Strategic planning: establishing need and clarifying motivation.

establish research priorities and develop a plan to support the very best science that will have the greatest impact on human health. To accomplish this, we will focus our initial efforts in four broad areas of environmental health sciences: basic research to understand how environmental exposures fundamentally alter human biology; human health and diseases that are caused at least in part by environmental exposures, and the use of environmental exposures to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of complex human diseases; global environmental health initiatives that support research programs to understand the health risks for populations that are excessively exposed as well as their solutions; and training and education efforts to develop comprehensive approaches that integrate environmental health sciences with related disciplines in basic science, computational biology, medicine, and public health. While the strategic planning process will focus on identifying critical opportunities and programmatic approaches to these areas of research and training, we believe it may be helpful to discuss the underlying needs and motivations that prompt us to dedicate our time and resources to this endeavor. Fundamental to the vision of the NIEHS is an emphasis on human health and disease, consistent with our congressional mandate. Although the NIEHS has made important contributions toward the understanding of human health and disease, our progress has not nearly been enough. One impediment to making advances has been a primary focus on exposures and toxicants that has sometimes led investigators supported by the NIEHS on a circuitous and inefficient path toward understanding human health and disease. We believe that by moving beyond a focus primarily on exposures to an emphasis on pathophysiologic end points, investigators in our field will have a more positive effect on human health. Strategic planning is needed to define the proper balance between exposure-oriented research and disease-oriented research, identify new opportunities, and consider the programmatic approaches that are uniquely relevant to our field of health sciences research. Environmental health sciences research—like no other field—is not limited by an organ system, a methodological discipline, a disease, or a population, and is therefore by nature interdisciplinary. Our intramural and extramural research programs, however, are not particularly focused on taking advantage of many interdisciplinary research opportunities available today. Thus, an opportunity exists for us to rectify this situation through better development of teams of scientists whose complementary skills and areas of expertise will enable us to more efficiently tackle the fundamental questions of our time; this approach will also better align the NIEHS with the NIH Roadmap. The strategic planning process is essential to understanding how to foster this more efficient and powerful interdisciplinary approach; how to eliminate barriers to cross-fertilization; how to enhance and hasten the multidirectional movement of science between the bench, the bedside, and the public; and how to develop mechanisms to prospectively identify interdisciplinary opportunities in environmental health sciences that will most substantially impact human health. Training the next generation of scientists is one of the most important challenges before us. However, information from the field suggests that many of our current trainees are not equipped to deal with the research opportunities and challenges in environmental health sciences. We believe this presents a critical need to find ways of attracting more of the best and brightest young people to our field and providing continued support to trainees during times of transition. If we can do this, it will serve to support an integrated research approach that encourages disease-oriented research. To determine the best mechanisms for accomplishing these goals will clearly require strategic planning. Our view of environmental health sciences is of an overarching discipline that addresses etiologic considerations that are common to many, if not all, of the diseases people face. Environmental health sciences must play a more central role in understanding how genes work in biological systems, how genetic variants contribute to the development of disease, and why individuals with the same disease have very different clinical outcomes. Our scientists and our knowledge of environmental health sciences are absolutely vital to understanding human biology and human disease. In fact, we represent the critical link between exposures and biological responses that are so vital to understanding many different diseases. While our field should be one of the most exciting scientific disciplines in biomedical research, the inherent opportunities in environmental health sciences often are not fully appreciated or embraced by our colleagues. Strategic planning is needed to better understand why this is so and to find ways to address it. We need to persuade the “nonbelievers” of the relevance of environmental health sciences to human health. We must attract more passionate, hopeful, and gifted researchers to our discipline and embrace the excitement and potential of our field. Inclusion of a broad array of interested individuals in the strategic planning at the NIEHS is a first step in this process, and will provide a unique opportunity for us to gain the ideas, perspectives, and insights of a large number of individuals who are invested in the future success of this institute. We eagerly look forward to your contributions and fully intend to incorporate your valuable ideas into the plans that will guide us over the next period of development at the NIEHS.


