Industry 5.0 concepts and enabling technologies, towards an enhanced conservation practice: systematic literature review protocol

Industry 4.0 has led to digitalization and an increase in industrial activity. However, it has recently been recognized as inadequate for achieving European goals by 2030. Therefore, a novel Industry 5.0 paradigm has emerged in response to the unexpected negative effects caused by its predecessor. Industry 5.0 is mainly based on three foundational ideas: i) human-centrism, ii) resilience, and iii) sustainability. Human-centric solutions and human-machine-interaction; bio-inspired technologies and smart materials; real time-based digital twins and simulation; cyber safe data transmission, storage, and analysis; artificial intelligence; and energy efficiency and trustworthy autonomy have been recognized as the enabling technologies of this transformative vision. This paper outlines the protocol adopted to conduct a systematic literature review with the aim of exploring how the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Management, Operation, and Conservation (AECMO&C) industry can adapt and be better prepared to embrace novel Industry 5.0 principles and enabling technologies, ultimately resulting in enhanced conservation practices for the built cultural heritage environment. Registration The protocol has been registered on Open Science Framework (24/02/2024) and follows the PRISMA-P guidelines.


Introduction
Built cultural heritage refers to man-made structures, buildings, landmarks, and spaces with historical, architectural, artistic, cultural, or social significance 1 .The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) promotes worldwide cultural equality and heritage conservation.By adopting the World Heritage Convention (WHC) in 1972, Member States of UNESCO are responsible for identifying, protecting, conserving, and presenting the world's heritage 2 .Unfortunately, these invaluable assets are vulnerable to different socio-economic and natural hazards, especially in the face of climate change and its effects 3 .The United Nations (UN) recognizes in Target 11.4 of the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) that safeguarding cultural heritage contributes to making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable 4 .Thus, endeavors to preserve the built cultural heritage environment are both required and desired 5 .
Previous work indicates that a suitable Industry 4.0 digital twin framework for built cultural heritage assets would be primarily based on an As-Is Historical Asset Information Model (AI-HAIM) 6 .This AI-HAIM must contain interoperable data, geometry, finite element, and data-driven modules ("digital asset") and be linked to its real-world counterpart through a multi-metric asset health monitoring system.That system should continuously produce data on the asset's structural, environmental, and operational conditions ("physical asset").Major challenges in creating Industry 4.0 digital twins include: i) lack of interoperability among different software used in the digital twin model generation; ii) unclear guidelines for creating macro-digital twins integrating individual asset models, and iii) absence of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) benchmark databases suitable for digital twin prototyping development and validation 7,8 .
While the vision of Industry 4.0 has driven digitalization and increased productivity, it has been deemed inadequate to achieve European goals by 2030 9 .Thus, a novel Industry 5.0 paradigm has emerged.Industry 5.0 is mainly based on three foundational ideas: i) human-centrism, ii) resilience, and iii) sustainability.The recognized enabling technologies of this new transformative vision include: a) Individualized human-machine-interaction, b) bio-inspired technologies and smart materials, c) digital twins and simulation, d) data transmission, storage, and analysis technologies, e) artificial intelligence, and f) technologies for efficiency, renewables, storage, and autonomy 10 .
The objective of this systematic literature review is to collect and synthesize state-of-the-art knowledge and information, identify how Industry 5.0 concepts and enabling technologies can contribute to the improvement of built cultural heritage conservation practices, identify current gaps, and highlight future potential developments and opportunities in the field.To this end, the proposed systematic review will answer the following question: How can the architecture, engineering, construction, management, operation, and conservation (AECMO&C) industry adapt and be better prepared to embrace novel Industry 5.0 concepts ultimately leading to enhanced practices in built cultural heritage conservation?.

Protocol
While the PRISMA 2020 11 statement was initially developed for use in medical and clinical sciences, its principles can also be applied within the field of engineering.This is because PRISMA 2020 offers a useful guide on how to find, choose, evaluate, and combine information from existing literature.This paper presents the protocol adopted to perform a systematic literature review within the context of an International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) Fellowship, part of the Digital Twin Anomaly Detection Decision-Making for Bridge Management (DTADD) Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) Individual Fellowship (IF) Postdoctoral Research Project.The protocol has been registered in the OSF Registries website 12 and follows the checklist provided by PRISMA-P 13 and guidelines of the PRISMA-P Explanation and Elaboration 14 .

