Conference on health consequences of environmental controls: impact of mobile emissions controls. Conference objectives.

The past and current EPA research and regulatory programs as they relate to non-regulated emissions from light-duty motor vehicles are reviewed. Provisions of Sections 202(a) and 211 of the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments are discussed and their relationships to the nonregulated emissions issue detailed. The EPA position regarding non-regulated emissions from oxidation catalyst-equipped vehicles is discussed and related to technical papers presented in this symposium. The planned EPA research programs addressing the "catalyst" issue are reviewed.

The demonstration of abnormal expression of CSFs or CSFlike substances by malignant cells and the establishment of CSF-producing cell lines have been reported (Gheradi et al., 1985;Isoda & Yasumoto 1986;Takahashi et al., 1989;Tani et al., 1990). We recently established a thyroid carcinoma cell line from a patient with malignant pleurisy and leukocytosis (Yoshida et al., 1992). GM-CSF and IL-8/NAP-1, which augment neutrophil chemotaxis (Yoshimura et al., 1987;Wang et al., 1987), were spontaneously produced by this cell line, suggesting that modification of the clinicopathological features of this malignancy may have occurred in relation to these two cytokines. Infiltration of neutrophils is known to be one of the major findings in MFH, a disease with a great variety of clinical and histological features (Weiss & Enzinger, 1978). There are some variants accompanied by the prominent infiltration of neutrophils, which are known as inflammatory fibrous histiocytoma (IFH). Neutrophil chemotactic activity was recently demonstrated in a case of IFH with leukemoid reaction (Tani et al., 1990).
In this paper, we examined neutrophil chemotactic factor production by MFH cell lines and their expression of GM-CSF and IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA with or without IL-1p stimulation.

Cell lines
The three human MFH cell lines (MF-1, MF-3, MF-4) were established by H. Okabe (Okabe et al., 1987;Takeya et al., 1991) and MF-SH was the generous gift of Dr K. Shirasuna (Shirasuna et al., 1985). The Human thyroid carcinoma cell line, KHM-5M (Yoshida et al., 1992) was used as a positive control for GM-CSF and IL-8/NAP-1 expression, and a human multiple myeloma cell line, KHM-7 established in our laboratory was used as the negative control.
Culture conditions Cells were grown to confluence in 25 mm2 flasks at 37'C in humidified 95% air/5% C02, using RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) as the culture medium. On the day of use cells were washed with RPMI1640 medium and incubated with IL-1p in RPMI1640 medium containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for the specified times and doses. Cell-free supernatants were harvested, dialysed with Dulbecco's calciumand magnesium-free phosphate-buffered saline (CMF-PBS) (pH. 7.4), and then tested for neutrophil chemotactic activity. Total cellular RNA was extracted from 1-2 x 107 cells and analysed as described below.

Reagent preparation
Human IL-1p, with a specific activity of 2 x 107 UMmg', was a generous gift of Otsuka Parmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Dilutions of this cytokine were prepared in CMF-PBS with 0.1% BSA.

