immunocytochemistry were coated with approximately 30 ig of laminin.

Diferentiating agents
All chemicals were from Sigma. All-trans retinoic acid was tested at 1 and 1O sM; theophyllin at 1 mM; forskolin at 1Op1M; dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (dc-AMP) at 1 ltM; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 2%; Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) 7S at 10 and 100 ng ml-'; and M,N'hexamethylene-bis-acetamide (HMBA) at 5 mM. The chemicals were added one day after cell seeding and their effect was assessed on cells growing in presence or absence of laminin, and compared to untreated cells. Observation was prolonged for 8-10 days, when cells formerly attached started to detach, presumably due to laminin degradation.
Electron microscopy and L-dopa decarboxylase determination Standard fixation in glutaraldehyde and further procedures for electron microscopy were employed to study two SCLC cell lines which extended long processes when growing on laminin (NCI-N417 and NCI-H345).
A standard radiometric assay was employed for L-dopa decarboxylase determination, as previously described (Baylin et al., 1980). At least two experiments were performed under each condition.

Immunocytochemistry
Cell suspensions were washed in ice cold PBS and then cytocentrifuged onto poly-L-lysine (Sigma) coated slides. The presence of poly-L-lysine did not induce neurite outgrowth, although attachment was favoured (not shown). For the detection of neuroendocrine markers slides were fixed in cold 95% ethanol for 10 min, while for intermediate filament expression fixation in acetone for 1 min at room temperature was used. The slides were then air-dried and used in the indirect immunofluorescence or indirect immunoperoxidase technique as decribed (Broers et al., 1985), or by the avidinbiotin-peroxidase (ABC) technique using Vectastain ABC staining kits (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) as described (Linnoila et al., 1988). Antibodies to neuroendocrine properties consisted of: rabbit anti-Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) (Accurate Chemical Company, Westbury, NY) 1:100 diluted; mouse anti-Leu-7 (Beckton Dickinson, Mt. View, CA) 1:10 diluted; mouse monoclonal anti-Synaptophysin (SY-38) (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN) 1:10 diluted; and mouse monoclonal anti-Chromogranin A (LK2H10) 1:100 diluted, a gift from Dr Barry S. Wilson; RNL-I (undiluted supernatant), an antibody belonging to the cluster-I group of SCLC antibodies and recognising the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) commonly expressed in SCLC but not in NSCLC (Boerman et al., 1991). For intermediate filament protein expression the following primary mouse monoclonal antibodies were used: RCK102 (supernatant fluid 1:5 diluted), a broad cross-reacting cytokeratin antibody recognising cytokeratins 5 and 8 and staining virtually all epithelial tissues (Ramaekers et al., 1987); RV202 (supernatant 1:5 diluted), an antibody shown to react exclusively with vimentin (Ramaekers et al., 1987). The neurofilament (NF) antibodies, reacting exclusively with one neurofilament polypeptide subunit, were purchased from Amersham (Arlington Heights, IL): the anti-68 kD and the anti-160kD NF polypeptides were used at 1:10 dilutions, and the anti-200 kD was used at 1:20 dilution. The mouse mononclonal antibody Ki-67, a proliferation marker (Gerdes et al., 1984) was purchased from Dakopatts (Glostrup, Denmark) and diluted 1:5. As secondary antibodies for the indirect immunofluorescence technique, FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins (Dakopatts) were used diluted 1:40 in PBS. For the indirect immunoperoxidase, peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins (Dakopatts) were diluted 1:50 in PBS with 5% normal goat serum.
Northern blotting and probes Cells growing in 150 mm diameter tissue culture dishes (Falcon) were harvested after two washes with PBS and total RNA was extracted with the guanidinium isothiocyanate method (Davis et al., 1988). Ten ,ug total RNA were electrophoresed on a denaturing 1 % agarose/formaldehyde gel, and transferred to a Nytran membrane (Schleicher & Schuell, Inc., Keene, NH). Hybridisation with 32P-labelled probes was according to vendor's instructions. Final wash of Northern blots was at 62°C for 40 min in 0.1 x SSPE (SSPE 20 x = NaCl 3 M, NaH2PO4-H2O 0.2 M, EDTA-Na2 0.02 M, pH 7.4), 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Relative amounts of RNA were estimated by densitometric scanning and expression of a gene was normalised by expression of the GAPDH gene on the same Northern blot.