Background
Dental caries remains the single most common disease of childhood that is not self-limiting or tractable with antibiotics. During a relatively short period of time (about twenty-five years), dental caries has undergone to a striking reduction in most industrialized countries [1,2]. Many factors played a role in this decrease. Most authors agree that the widespread use of fluoride in the toothpaste is the main reason for this decrease [3,4]. Preventive programs and changes in the restorative dental treatment approach are reported as important factors, too [5][6][7]. However, the real contribution of health services in the improvement of oral health, remains unclear. A possible contribution of the dental services to the caries decrease is the change in the diagnostic and treatment criteria [8]. The improvement in oral hygiene and the natural cyclical variation may also explain the decrease. The mass media and the advertisement bring new standard for the every-day life and they have a strong influence on both dietary and dental care habits. Additional factors like overall nutrition, number of meals and snacks per day, use of noncariogenic sweeteners and socioeconomic status are to be considered [8].
A large analysis, assessing the role of dental care in the decrease of caries in 12-year-old children in 18 industrialized countries, has shown that dental service were not important in explaining the disease level decrease [1,8,10,11]. Countries with very different population's ethnicity, dentist/patient ratios and preventive dental care systems, had very similar 12-year-old caries experience. In Italy, comprehensive public oral health care is provided, free of charge, only for children under the age of 6. However, neither preventive treatments or preventive care programs are supplied at the national level. Despite this, a remarkable improvement in dental health of children and adolescents has been observed in recent years [12][13][14][15][16][17].
The aim of the present survey was to compare the changes in the prevalence of caries, during the period from 1989-2004, in 12-year old children living in Sassari, Sardinia, Italy.

Study population
Sassari is the second city of Sardinia with 124,929 inhabitants [18]. Several epidemiological surveys were performed. Cohorts consisted of twelve-year-old children living in the inner-city area of Sassari. The fluoride concentration in the tap water is low, varying from 0.05 to 0.40 ppm [19].
Sampling was conducted at the school district level. The number of children examined in each of the five cohorts is presented in Table 1.
In 1989, all 15 school districts were invited to participate in the survey. Five school districts, with a total of 398 chil-dren agreed to participate. 372 out of 398 children took part in the survey. In 1992, all 15 school districts were contacted again. Five of them agreed to participate in the survey. 316 children were recruited out of 372. In 1995, our survey was part of a Europe-wide study [20]. Three out of the 12 school districts agreed to participate in the study and a total of 410 children were selected. In 1999 and 2004, the children were recruited using systematic cluster sampling: every class was identified as a cluster and compiled into a list. The first cluster in the list was randomly chosen while the others were selected systematically at intervals of four classes. The number of subjects in each class was approximately the same. 403 and 301 students, participated in the 1999 and 2004 surveys, respectively.
Parents of the children were informed about the study and invited to participate by letter or direct interview at the school.

Ethics
The ethical principles defined by World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki were followed in this study and all parents of the children gave written informed consent. Approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sassari, Italy.

Data collection
All the examinations were carried out by two examiners in the Dental Institute of University of Sassari, using a plane mirror and a CPI-ball probe under optimal light, after airdrying. Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT index) were recorded following the WHO criteria [21]. A tooth was classified healthy if it showed normal enamel translucency after drying; while a cavitated active lesion was classified as a cavity in enamel or enamel and dentine with soft consistency and light-brown coloration.
To focus attention to the subjects most affected by caries, the SiC Index "Significant Caries Index" was also calculated. The SiC Index is a fairly precise statistic for assessing caries in the most caries-prone third of sample. Another advantage of the SiC Index is: in population with low caries experience, minute white fillings are frequently placed in pits and fissures. Part of these small restorations could likely to be overlooked. On the contrary, the subjects that constitute the upper tertile providing the SiC Index, have many extensive restorations and cavities, which are rarely overlooked. This means that in situations of low caries prevalence, the overall DMFT has a higher risk of underestimation than the SiC Index [11,22,23].

Statistical analysis
All analyses were performed using Stata 8.2 (Statacorp. USA). For variables regarding clinical caries disease (DMFT index and subgroups DT, MT and FT) the mean and standard deviation of number of affected teeth was calculated. Differences in mean score among the cohorts were tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). At the beginning of the study (1989) the inter-examiner reliability was assessed for DMFT using the kappa statistics. In 1995-2004 this test was performed only for the DT component. The inter-and intra-examiner consistency of diagnostic judgements (n = 25 for each cohort), calculated as Cohen's kappa and regarding the DMFT index and/or components, suggested a good agreement (range values 0.78-0.86).
All analyses were performed using a significance level of 0.05.

