Various cells of the nervous, glial and immune systems, as well as some biomolecules derived from them, are involved in the control of pain. As chronic pain has diverse pathogenetic factors based on the pathological and physical background of the patient, it is expected that treatment approaches will also vary widely. It is therefore important to clarify as far as possible the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic pain and to present therapeutic strategies based on these mechanisms. Against this background, we are focusing on astrocytes, one of the glial cells. Astrocytes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are known to be involved in the induction of chronic pain, and their inhibitors show analgesic effects, making dorsal horn astrocytes a potential drug target for the development of useful analgesics. In this talk, the mechanisms of chronic pain pathogenesis based on astrocyte-specific molecules as well as new therapeutic strategies targeting them will be presented.