Results
Attachment and proliferation Cell attachment to laminin was observed in 8/11 SCLC and 3/7 NSCLC cell lines; however, only three SCLC cell lines developed an extensive net of long neurite-like cytoplasmic processes. Of seven NSCLC cell lines tested, three attached to laminin, but only one showed moderate process formation. In an initial screening of the effects of laminin, some cell lines were grown in serum-supplemented medium as well as serum free medium. No gross differences in morphologic changes induced by laminin were observed between cells growing in different media; in particular NCI-N417 and NCI-H345 grown respectively in HITES and RPMI1640 with 10% FCS, displayed the same type of changes when exposed to laminin. However, since it was to be expected that differentiation (or phenotypic changes) of cell lines induced by laminin would go along with a decrease in growth rate, and reduction of growth rate related markers such as KJi-67, we chose to grow each individual cell line in medium known to yield a maximal growth rate under normal conditions, i.e. before exposing them to laminin. In addition, care was taken that all cell were growing exponentially before adding them to the laminin-coated culture dishes.
The expression of the 67 kD laminin receptor (Wever et al., 1986) was abundant in all the cell lines tested by Northern blotting, including those which did not display attachment, and did not significantly vary after attachment to laminin (not shown).
Whether attachment and process formation could also be promoted by traditional differentiating agents in combination with laminin was investigated in five SCLC cell lines, which previously had shown to have different types of response to laminin alone (Table I). All agents were used at concentrations reported in other systems to induce differentiation (Reiss et al., 1986). Only dcAMP was able to induce by itself a modest increase in process formation, and augmented the effects of laminin-induced process formation in NCI-N417 and NCI-H345 cell lines. Theophylline (used to inhibit phosphodiesterase activity) alone or added to dcAMP, did not have any effect (not shown). DMSO and HMBA induced attachment and some process formation in NCI-N417 only, but did not enhance the effect of laminin; the activity of the other agents was negligible (Table I).
Because the dramatic morphological changes induced by laminin resembled the differentiating process seen in other systems (Thiele et al., 1988b), we investigated the proliferating activity and analysed several differentiation markers in the cells growing on laminin and undergoing these changes.
Growth curves of four cell lines, selected for their different behaviour on laminin-coated substrates (NCI-H146 attaches to laminin but does not emit processes; NCI-H 187 does not attach; NCI-H345 and NCI-N417 attach and emit processes), did not differ whether laminin was present or not and whether cells were able to attach and form processes (Figure 1). This finding was confirmed by three different methods (MTT, cell count, and 3H-thymidine incorporation). At the cellular level, the proliferation marker Ki-67 showed the same expression in floating cells and cells which grew attached and  NCI-H146 attaches to laminin but does not extend processes; NCI-H187 does not attach to laminin; NCI-H345 and NCI-N417 attach to laminin and extend neurite-like processes. Cells were grown in 96 well plates in presence or absence of 2 tsg laminin coating of the wells. At each time point the dye MTT was added to the wells and, after 4 h of further incubation, the plates were centrifuged,the supernatant removed, the formazan crystals dissolved with DMSO and plates read by spectrofotometer at 540 nm. Each time point represents a mean of at least eight replicates. Similar findings were obtained with cell counting and with 3H-thymidine incorporation. formed processes (not shown). In addition, the expression of c-myc and N-myc, tested by Northern blotting on RNAs extracted during repeated time course experiments, did not change following laminin exposure or laminin plus d-cAMP in these cell lines (not shown). The expression of the topoisomerase II-.a gene, which is generally reduced in differentiating cells (Sullivan et al., 1986;Zwelling et al., 1987) and in several cancer cell lines resistant to topoisomerare II inhibitors (De Jong et al., 1990), was in fact decreased by 5.3 fold in the NCI-N417 growing on laminin and decreased 7.2 fold in dcAMP alone, while when both were combined the reduction was only 2.6 fold. Nevertheless, the levels of expression of the topoisomerase II gene in floating NCI-H345 and NCI-H146 cells were not significantly different from cells growing on laminin ( Figure  2). The MDR] gene expression, which is correlated with multiple drug resistance in several systems, was undetectable in all the cell lines studied, with or without treatment with laminin (not shown).

