Case Report: Cryptococcal meningitis in an apparently immunocompetent patient in Nepal - challenges in diagnosis and treatment

A 50 year old woman from Nepal had clinical features suggestive of meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was normal except for the presence of cryptococcal antigen. The inclusion of test for Cryptococcus in the CSF helped in making the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in our patient who was apparently immunocompetent. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B could not be started on time due to financial constraints. The patient had a stroke and further deteriorated. Liposomal amphotericin B is stocked by the government of Nepal for free supply to patients with visceral leishmaniasis, but the policy does not allow the drug to be dispensed for other infections. The family members of our patient acquired the drug within a few days from a government center using their political connections and following administering the treatment the patient improved. This case demonstrates the utility of considering cryptococcal meningitis as a differential diagnosis, and including tests for Cryptococcus when dealing with immunocompetent patients presenting with meningitis. It also demonstrates the effects of the sociopolitical situation on health care delivery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Nepal.

Cryptococcus are encapsulated yeast, an opportunistic fungal pathogen that may lead to life-threatening infections such as meningoencephalitis and disseminated cryptococcosis, usually in immunocompromised hosts 1 . Immunocompromised patients presenting with features of meningitis will usually be tested for Cryptococcus as a causative agent 2 , but it is seldom considered when dealing with patients who are immunocompetent. Here we present a case of a patient who was apparently immunocompetent, yet developed cryptococcal meningitis. The inclusion of cryptococcal antigen testing in the initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) test panel led to the early diagnosis. But the management became complicated when socioeconomic and political aspects came into play. This case demonstrates how sociopolitical conditions may interfere with treatment in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and affect the health system of the country.

Case presentation
A 50 years old Aryan female from Lalitpur district, Nepal, presented to Patan Hospital Emergency Department in December 2018 with complaints of abdominal pain that had persisted for two days. She had multiple episodes of vomiting. In terms of the patient's history, she had been treated with amlodipine and atenolol for hypertension and undergone a total abdominal hysterectomy 5 years prior for fibroids. She was a farmer living in suburban area of Lalitpur and involved in growing of vegetables and rearing of cows and poultry. On assessment, her blood pressure was 170/100 mmHg and her pulse rate was 88 beats per minute. Temperature was 98 degree Fahrenheit. Abdominal examination showed tenderness in the right upper quadrant.
With the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis, she was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) and liposomal amphotericin B (4 mg/kg/day) and Fluconazole (800 mg daily) were prescribed while ceftriaxone was continued. Unfortunately her family members could not afford the expensive liposomal amphotericin B. The government of Nepal provides liposomal amphotericin B (single dose of 10 mg/kg) free of cost to patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) 3 . We wrote an application letter to the relevant authority to request liposomal amphotericin B for the patient. We asked for a total of 56 vials of the medicine (each vial contained 50 mg of liposomal amphotericin B) that would be sufficient for a two-week course. The relevant government authority refused to provide liposomal amphotericin B to our patient stating that the drug is to be dispensed to patients with VL only, as per the government policy. She was then started on fluconazole alone, but her status deteriorated. In addition, she also developed right sided hemiparesis 3 days following the diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed that revealed an acute infarct involving the left parietal lobe and basal ganglia, with multiple acute lacunar infarcts in the bilateral frontal and parietal lobes and bilateral cerebellum. She was in sinus rhythm. Echocardiography was normal. Aspirin 75 mg and atorvastatin 40 mg daily were administered as a result.
In a few days, her family members provided the liposomal amphotericin B. They revealed that they had connections with influential politicians who helped them acquire the medicine from the same government center who had previously refused them. She

Amendments from Version 1
The new version has been revised with following- After completion of 2 weeks of Amphotericin B, her higher mental function had returned to normal, and she could walk on her own with some residual weakness in her right upper limbs. She was then discharged from hospital and daily fluconazole 800 mg was continued for 8 more weeks.
On first follow up 1 week following discharge she was doing well. She was last seen in February 2019 after completing 8 weeks of fluconazole 800 mg daily. She was asymptomatic and was prescribed a daily tablet of fluconazole 400 mg for 1 year.