Results
One thousand eight hundred and two children (1802)

Discussion
Epidemiology is fundamental in dental care planning. In this series of epidemiological studies it was possible to estimate in detail the changes in caries prevalence over a 15-year period in a defined children Italian population.
Burt [24] describes the benefits of cross-sectional data. When these surveys are repeated periodically under generally similar conditions (like these surveys), broad oral health trend over time can be estimated. Sassari is too small to allow community dentists to generalize results to the whole country. Nevertheless, the results observed showed that the onset and development of dental disease decreased during the fifteen-year period. Caries prevalence still remains at a high level for a certain percentage of subjects. The percentage of caries-free children increased significantly. It is important to note the fluoride concentration in the drinking water is low [19].
Mean DMFT value decreased dramatically from over four in 1989 to less than one in 2004, achieving an important result for oral health in children. The World Health Assembly set the global average for dental caries experience in 12-year-old children should not be higher than 3.0 in the year 2000 and a DMFT ≤ 1 for 2010 [25]. The cohorts surveyed, already achieved this goal.
In this kind of research, the level of treatment needed can only be assessed in very broad terms. This is may be due to the difference in the evaluation criteria of patient care used by the epidemiologists and the ones used by the dentists [7,[26][27][28][29]. One of the limitations of the DMF index is that it is based on the assumption that all filled teeth were carious prior to the filling. This assumption may lead to overestimating caries experience as expressed by the FT component of the DMFT [29]. In the five surveys the FT   Another limitation of DMFT index is the absence of a denominator. This implies that DMFT values should be age-adjusted to be meaningfully interpreted [10,22,29,30]. No age-adjustment was performed, because, all subjects were in the same age-range at the moment of the examination. Nonetheless, DMFT index remains the basis for caries measurement.
The distribution of the DMFT was reasonably symmetrical in 1989 with a mode of 4. About 10% of sample had a DMFT of zero. In 2004, the distribution was almost unimodal with the mode near zero. It is known that the asymmetrical distribution of the index DMFT has an important epidemiological significance: while most of the children are caries-free, a small group still present high score of caries disease. Almost two third of the sample had a DMFT index = 0. Following Spencer's theory [29], some of this skewness may be the result of misleading in diagnostic criteria for classifying cavity lesions. Traditionally, cavity lesions were identified on the postulate that such lesion required a restoration. The recent change in treatment option due to new restoration materials, calls for new and more complex system for observing and recording the carious process. Although this could be not a problem in these cohorts, it was observed a decrease in the DT component between 1989 and 1995, with a slight increase in 1998 and a new reduction in 2004.
Parallel to the decrease in caries prevalence, the majority of sample has DMFT value 0, 1 or 2, whereas a minority of them still has high level of caries. The decrease of the SiC Index demonstrates that, even in the sample with the highest caries experience, nowadays often labeled as high risk group, caries experience has been reduced substantially. A similar reduction was observed in Switzerland [11] with a decrease of more than 80% .
Since 1996 SiC has remained below the upper limit of 3.0, gaining so the WHO goal for 2015. In the present study sample, in 2004, this goal appears reachable.
A study limit is indeed in the different sampling technique used in the five surveys. A more systematic sampling would have yielded a higher percent of participants. Moreover, the school districts that did not agree to participate in the surveys, were similar, demographically and social-economically, to the districts that agreed to participate. Thus, children who took part at the surveys could be representative of all the children in the same age group. All children enrolled in each examined cohort, lived in the inner-part of the town, deleting so the bias effect of urbanization on caries disease [30]; therefore, no selection or sampling bias was introduced.

Conclusion
This study documents for the first time a caries trend in Italy and shows an improvement in dental health among the majority of Sardinian children in 2004 compared to the earlier years. However, at the same time public health dentistry have to further develop and pursue a high-risk approach and still maintains vigilance to prevent a delayed caries development in the future adult population.
GS carried out the acquisition of data; and was involved in drafting the manuscript; MGC conceived of the study and participated in its design.
SA conceived of the study and participated in its design.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.