Systematic literature review administrative information
The title of this protocol, as well as the authors contact, have been provided in the cover page of this manuscript, being the corresponding author also the guarantor.This protocol has been registered in the OSF Registries website under the Generalized Systematic Review Registration Form 15 on 24/02/2024 12 .In the event of protocol amendments, the date of each amendment will be accompanied by a description of the change and the rationale.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101066739.Moreover, support was also provided by the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) by granting access to ICCROM extensive bibliographic resources during the time this work was conducted to the corresponding author of this paper within the context of a prestigious ICCROM Fellowship.Finally, the European Union funded this research.Nevertheless, the funder is not involved in any other aspect of the project and will have no input on the interpretation or publication of the study results.

Systematic literature review methods
Different criteria were considered to decide whether a record would be eligible.Peer reviewed records published as Articles, Conference Paper, Book Chapters, or Review in Journals, Conference Proceedings, Books, or Book Series within the subject areas of Computer Science, Engineering, Business Management and Accounting, Decision Sciences, Social Sciences, Economics Econometrics and Finance, Energy, Environmental Science, Materials Science, Arts and Humanities, and Multidisciplinary, from 2020 up to 2024, written in English, and containing the following keywords of interest (and similar terms, namely: human-centrism and human-centric, etc.) as part of the record's title, abstract, or keywords, will be initially included: • Industry 5.0.
○ Cyber safe data.
In combination with: • Built Cultural Heritage Environment.
The search strategy adopted has been created specifically for this systematic review, thus, no search strategies from previews literature reviews have been adopted.Furthermore, no update method will be used (although Scopus allows the use of search alerts) as the final manuscript will be completed shortly after the search had been performed.The search was conducted on 16/02/2024.Full details of the search strategy conducted have been published online and are openly available for the reviewers of this protocol manuscript, and anyone else interested on consulting them 16,17 .
The total records found will be reported in accordance to the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for systematic reviews 11 .The number of records identified with each of the search queries reported were: SQ1 = 13, SQ2 = 777, SQ3 = 117.A FAIR bibliographic database has been created with all the records identified at this stage 18 .The deduplication process was conducted automatically through the EndNote software.The number of records for each one of the search queries after deduplications were: SQ1 = 13, SQ2 = 776, SQ3 = 83.
Both a bibliometric analysis and a narrative synthesis will be performed to qualitatively present the results of the systematic literature review.The information of the included records will be qualitatively summarized in a narrative synthesis as the findings are characterized by heterogeneity.Moreover, two approaches for the bibliometric analysis will be conducted: a performance analysis and a science mapping.The performance analysis will be presented in terms of publications per year, most cited authors, most cited records, documents per country, keyword occurrence, and most used source for publication.On the other hand, the science mapping will analyze the co-authorship relationships in terms of authors and countries, as well as the co-occurrence relationships between keywords (both author and index keywords).No meta-bias assessment is planned for the proposed systematic review and no confidence assessment plan will be used for the proposed systematic review.This is based in the fact that no universally accepted methodology is available for the grading of reviewing in the AECMO&C field.

Conclusions/Discussion
In conclusion, the Industry 5.0 paradigm, with its focus on human-centrism, resilience, and sustainability, offers a transformative vision for the AECMO&C industry.This paper has developed a protocol for a systematic literature review to explore how this industry can adapt to and incorporate the principles and enabling technologies of Industry 5.0.These technologies include human-centric solutions and human-machine interaction, bio-inspired technologies and smart materials, real time-based digital twins and simulation, secure data transmission, storage, and analysis, artificial intelligence, and energy efficient and trustworthy autonomy.The goal is to improve conservation practices for the built cultural heritage environment.The protocol, which follows the PRISMA-P guidelines, is registered and ready for implementation.This research aims at providing a roadmap for the AECMO&C industry to navigate and thrive in the upcoming Industry 5.0 landscape.