Discussion
Here we presented a case of a female patient with symptoms and signs suggestive of meningitis, who was diagnosed to have cryptococcal meningitis based on finding of cryptococcal antigen in her CSF. She had no known immunodeficiency condition such as HIV, diabetes, chronic renal or liver disease, steroid or other immunosuppressive drug use. Though subclinical immunodeficiency was not ruled out, we could say that she was apparently immunocompetent. Based on the fact that cryptococcal meningitis is not uncommonly seen even in immunocompetent patients 4 , in our hospital we routinely send out cryptococcal antigen testing in the meningitis test panel. Otherwise in most hospitals in Nepal (indeed in South Asia) the usual management protocol employed for immunocompetent persons with meningoencephalitis includes considering testing and treating for fungal infections like cryptococcus only when they fail to respond to usual antibiotics and antiviral treatment.
Cryptococcus grows readily in soil contaminated with avian excreta particularly that of pigeons, and is transmitted to human via inhalation of the contaminated aerosol. One of the possibilities of transmission in our patient may be this as she is a farmer and the Lalitpur area is home for many pigeons too. However, it is equally possible that the fungus might have been transmitted via other sources such as vegetables, fruits and dairy products The clinical picture in our patient was little atypical for cryptococcal meningitis (apparently immunocompetent person with acute neurological deterioration and normal CSF apart from latex agglutination). So the possibility of the antigen test being a false positive result was strongly considered. However, we made the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis based on detection of cryptococcal antigen in CSF and lack of evidence for alternate diagnoses. Without liposomal amphotericin B, her neurological status deteriorated and developed multiple infarcts, which improved only after adding the medicine. This further strengthened our diagnosis. The difficulty in explaining the results of serological tests in the absence of standard tests such as culture can cause a delay in diagnosis and treatment in atypical clinical scenario like in our case, hence fungal culture should be made easily available for overcoming this deficit.
The government of Nepal provides liposomal amphotericin B free of cost to patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) 3 , and the government policy dictates use of the medicine in patients with VL only. However the medicine is also a potent antifungal agent which is a valuable component of treatment of most of the invasive fungal infections like cryptococcosis, mucormycosis, aspergillosis which are life threatening illnesses 11 . Nepal is an endemic region for VL with incidence of 0.11 cases per 10000 population 12 . Each 50 mg vial of liposomal amphotericin B costs ranging 35-50 dollars, but WHO has arranged each vial at subsidized rate of 20 dollars for the use for VL 13 . The cost of treatment of a 50 kg patient would be 200 dollars for VL which has been provided free of cost with the help from WHO. Cryptococcal meningitis is not an uncommon infection in Nepal as compared to VL with estimated burden of 0.06 cases per 10000 population 14 . But the expenditure for its treatment is almost 6 times more (1120 dollars for a 50 kg patient) as compared to VL even if we calculate using the WHO subsidized rate. So this has been a major hindrance in treatment of this fungal infection. We did not use any standard socioeconomic scale to determine if our patient was poor. However, based on the fact that the expenditure for complete treatment of cryptococcal meningitis exceeds the annual income of an average Nepalese person (Per Capita Income of Nepal is 800 dollars as of 2017) 15 , we assume that the inability of the family members to buy liposomal amphotericin B on their own is valid. Moreover the expensive investigations and stay in the Intensive Care Unit further hampered their ability to buy the required medicine as there is no point-of-care health insurance schemes for most patients including in our patient's case.
In the past we have felt helpless when poor patients with such fungal infections died without the liposomal amphotericin B.
If the policy does limit the use of the free supply of this medicine to patients with visceral leishmaniasis only, the government needs to come up with health insurance schemes to support the treatment of such needy patients.
It was a great relief for us and our patient when the patient's family were able to acquire the necessary medicine. The scenario, however, was frustrating in the sense that the patient needed political connections to save her life. Our patient could potentially have died without political connection and access to liposomal amphotericin B. Corruption in health care has been a major concern in South Asia including Nepal 16-18 . The use of influential connections to get benefits has become ingrained in people's attitudes 19 . The concerned authority should establish a transparent policy so that all patients may be able to obtain the required treatment.

Conclusion
Cryptococcal meningitis should be a diagnostic consideration even when dealing with meningitis in immunocompetent patients. Cryptococcal antigen test can help us clinch the diagnosis in time though culture would be a better diagnostic tool if available. However in Nepal, the management of this disease is complicated because liposomal amphotericin B which is the backbone of treatment, is not easily available to needy patients. The drug is in stock with the government for free supply to patients with visceral leishmaniasis. The government policy that dictates the drug to be dispensed to patients with visceral leishmaniasis only needs to be revised in order to save the lives of patients with invasive fungal infections such as cryptococcal meningitis.

