慢性自发性荨麻疹发病机制研究进展
Research Progress in Pathogenesis of Chron-ic Spontaneous Urticaria
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.132354, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 324  浏览: 608 
作者: 王灵灵, 朱雅琳:新疆医科大学第一附属医院皮肤科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 慢性自发性荨麻疹发病机制研究进展Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Pathogenesis Research Progress
摘要: 慢性自发性荨麻疹(Chronic spontaneous urticaria, CSU)是以瘙痒性风团伴或不伴血管性水肿为特点的过敏性疾病,持续时间 > 6周并且没有明确的病因,是慢性荨麻疹最常见类型,其发病机制复杂,目前尚未证实CSU的确切机制,研究发现自身免疫、凝血异常、维生素D、慢性感染、心理精神及遗传机制在CSU的发病中起到一定作用。本文就CSU的发病机制展开综述,为慢性自发性荨麻疹的机制研究及临床治疗提供理论依据。
Abstract: Chronic spontaneous urticaria is an allergic disease characterized by pruritic wheal with or without Angioedema. It is the most common type of chronic urticaria with a duration of >6 weeks and no definite etiology, the pathogenesis of CSU is complicated, and the exact mechanism of CSU has not been confirmed. It was found that autoimmunity, abnormal coagulation, vitamin D, chronic infection, psychology and genetic mechanism play a certain role in the pathogenesis of CSU. This article re-views the pathogenesis of CSU, and provides theoretical basis for the mechanism research and clin-ical treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria.
文章引用:王灵灵, 朱雅琳. 慢性自发性荨麻疹发病机制研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(2): 2511-2515. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132354

1. 引言

荨麻疹是一种常见的、易复发的变态反应性疾病,目前荨麻疹按照病程及病因可分为急性自发性荨麻疹、慢性自发性荨麻疹(Chronic spontaneous urticaria, CSU)和诱导性荨麻疹等 [1] 。慢性荨麻疹(Chronic urticaria, CU)是以反复发生的风团、瘙痒为主要表现的皮肤科常见疾病,病程常达6周以上,CU的病因复杂且隐匿,因此将大多数(>80%)无明显诱因的CU归为CSU [2] 。CSU其标准定义为6周或以上时间出现短暂的风团、血管性水肿或两者兼而有之,此类患者在CU患者中占了很大的比例,其终身患病率高达8%~10%,时点患病率1%,目前国内外还没有找到任何特定的致病因素,因疾病反复发作,治疗上是一个很大的挑战,严重影响了患者的生活质量 [3] 。

2. 免疫机制与CSU

CSU病因复杂,大量证据表明在高达50%的CSU患者存在潜在的自身免疫性病因 [4] 。在CSU中免疫球蛋白水平降低很常见,SAUER等研究发现,血清IgA和IgE水平较低的组合与CSU患者的病情相关 [5] ,其推测CSU中较低的IgA会导致嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞及单核细胞的活化增加,从而导致炎症和自身免疫。JANG等通过酶联免疫吸附法检测CSU患者血清中FcεRIα循环自身抗体的患病率,得出CSU患者的血清IgG与FcεRIα的比值显著低于健康对照组,证实了在CSU患者的血清中存在IgG-FcεRIα,尤其是具有自身免疫表型的患者 [6] 。通过FcεRI激活皮肤肥大细胞已经被证明可以驱动CSU体征及症状的发展,并且使用抗IgE抗体奥马珠单抗治疗对CSU有效,奥马珠单抗已被证明可将预结合的IgE与MC和嗜碱性粒细胞分离,导致脱颗粒减少 [7] ,从而减轻CSU临床症状,这为CSU与自身免疫相关提供了新的指向。

3. 凝血机制与CSU

研究发现凝血机制与CSU的发生、发展存在一定关联,有报道在CSU发病过程中凝血级联反应被激活并且CSU严重程度与D-二聚体水平升高相关联 [8] 。同时有学者首次提出,在CSU疹患者中有较多的凝血酶生成,尤其是外源性凝血途径的参与是由血浆暴露在组织因子(Tissue Factor, TF)激活,它可促使凝血酶形成并与肥大细胞上的蛋白酶活受体相互作用,随后导致肥大细胞脱颗粒和血管通透性增加 [9] 。Ryo等人发现CSU患者的单核细胞TF表达增强,因此单核细胞上的TF表达可被用作CSU病理状况的标志物,以及重度和难治性CSU的治疗靶点,但目前尚不清楚这些因素是否仅在皮肤中激活真皮肥大细胞 [10] 。关于凝血级联的参与,这已在许多CSU发病机制中得到证实,既往研究表明使用肝素治疗CSU有所改善,口服抗凝药可以改善某些抗组胺药无反应的CSU患者的临床症状。以上这些都可以表明外源性凝血途径与CSU的发病机制是直接相关的 [11] 。MIGACZ等人已经发现D-二聚体与CSU的疾病严重程度相关 [12] ,CSU患者中较高的D-二聚体水平提示凝血级联反应在CSU发病机制中的作用,并且同时发现D-二聚体水平较高的患者中具有高UAS7 (荨麻疹活动评分),这与以前的研究结论一致 [13] 。