James Hutson
Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, Missouri, USA The article presents a protocol for a systematic literature review aimed at exploring how Industry The rationale for, and objectives of, the study are clearly described.The article outlines the necessity to transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 due to the former's inadequacies in meeting European targets.It highlights the emergent need for human-centrism, resilience, and sustainability within industrial practices.The objectives are explicitly stated, focusing on synthesizing state-of-the-art knowledge, identifying gaps, and proposing future developments in the field.The rationale is well-justified, presenting a compelling case for the relevance and urgency of the study.
The study design is appropriate for the research question.The authors have chosen a systematic literature review following the PRISMA-P guidelines, which is well-suited for addressing the research question.This methodological approach is appropriate for collecting, synthesizing, and analyzing existing literature to determine how the AECMO&C industry can adapt to Industry 5.0 concepts and technologies to enhance conservation practices for built cultural heritage.Sufficient details of the methods are provided to allow replication by others.The protocol outlines specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, the selection of databases, and the search queries used.The systematic and transparent approach ensures that other researchers can replicate the study.The use of PRISMA-P guidelines further strengthens the methodological rigor, ensuring comprehensive reporting and synthesis of findings.
The datasets are clearly presented in a usable and accessible format.The authors provide links to the underlying and extended data on Zenodo, along with detailed descriptions of the data availability and the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license.This transparency allows other researchers to access and utilize the datasets for further research or replication studies.
Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?Yes

Stacy Vallis
Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The research presents a timely and valuable proposition concerning how the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Management, Operation, and Conservation (AECMO&C) industries may adapt to Industry 5.0 concepts.Acknowledging the transition from Industry 4.0 to the Industry 5.0 paradigm, the study is focused on a topic requiring further investigation, being the relationship of the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Management, Operation, and Conservation (AECMO&C) industry to the new opportunities that are presented.The research protocol presents a comprehensive description of the systematic literature review methodology that has been employed, together with providing a publicly accessible dataset of the bibliographic findings.
Offering an existing definition for the terms 'Industry 4.0' and 'Industry 5.0' would be valuable for the reader to understand the key shifts that are taking place.It is helpful to view the current challenges with the existing Industry 4.0 applications to creating digital twins as explained in this research protocol.What are any unique characteristics of Industry 5.0 that are projected to shape workflows in novel ways?It would be interesting to also consider how Industry 5.0 technologies can be adapted to address specific needs of the AECMO&C industries e.g.how do the three foundational ideas apply to specific contexts, especially when working with cultural and historic buildings or sites?Could the process of adaptation be a reciprocal one?Additionally, would it be possible to briefly state why the 2020-2024 period is highlighted as a relevant timescale for the systematic literature review?An indication of the main themes for the narrative synthesis of findings might be interesting to provide, to offer a further view towards the subsequent stages of research.
Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?Yes

Is the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?Yes

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Architecture and emerging technologies for sustainable urban transformation, adaptive reuse and retrofit for historic buildings, heritage documentation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.
5.0 concepts and enabling technologies can enhance conservation practices within the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Management, Operation, and Conservation (AECMO&C) industry.The Industry 5.0 paradigm emphasizes human-centrism, resilience, and sustainability, addressing the limitations of Industry 4.0 in achieving European goals for 2030.The study seeks to synthesize existing knowledge, identify gaps, and propose future directions for integrating Industry 5.0 technologies in the conservation of built cultural heritage.

the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests:
No competing interests were disclosed.As an expert in multidisciplinary research, my expertise spans artificial intelligence, neurohumanities, neurodiversity, immersive realities, and the gamification of education.With multiple advanced degrees, including a Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence and extensive experience in academic and administrative positions, I have developed a deep understanding of integrating AI in various fields.My scholarly portfolio includes several books on the application of AI in education and cultural heritage, as well as numerous articles and case studies.This background equips me with a comprehensive perspective on the convergence of technology and humanities, particularly in the context of Industry 5.0 and its implications for conservation practices.

confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.
Reviewer Report 08 July 2024 https://doi.org/10.21956/openreseurope.18919.r41174© 2024 Vallis S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.