Consent
Written informed consent for publication of clinical details was obtained from the patient herself.

Data availability
All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required.

Grant information
This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust [106680].
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
This case presents another important real-world challenge of how to interpret imperfect tests in the absence of a gold standard. Cryptococcal meningitis is rare but recognised in HIV-negative adults and I applaud the clinicians for thinking of and testing for atypical causes of meningitis. My concern is that Cryptococcal latex agglutination is prone to false positives due to contamination or cross-reactivity, so a positive result must be interpreted with caution in a low risk population. Latex agglutination is generally recommended to be used as a screening test that is confirmed with fungal culture. Whilst I recognise that fungal culture was not available in this Nepali Hospital, it would add credibility if a positive cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination result was also confirmed on blood or indeed repeated on CSF? What type/manufacturer of kit was used? Cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination kits have a sensitivity of 93-98%, thus in a low risk population the probability of a 'positive' result being a 'false positive' may equal the probability of it being a 'true positive'. Hence the result must be applied with caution and considered in the context of the clinical picture, which in this case was a little atypical for cryptococcal meningitis.
the context of the clinical picture, which in this case was a little atypical for cryptococcal meningitis.
This 50-year-old hypertensive lady presented with biliary colic (and features of hyperbilirubinaemia and transaminitis on liver function tests) which was followed by acute confusion, fever and meningism. Cryptococcal meningitis classically has a sub-acute presentation with headache over days or weeks before onset of altered mental status. The largest review of cryptococcosis in 'immunocompetent' hosts has a median time to diagnosis of 68 days. Additionally, 'immunocompetent' hosts with cryptococcal meningitis usually have a white cell pleocytosis on CSF analysis, though I acknowledge acellular presentations can rarely occur. This lady's neurological deterioration was unusually acute and CSF analysis revealed an acellular CSF with normal protein, glucose, lactate and negative India Ink.
Three days later she developed a right hemiplegia and MRI revealed multiple acute infarcts (having had a normal CT head previously). Had she gone into atrial fibrillation in response to her acute biliary issues resulting in the multiple infarcts? What was the trajectory of her blood pressure during admission? I wonder whether this lady's presentation have been explained by cholangitis, +/-hypertensive encephalopathy, +/-delerium and cerebrovascular accident? Did she receive broad spectrum antibiotics that might have treated biliary sepsis and delirium?
Overall, I think this is a valuable case to present but I think the report would be more balanced if the authors acknowledged the possibility of this being a false positive result, and what steps can be taken in their setting to confirm or refute the latex agglutination result.

Is the background of the case's history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly
Are enough details provided of any physical examination and diagnostic tests, treatment given and outcomes? Partly Thank you for the constructive feedback to our article.
Thank you for the constructive feedback to our article. Below are the point by point responses to your comments. Relevant changes have been made in the case presentation and discussion parts of the first version of this article based on these responses.

Comment
This case presents another important real-world challenge of how to interpret imperfect tests in the absence of a gold standard. Cryptococcal meningitis is rare but recognised in HIV-negative adults and I applaud the clinicians for thinking of and testing for atypical causes of meningitis. My concern is that Cryptococcal latex agglutination is prone to false positives due to contamination or cross-reactivity, so a positive result must be interpreted with caution in a low risk population. Latex agglutination is generally recommended to be used as a screening test that is confirmed with fungal culture. Whilst I recognise that fungal culture was not available in this Nepali Hospital, it would add credibility if a positive cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination result was also confirmed on blood or indeed repeated on CSF? What type/manufacturer of kit was used? Cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination kits have a sensitivity of 93-98%, thus in a low risk population the probability of a 'positive' result being a 'false positive' may equal the probability of it being a 'true positive'. Hence the result must be applied with caution and considered in the context of the clinical picture, which in this case was a little atypical for cryptococcal meningitis.

Answer-
The Cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination test was done in our patient's by CSF Latex-Cryptococcus Antigen Detection System; IMMY.

Comment
This 50-year-old hypertensive lady presented with biliary colic (and features of hyperbilirubinaemia and transaminitis on liver function tests) which was followed by acute confusion, fever and meningism. Cryptococcal meningitis classically has a sub-acute presentation with headache over days or weeks before onset of altered mental status. The largest review of cryptococcosis in 'immunocompetent' hosts has a median time to diagnosis of 68 days. Additionally, 'immunocompetent' hosts with cryptococcal meningitis usually have a white cell pleocytosis on CSF analysis, though I acknowledge acellular presentations can rarely occur. This lady's neurological deterioration was unusually acute and CSF analysis revealed an acellular CSF with normal protein, glucose, lactate and negative India Ink.