Chemotaxis assay
Heparinised human venous blood from healthy volunteers was layered on to Ficoll-Conray (specific gravity 1.078) and centrifuged at 400 g for 30 min. Polymorphonuclear cell (PMN)-rich pellets were collected and the contaminating erythrocytes were lysed by treatment with 0.85% (w/v) NH4Cl (pH 7.0) for 5 min at room temperature. The PMN were then washed three times and suspended in RPMI1640 medium at 1 x 106 cellsml-'. PMN contained more than 92% neutrophils and 5% eosinophils, and the viability was confirmed to be more than 98% by trypan blue dye exclusion.
Neutrophil chemotaxis activity experiments were set up in multiwell chemotasis chambers (Neuro Probe. Inc., Bethesda, MD) (Harvath et al., 1980). Briefly, 25 gl aliquots of specimens in CMF-PBS with 0.1% BSA were placed into triplet wells. A polycarbonate filter with 3 ytm pores (polyvinyl-placed in the chamber and 50 il of the neutrophil suspension was then added to the top part of each well. The chemotaxis chambers were incubated at 37'C in humidified 95% air/5% CO2 for 40 min. The filters were removed, fixed in 99% methanol, and stained with May-Gruwald-Giemsa stain. Neutrophils migrating through the bottom of the filter were counted in five different high-power fields (x 400). Neutrophil chemotactic activity was standardised and expressed as a percentage of the positive control, which was 10-M Nformylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) (Sigma Chemical Co., MO) in CMF-PBS with 0.1% BSA. CMF-PBS with 0.1% BSA always gave a value of 10-15% of the positive control, and was used as the negative control. All experiments were carried out in triplicate.
Northern blot analysis Total cellular RNA was extracted from cells using the guanidine thiocynate/caesium chloride method (Southern, 1979). The RNA (10 gg) was then denatured by heating at 60'C for 20 min in 50% formamide and 26 fgml-' ethidium bromide, and processed by electrophoresis on 1 % agarose gel containing 2.2 M formaldehyde. After transferring the RNA to nitrocellulose filters, the filters were baked for 2h at 80°C. After being prehybridised at 42'C in 5 x standard saline citrate (SSC), 5 x Denhart's solution, 50% formamide, 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, and heat-denatured salmon sperm DNA (200 figml-'), the filters were hybrised with a 32P-labelled c-DNA probe at 42°C for 16 h. They were then washed three times at room temperature with 5 x SSC/0. 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and washed again at 56°C with 0.1 x SSC/0. 1% SDS. Finally, the filters were exposed to X-ray film overnight at -70'C with an intensifying screen. The relative intensities of radiographic signals were quantified by using laser densitometry (CS-900, Simazu, Kyoto, Japan). Equivalent amounts of total RNA per amount of gel were assessed by monitoring 28S and 18S rRNA. 25.9 ± 1.20 CMF-PBS with 0.1% BSA always gave a value of 10-15% of the positive control, and was used as the negative control. aEach cell line was challenged with 10 u ml-' of IL-lb. The supernatants were recovered after 12 h and then tested for their neutrophil chemotactic activity. bSignificant elevation of neutrophil chemotactic activity compared with medium only by Student's t-test (0.005<P<,0.01). c-DNA probes The c-DNA probes for GM-CSF and IL-8/NAP-1 were obtained from KHM-5M cells by the RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on the published cDNA sequence (Wong et al., 1985;Matsushita et al., 1988).

Statistical analysis
Data representing the mean ± s.e.m. of three wells are shown as a percentage of the value for the positive control (10-7 M FMLP).

Results
Production of GM-CSF and/or IL-8/NAP-1 by MFH cells stimulated with IL-1p Confluent MFH cells were stimulated at time 0 with 10 U ml-' of IL-l and the cell-free conditioned medium and total cellular RNA were recovered 12h later. The supernatants obtained from the cell lines were dialysed with CMF-PBS and then tested for their neutrophil chemotactic activity. As shown in Table I compared to those cultured with RPMI1640 medium alone. Moderate augmentation of neutrophil chemotaxis as compared with the negative control was produced by the supernatant from MF-3 cell cultures whether stimulated with IL-1P or not. However, stimulated or unstimulated MF-SH supernatant did not produce any elevation of chemotactic activity compared with the negative control. To determine whether the MFH cell lines expressed mRNA for GM-CSF and/or IL-8/NAP-1, Northern blot analysis was carried out. KHM-5M cells, which spontaneously express both GM-CSF and IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA (Yoshida et al., 1992), and KHM-7 cells were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. As shown in Figure 1, MF-1 cells demonstrated spontaneous expression of GM-CSF mRNA and this was significantly elevated by IL-1p stimulation to 135% of the unstimulated level. Expression of GM-CSF mRNA was observed in stimulated MF-3 cells, but not in MF-4 cells (whether stimulated or not). KHM-5M cells showed spontaneous expression of GM-CSF mRNA, while KHM-7 cells did not express this mRNA. As shown in As MF-4 cells produced only IL-8/NAP-1 following IL-lp stimulation and as IL-8/NAP-1 had auguments neutrophil chemotaxis more strongly than GM-CSF, we examined the kinetics of the production and expression of IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA by this cell line. MF-4 cells were stimulated with 10 U ml-' of IL-1,B, and total cellular RNA was extracted at the designated times and analysed by Northern blotting (Figure 4). IL-lp-treated MF-4 cells demonstrated a rapid rise in IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA expression, which reached a maximum 4-8h later. There was no expression of IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA by MF-4 cells cultured for 12h without stimulation (Figure 2). The dose-dependence of the production of IL-8/ NAP-1 mRNA was analysed by increasing the concentration of IL-1l3 from 0.1 to 100 Uml-1 and culturing confluent MF-4 cells for 4h. As shown in Figure  induction of IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA, as shown by Northern blotting with densitometry.