Expression of differentiation markers
Two SCLC cell lines, NCI-N417 a variant cell line,and NCI-H345 a classic cell line, able to attach and develop and the most extensive process formation of all the cell lines studied, when growing on laminin, were selected and further charcacterised. Approximately 90% and 80% of NCI-N417 and NCI-H345 cells respectively, attached to laminin and about 50% of the cells emitted processes which were longer than twice the length of the cell body. NCI-N417 started emitting thick processes a few hours after seeding and reached the maximum in 3 to 4 days; NCI-H345 emitted processes later (at least 24 h after seeding) and the processes were longer and thinner than with NCI-N417. On electron microscopy increase of microtubules was clearly seen in cell bodies and in the processes of both NCI-N417 and NCI-H345 cells grown on laminin (not shown).
Most of the neuroendocrine markers remained unchanged when cells were grown on laminin coated surfaces (Table II). However, after 3 days of cell seeding on laminin, the classic SCLC cell line NCI-H345 demonstrated a 5.3 fold increase in GRP expression by Northern blot analysis; the increase in expression was also seen when laminin was combined with dcAMP (3.8 times more than the floating cells). In this cell line a 3.3 fold increase of expression of the P-actin gene was observed in cells growing on laminin and an increase of 2.4 times was seen when both laminin and dcAMP were present (Figure 3 and Table II). The expression of the GAPDH gene was used as reference because it reproduced reliably the intensity of ethidium bromide staining of the gels, while this was not the case with P-actin (not shown). However, no change in 13-actin expression was observed in NCI-N417 and Northern blots were performed as detailed in Materials and methods. Expression of GAPDH gene was used to quantitate the loading of RNA. of soluble protein) was by a radiochemical assay (Baylin et al., 1980); SE were within reported ranges . GRP expression was by Northern blotting ( Figure 2; lane j is NCI-H187, growing as floating aggregates. The expression of the GAPDH gene was used to quantitate for the loading of RNA. GAPDH expression levels detected by densitometric scanning were superimposable to ethidium bromide staining of gel (not shown). expression of GRP was not turned on in this cell line either. Expression of GAP43, a neuronal marker present in growth cones of neural cells, was not detectable by Northern blotting analysis (not shown). Intermediate filament expression in the classic NCI-H345 was different from the variant NCI-N417 (Table II): NCI-H345 strongly stained with anti-cytokeratin antibodies and NCI-N417 expressed vimentin and neurofilaments. Immunocytochemistry with NF-L antibodies revealed sparse staining in NCI-N417 floating cells, and a clear increase in staining intensity and number of positive cells stained when cells were growing on laminin. Intense staining of the cytoplasm and of the tip of processes was seen in this cell line (Figure 4). NF-L expression by Northern blotting with RNAs extracted from three separate time course experiments, confirmed an increase of expression of NF-L between 1.5 and 3 times the amount expressed in the floating cells. The increase of NF-L started after 2-3 days of seeding and reached a plateau within 3-4 days (Figures 5 and 6). No staining was observed with the NF-M antibody in NCI-N417, while the NF-H antibody gave a consistent but mainly nuclear staining in both treated and untreated cells. NCI-H345 did not express any of the NFs by immunocytochemistry and Northern blot (not shown). j .w Figure 4 Expression of neurofilament NF-L in NCI-N417 after 3 days of seeding. The left photographs cytospins of floating cells, while cells growing attached to laminin are shown in the right photographs. NF-L expression was performed by immunofluorescence (upper photographs, x 63) and by immunocytochemistry (lower photographs, x 40) techniques. Note the filamentous type of staining, and the staining of the tips of cytoplasmic processes. There was a substantial increase of expression of this NF subunit by day 3. Northern blots were performed as detailed in Materials and methods. Relative expression of NF-L was quantitated by balancing for loading of RNA, obtained by determination of GAPDH gene expression. This is a representative time course experiment, whose graphic illustration is reported in Figure 6. Interaction with different laminin receptor molecules, as those belonging to the integrin family recently reported (Martin & Timpl, 1987;Sephel et al., 1989;Beck et al., 1990), might thereby play an important role in these cell lines.