Answer-
The clinical picture in our patient was little atypical for cryptococcal meningitis (apparently immunocompetent person with acute neurological deterioration and normal CSF apart from latex agglutination). So the possibility of the antigen test being a false positive result was strongly considered. However, we made the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis based on detection of cryptococcal antigen in CSF and lack of evidence for alternate diagnoses.

Comment
Three days later she developed a right hemiplegia and MRI revealed multiple acute infarcts (having had a normal CT head previously). Had she gone into atrial fibrillation in response to her acute biliary issues resulting in the multiple infarcts? What was the trajectory of her blood pressure during admission? I wonder whether this lady's presentation have been explained by cholangitis, +/-hypertensive encephalopathy, +/-delerium and cerebrovascular accident? Did she receive broad spectrum antibiotics that might have treated biliary sepsis and delirium? 1.
broad spectrum antibiotics that might have treated biliary sepsis and delirium? Answer-Without the liposomal amphotericin B, her neurological status deteriorated and developed multiple infarcts. She was in sinus rhythm and her echocardiography was also normal. So the development of ischemic stroke could not be attributed to cardio-embolic phenomenon (such as atrial fibrillation). Her blood pressure was in normal range after pain relief, even without the use of antihypertensive drug (hence the possibility of hypertensive encephalopathy causing acute neurological deterioration was ruled out). She had received intravenous ceftriaxone after she developed fever, but her neurological status deteriorated which improved only after adding liposomal amphotericin B. This further strengthened our diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis.

Comment
Overall, I think this is a valuable case to present but I think the report would be more balanced if the authors acknowledged the possibility of this being a false positive result, and what steps can be taken in their setting to confirm or refute the latex agglutination result.

Answer-
The difficulty in explaining the results of serological tests in the absence of standard tests such as culture can cause delay in diagnosis and treatment in atypical clinical scenario like in our case, hence fungal culture should be made easily available for overcoming this deficit. The title says: "Case Report: Cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient in Nepalchallenges in diagnosis and treatment." However, the discussion part mentions "Though subclinical immunodeficiency was not ruled out, we could say that she was apparently immunocompetent." In addition, the patient attended the hospital through emergency department and was diagnosed and treated initially for biliary colic and later developed signs of meningitis.

5.
and treated initially for biliary colic and later developed signs of meningitis. Thus, it will be appropriate to write 'apparently immunocompetent' in the title itself.