Discussion
MFH is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in adult life.
Although it reveals great variations in histiological appearance, there is always a mixture of histiocytic cells, fibroblastic cells, and bizarre giant cells in varying proportions. There is also a variant inflammatory type of MFH which shows the prominent infiltration of neutrophils (IFH). Some IFH patients have unusual clinical and pathological features, such as eosinophilia (Serke et al., 1986), neutrophilia, and myeloid hyperplasia (Kyriakos & Kempson, 1976;Roques et al., 1979). Previous studies have demonstrated that bioactive factors which could explain these clinical features were produced by the MFH cells in vitro. These include leukotactic factor (Gheradi et al., 1985), monocyte chemoattractant protein-l (Takeya et al., 1991), neutrophil chemotactic factor, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (Takahashi et al., 1989), eosinophil chemotactic factor, and eosinophil colony-stimulating factor (Isoda & Yasumoto, 1986). These previous studies have suggested that some MFH cells may themselves produce cytokines and thus modify the clinicopathological features of this disease.
In this study, we demonstrated the variable production of neutrophil chemotactic activity and the expression of GM-CSF and/or IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA by some MFH cell lines both with and without IL-1lB stimulation. MF-l cells produced neutrophil chemotactic factors and expressed mRNA for GM-CSF and IL-8/NAP-1 whether or not they were stimulated with IL-1,8. IL-l,B-treated MF-3 cells showed the production of neutrophil chemotactic factors and the expression of both GM-CSF and IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA, while IL-1ptreated MF-4 cells produced IL-8/NAP-1. In contrast, MF-SH cells did not show the synthesis of GM-CSF or IL-8/ NAP-1 mRNA. A kinetic analysis of neutrophil chemotactic activity stimulation by IL-1p showed variations in the manner of induction of such activity in the MFH cell lines. MF-l showed decrease of neutrophil chemotactic activity at 2-8h after IL-ip stimulation. MF-3 demonstrated a rapid increase of chemotactic activity, which then decreased rapidly. It was considered that the chemotactic activity derived from MF-I and MF-3 cells was based on more than IL-8/NAP-1 and GM-CSF release. In MF-4 cells, induction of IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA was observed even after 2h of incubation, but the relatively late synthesis of neutrophil chemotactic factors was noted. IL-lp-treated MF-4 cells demonstrated IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, while dose of IL-I p (100 U ml ') suppressed IL-8/NAP-1 mRNA expression. These results suggest that the neutrophil chemotactic factors, IL-8/NAP-1 and/or GM-CSF derived from the tumour cells themselves might be responsible for neutrophil infiltration into the lesions of IFH patients. There are some studies reveal the production of IL-8/NAP-1 in rheumatoid arthritis, neoplastic and infectious disease in vivo (Brennan et al., 1990;Seitz et al., 1991;Meir et al., 1992). Some IFH cells might produce GM-CSF and/or IL-8/NAP-1 spontaneously in the clinical setting. IL-1 was detected in some neoplastics such as Hodgkin's disease and histiocytic malignancy in vivo (Hsu & Zhao, 1986). Another possibility is that MFH cells may be stimulated by IL-ip secreted from themselves or accessory cells, and then produce GM-CSF and/or IL-8/ NAP-1.
The potency of neutrophil chemotactic factor production by IFH cell lines might suggest a new approach to investigation of the pathological and clinical features in this disease.