The dramatic morphological changes observed in some SCLC cell lines resembles the neuronal differentiation process observed in neuroblastoma cell lines stimulated by retinoic acid (Thiele et al., 1988b). However, we were unable to show any change of Ki-67 expression, in the two cell lines undergoing the most extensive morphological changes. Ki Ki-67 is a proliferation marker which stains cells in all phases of the cell cycle, except Go (Gerdes et al., 1984). In addition, the expression of c-myc and N-myc oncogenes did not significantly change after exposure to laminin, dcAMP or both. By contrast, retinoic acid induced differentiation of 0 32 64 96 128 160 neuroblastoma cell lines accompanied by decrease of N-myc Hours expression (Thiele et al., 1988a) neurite outgrowth by itself and enhanced the effects of laminin in two cell lines; similar findings with dcAMP alone were reported in another human SCLC (Tsuji et al., 1976). Although dramatic morphological changes were observed in some of the studied cell lines, only the expression of a few at to the substrate appears to be a major difference differentiation markers changed when cells were grown on n vitro growth of SCLC and NSCLC cell lines.
laminin. st SCLC cell lines grow as floating aggregates The classic cell line NCI-H345 demonstrated a 5-fold int al., 1985, see however also Pettengil et al., 1980) crease of expression of GRP, the human analogue of the NSCLC grow attached, occasionally NSCLC cells amphibian tetradecapeptyde bombesin and a potent autoas floating aggregates as well (Gazdar & Oie, 1986). crine growth factor for SCLC cells (Weber et al., 1985). medium requirements exist for several human lung However, as no enhancement of growth rate was observed, lines, although once established, several cell lines the increase of GRP expression in NCI-H345 growing on dapted to grow in different media. In general cell laminin could be considered a marker of a higher grade of iot alter their growth behaviour in different media neuroendocrine phenotypic allocation. Alternatively, absence in of serum alone, but several cell lines are clearly of increase in proliferation might be due to the presence of pendent on presence of serum for their growth and GRP receptors which are already saturated. gy Doyle et al., 1990 1985). Although after laminin treatment the intermediate ly slow down the growth rate of the cell line, and filament protein expression patterns of these two cell lines partly obscure studies on population doubling remained largely unchanged, there was a significant increase r this reason we performed the experiments using of expression of the neurofilament polypeptide NF-L in NCI-Lich best supported the growth of individual cell N417 growing on laminin. This is an interesting phenovever, morphological changes for the two cell lines menon, because expression of neurofilaments in normal tisand NCI-N417, for which more detailed investigasues occurs only in well-differentiated neurons and not in carried out, were superimposable in presence and developing nerve cells during embryogenesis (Tapscott et al., f serum. The morphological changes verified within 1981). The expression of the two other neurofilament i couple of days, a much shorter period than that polypeptydes remained unchanged. The finding of a high nduced by change in medium.
level of NF-H expression with an initial low expression of i induced attachment of 75% of the SCLC cell NF-L is in contrast with the development of the normal less than 50% of the NSCLC cell lines, selected for neuronal cytoskeleton, where NF-H is a delayed event (Julien l with laminin may be important for the different It is interesting to note that P-actin expression significantly behaviour of lung cancer cells (Fridman et al., increased in NCI-H345, but not in NCI-N417. Actins are SCLC has a higher metastatic potential than highly conserved proteins which in eukaryotes participate in a patients (Minna et al., 1989). muscle contraction, ameboid movement, cytokinesis and ,h the cyclic form of YIGSR, the putative receptor mitotic division (Gunning et al., 1983). The rapid turn-over he 67kD laminin receptor (Wever et al., 1986), of these proteins might explain the increase in ,-actin expresattachment and migration of SCLC cell lines to sion in NCI-H345 only, as the morphological changes in this -ridman et al., 1990), nevertheless, in the present cell line were considerably slower than in NCI-N417 cells.
attachment and process formation could not be We observed a clear decrease of expression of the to the 67 kD laminin receptor mRNA expression, topoisomerase II-x gene in NCI-N417 when growing on abundant also in cells not displaying attachment. laminin, and also after exposure to dcAMP. As reduced the morphological changes in SCLC cells were activity of this enzyme was observed in quiescent and e mediated by laminin, as fibronectin, collagens I differentiating cells (Sullivan et al., 1986;Zwelling et al., nd heparan sulfate proteoglycan were not able to 1987), the phenotypic allocation induced by laminin might .ttachment and spreading (Fridman et al., 1990 in NCI-N417. However, this reduction was independent of cell proliferation, which did not decrease in this cell line. On the other hand, at least in this cell line, the reduced levels of topoisomerase II might be responsible for the observed increase of drug resistance (Fridman et al., 1990;De Jong et al., 1990).
In conclusion, laminin induces anchorage dependent growth in a majority of SCLC cell lines and can determine dramatic morphological changes in some. Although investigated in a limited number of cell lines, we could show an increase of differentiation markers, and reduced expression of the topoisomerase II gene following exposure to laminin. These alterations suggest a potentially important and complex role of cell-laminin interaction in the malignant behaviour of SCLC.