Ethical Dilemma
The authors say that they felt helpless in the past when poor people with such fungal infections died without amphotericin B. (Discussion section-4 paragraph). This raises the ethical dilemma as public funded hospital through government system has the provision to treat free of cost if treatable disease in Nepal. There is no explanation why there were no case report when the poor patients died due to non-availability of liposomal amphotericin. As this case report displays one successful management after many deaths, can it be said that if the patient did not have any political connection she would have died without liposomal amphotericin B and this case report would not have appeared?
The article is focused on two issues: a) Cryptococcal meningitis should be a diagnostic consideration even when dealing with meningitis in immunocompetent patients. b) How sociopolitical conditions interfere with treatment in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and affect the health system of the country. Though these two are presented as pertinent issues that affect the disease outcome.
The case report has missed few important points: The case is described in the article as: "A 50 years old Aryan female farmer, from Lalitpur district, Nepal, presented to Patan Hospital Emergency Department in December 2018 with complaints of abdominal pain that had persisted for two days. She had multiple episodes of vomiting. In terms of the patient's history, she had been treated with amlodipine and atenolol for hypertension and undergone a total abdominal hysterectomy 5 years prior for fibroids." The detailed life style such as dietary habits and the nature of work that the patient was involved in, is not mentioned in the article. The article does not talk about the type of farming and her exposure to possible causative agents and is silent about the possible route of transmission of Cryptococcus to this patient. This would have been of great value because it is evident that Cryptococcus grows readily from soil contaminated with avian excreta, particularly that of pigeons as Cryptococcus can assimilate the xanthine, creatinine, urea and uric acid found in it. One of the possibilities of transmission may be this as the patient is a farmer and the Lalitpur area is home for many pigeons too. However, it is equally possible that the fungus might be transmitted via other sources such as vegetables, fruits and dairy products.
Regarding the issue of socio-political conditions and its interference in the management of this patient: The article says liposomal amphotericin B is expensive and unaffordable by the patient. But the article does not mention the price of that drug in Nepal. Discussing on the economic aspect without telling its price seems anecdotal than factual evidence. Similarly, what is the real socio-economic status of patient? Because the patient is a resident of the capital city and has undergone expensive investigations and treatment in Intensive Care Units of a tertiary level hospital. Also, having said the patient had political connection, how likely is the patient being poor? Which accepted socio-economic scale is being used for labeling the patient as poor.
The article also says that, "The government of Nepal provides liposomal amphotericin B free of cost to patients with visceral leishmaniasis, and the government policy dictates use of the medicine in patients with visceral leishmaniasis only." In this context it is important to note that visceral leishmaniasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs).
It is important to discuss the following: th It is important to discuss the following: Number of patient suffering from each of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Cryptococcal Meningitis. Socio-economic status of patients suffering those diseases. Cost-effectiveness of drug (liposomal amphotericin B) use relative to the differential dose required to treat Visceral Leishmaniasis and Cryptococcal Meningitis. For Visceral Leishmaniasis: Single dose of 10 mg/kg (provided free of cost) Total : 500 mg for 50 kg man/women For Cryptococcal Meningitis: In this case-56 vials each of 50 mg Total : 2800 mg Therefore it can be said that financial scheme or insurance policies may be a better way out. But in LMICs where Neglected Tropical Diseases are highly prevalent that should be more of hospital policies rather than Public Health policies at large.
In conclusion, the case report has raised pertinent issues which could be an initiative of bridging the gap in hospital services guidelines and Healthcare Delivery System of countries. This report also very well highlighted that managerial issues could be barrier to life saving situations in an absence of clarity in service delivery policies.
One more issue arises with this case report, that is the annual report of Department of Health Services Nepal needs to be equipped to do the periodic sentinel surveillance to monitor the further trend and record the cases of cryptococcal meningitis.This evidence could be utilized to convince the revision of drug availability policies.

Is the background of the case's history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly
Are enough details provided of any physical examination and diagnostic tests, treatment given and outcomes? Yes Is sufficient discussion included of the importance of the findings and their relevance to future understanding of disease processes, diagnosis or treatment? Partly

Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for other practitioners? Partly
No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing Interests:
Reviewer Expertise: Health System, Public Health, Global Health , One Health, Health Literacy in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, Community based health professional education.
We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above.

Comment 1
The title says: "Case Report: Cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient in Nepalchallenges in diagnosis and treatment." However, the discussion part mentions "Though subclinical immunodeficiency was not ruled out, we could say that she was apparently immunocompetent." In addition, the patient attended the hospital through emergency department and was diagnosed and treated initially for biliary colic and later developed signs of meningitis. Thus, it will be appropriate to write 'apparently immunocompetent' in the title itself.

Answer-
The title has been changed-"Case Report: Cryptococcal meningitis in an apparently immunocompetent patient in Nepal -challenges in diagnosis and treatment"

Comment 2 Ethical Dilemma
The authors say that they felt helpless in the past when poor people with such fungal infections died without amphotericin B.(Discussion section-4 paragraph). This raises the ethical dilemma as public funded hospital through government system has the provision to treat free of cost if treatable disease in Nepal. There is no explanation why there were no case report when the poor patients died due to non-availability of liposomal amphotericin. As this case report displays one successful management after many deaths, can it be said that if the patient did not have any political connection she would have died without liposomal amphotericin B and this case report would not have appeared?
Answer-Yes our patient could potentially have died without political connection and access to liposomal amphotericin B and this has been included in the discussion section.

Comment 3
The article is focused on two issues: a) Cryptococcal meningitis should be a diagnostic consideration even when dealing with meningitis in immunocompetent patients. b) How sociopolitical conditions interfere with treatment in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and affect the health system of the country. Though these two are presented as pertinent issues that affect the disease outcome.