4. 维生素D与CSU

近些年维生素D在过敏性疾病潜在发病机制中的作用受到越来越多的关注。ARIAEE等人研究发现维生素D补充剂对CSU的生活质量及临床严重程度有深远的影响,由此推测维生素D在治疗免疫介导疾病中的可能起到一定作用 [14] 。宿斌等人对137例CSU患者观察中发现,CSU患者血清25(OH)D的水平较对照组明显降低,同时与Th1/Th2细胞因子的水平具有相关性,因此推测缺乏维生素D可能是CSU的诱因 [15] 。MA等人对中国汉族人群维生素D受体基因多态性与CSU的相关性研究中发现,虽然在CSU患者中基因型FokI,BsmI,ApaI和TaqI在血清25(OH)D水平方面没有显着差异,但首次发现VDR基因FokI (rs2228570)的多态性可能导致中国汉族人群中CSU的风险增加,同时发现CSU患者的血清25(OH)D水平与对照组相比显著降低 [16] ,这与GRZANKA等人的研究结果一致,CSU与血清25(OH)D浓度较低或缺乏症患病率较高有关联,其推测维生素D缺乏症的治疗不仅可以保持矿物质稳态,而且由于该物质可能具有免疫调节和抗炎作用,可能会对CSU产生有益影响,因此补充维生素D可以为已经存在的CSU疗法提供重要和可行的补充手段 [17] 。Yip等人的实验发现肥大细胞可以通过羟化酶把25(OH)D转化为1,25(OH)2D,1,25(OH)2D同时使肥大细胞释放组胺等血管活性物质的水平可以降低 [18] 。因此,我们得知CSU患者维生素D水平低于健康患者,维生素D与CSU的发病机制有一定相关性。

5. 慢性感染与CSU

感染在CSU发病中起到一定作用,研究证明CSU发病与Hp感染有一定的相关性,CSU患者常常同时伴随幽门螺旋杆菌感染(Helicobacoter pylori, Hp),经过规范化抗Hp治疗后,大部分患者的荨麻疹症状可得到缓解或完全消退,这些研究提示Hp感染和CSU发病有着密切的相关性 [19] 。Hizal等发现血清抗HpIgG阳性的荨麻疹患者自体血清皮肤试验阳性率(40%)显著高于血清抗HpIgG阴性的荨麻疹患者(14.3%) [20] 。Liutu等人用免疫印迹的方法在Hp中发现了IgE结合表位,提示Hp诱导的循环细菌特异性抗体可能在CU发病中起了一定重要作用 [21] 。吴凳艳等人通过受试血清样本细菌特异性IgE进行检测发现,Hp感染和CSU发病密切相关,虽然该研究并未完全揭示Hp感染致CSU的确切发病机制,但却给研究提供了新思路 [22] 。一项关于CSU患者的唾液微生物群的多样性研究发现,在对照组中鉴定出79个操作分类单位,而CSU组中鉴定出69个操作分类单位,与对照组相比CSU患者唾液微生物群的α多样性显著降低,由此推测唾液微生物群的生态失调可能导致CSU发展过程中免疫系统失调 [23] ,这与Wang等人关于CSU肠道微生物组组成的研究一致 [24] 。2021年Frontiers等人发表的一项研究,分析CSU患者及健康者粪便标本,再次证实了CSU与健康人群的肠道菌群组成及功能不同,由此推测出CSU患者的肠道菌群和代谢异常 [25] 。

6. 心理精神与CSU

CSU病因复杂,常规治疗对抗组胺药物抵抗,疾病发作的不可预测性给患者带来了很大的困扰,严重影响患者的身心健康。国外研究调查发现CSU有较高几率出现抑郁、焦虑、睡眠困难等症状,用特异性5-HT再摄取抑制剂治疗CSU,有一定的疗效,这提示了5-HT与CSU之间存在密切联系 [26] 。ENGIN等人通过问卷调查对CSU患者的抑郁、焦虑和生活质量(QoL)水平的评估发现与健康对照组相比,CSU患者的焦虑和抑郁水平更高,ENGIN等人认为继发于压力性生活事件的焦虑和抑郁症状可能会促使易感受试者出现荨麻疹症状 [27] 。Tugba等采用焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)用于评估比较CSU患者和健康组之间的抑郁和焦虑评分,研究得出与健康组相比,CSU患者的抑郁和焦虑水平更高,同时还发现UAS7对焦虑和抑郁都有重要影响 [28] 。国外一项针对CSU患儿的研究发现,CSU患儿的内化问题、躯体不适、焦虑和抑郁评分显著较高,并且还发现疾病的严重程度和持续时间与患者的心理状态之间没有相关性 [29] 。一项关于CSU患者的精神疾病和生活质量的研究发现,CSU患者的精神疾病发病率很高,并且对他们的生活质量有影响 [30] 。目前因专门针对CSU患者患精神疾病的研究甚少,故其具体机制并未明确。

7. 遗传机制与CSU

慢性荨麻疹患者存在着明显的家族遗传关系。目前的研究认为HLA等位基因可能参与CSU的发生,然而其具体遗传机制目前并不明确 [31] 。肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α是一种促炎细胞因子,TNF-α可在荨麻疹病变部位发现,PICONI等人在CSU患者的免疫特征中表明CU患者TNF-α表达上调,可能与HLA I类和II类等位基因相互作用 [32] 。一项针对1308名慢性荨麻疹患者的研究发现有4% CSU有家族史,至少有一名一级家属受到影响,与一般人群相比,一级亲属中CSU的患病率增加 [33] 。其具体遗传机制有待进一步研究。

8. 结论

慢性自发性荨麻疹是临床上十分常见的过敏性皮肤病,因其病情反复、病程迁延等特点,通常需要长期的药物治疗,虽无生命危险,但患者的生活质量极差,尽管在确定CSU的病因及发生机制方面取得了许多进展,但在很大程度上仍不清楚。研究发现自身免疫、凝血异常、维生素D、慢性感染、心理精神及遗传机制与CSU均存在一定关系,相信随着医学的进步,CSU的发病机制终将被阐明。

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