Comment 4
The case report has missed few important points: The case is described in the article as: "A 50 years old Aryan female farmer, from Lalitpur district, Nepal, presented to Patan Hospital Emergency Department in December 2018 with complaints of abdominal pain that had persisted for two days. She had multiple episodes of vomiting. In terms of the patient's history, she had been treated with amlodipine and atenolol for hypertension and undergone a total abdominal hysterectomy 5 years prior for fibroids." th undergone a total abdominal hysterectomy 5 years prior for fibroids." The detailed life style such as dietary habits and the nature of work that the patient was involved in, is not mentioned in the article. The article does not talk about the type of farming and her exposure to possible causative agents and is silent about the possible route of transmission of Cryptococcus to this patient. This would have been of great value because it is evident that Cryptococcus grows readily from soil contaminated with avian excreta particularly that of pigeons as Cryptococcus can assimilate the xanthine, creatinine, urea and uric acid found in it. One of the possibilities of transmission may be this as the patient is a farmer and the Lalitpur area is home for many pigeons too. However, it is equally possible that the fungus might be transmitted via other sources such as vegetables, fruits and dairy products.

Answer
In case presentation, changes have been made regarding her lifestyle -'She was a farmer living in suburban area of Lalitpur and involved in growing of vegetables and rearing of cows and poultry.' In discussion, this has been added -'Cryptococcus grows readily in soil contaminated with avian excreta particularly that of pigeons, and is transmitted to human via inhalation of the contaminated aerosol. One of the possibilities of transmission in our patient may be this as she is a farmer and the Lalitpur area is home for many pigeons too. However, it is equally possible that the fungus might have been transmitted via other sources such as vegetables, fruits and dairy products.

Comment 5
Regarding the issue of socio-political conditions and its interference in the management of this patient: The article says liposomal amphotericin B is expensive and unaffordable by the patient. But the article does not mention the price of that drug in Nepal. Discussing on the economic aspect without telling its price seems anecdotal than factual evidence. Similarly, what is the real socio-economic status of patient? Because the patient is a resident of the capital city and has undergone expensive investigations and treatment in Intensive Care Units of a tertiary level hospital. Also, having said the patient had political connection, how likely is the patient being poor? Which accepted socio-economic scale is being used for labeling the patient as poor. The article also says that, "The government of Nepal provides liposomal amphotericin B free of cost to patients with visceral leishmaniasis, and the government policy dictates use of the medicine in patients with visceral leishmaniasis only." In this context it is important to note that visceral leishmaniasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). It is important to discuss the following: Number of patient suffering from each of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Cryptococcal Meningitis. Socio-economic status of patients suffering those diseases. Cost-effectiveness of drug (liposomal amphotericin B) use relative to the differential dose required to treat Visceral Leishmaniasis and Cryptococcal Meningitis.For Visceral Leishmaniasis:Single dose of 10 mg/kg (provided free of cost)Total : 500 mg for 50 kg man/womenFor Cryptococcal Meningitis:In this case-56 vials each of 50 mgTotal : 2800 mg Therefore it can be said that financial scheme or insurance policies may be a better way out. But in LMICs where Neglected Tropical Diseases are highly prevalent that should be more of hospital policies rather than Public Health policies at large.
In conclusion, the case report has raised pertinent issues which could be an initiative of bridging the gap in hospital services guidelines and Healthcare Delivery System of countries. This report also very well highlighted that managerial issues could be barrier to life saving situations in an absence of clarity in service delivery policies. absence of clarity in service delivery policies.
One more issue arises with this case report that is the annual report of Department of Health Services Nepal needs to be equipped to do the periodic sentinel surveillance to monitor the further trend and record the cases of cryptococcal meningitis. This evidence could be utilized to convince the revision of drug availability policies.

Answer
The details have been added in the discussion -'Nepal is an endemic region for VL with incidence of 0.11 cases per 10000 population. Each 50 mg vial of liposomal amphotericin B costs ranging 35-50 dollars, but WHO has arranged each vial at subsidized rate of 20 dollars for the use for VL. The cost of treatment of a 50 kg patient would be 200 dollars for VL which has been provided free of cost with the help from WHO. Cryptococcal meningitis is not an uncommon infection in Nepal as compared to VL with estimated burden of 0.06 cases per 10000 population. But the expenditure for its treatment is almost 6 times more (1120 dollars for a 50 kg patient) as compared to VL even if we calculate using the WHO subsidized rate. So this has been a major hindrance in treatment of this fungal infection. We did not use any standard socioeconomic scale to determine if our patient was poor. However, based on the fact that the expenditure for complete treatment of cryptococcal meningitis exceeds the annual income of an average Nepalese person (Per Capita Income of Nepal is 800 dollars as of 2017), we assume that the inability of the family members to buy liposomal amphotericin B on their own is valid. Moreover the expensive investigations and stay in the Intensive Care Unit further hampered their ability to buy the required medicine as there is no point-of-care health insurance schemes for most patients including in our patient's case.' none Competing Interests: