Oxaliplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for colorectal cancer, causes chronic peripheral sensory neuropathy, which often persists long after the end of drug treatment. However, few means are available to predict such long-lasting neuropathy during drug treatment. In this study, we explore minimally invasive predictive biomarkers based on circulating long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Because many lncRNA genes show cell-type specific expression distribution, blood content of lncRNA potentially reflects extracellular release from specific cell. Therefore, the extracellular lncRNAs released from iPS cell-derived primary sensory neurons were examined using RNA sequencing. After oxaliplatin treatment, many lncRNA levels that may be specifically expressed in the primary sensory neurons were altered. In patients recovered from peripheral sensory neuropathy within one year after the end of oxaliplatin treatment, amounts of some lncRNAs in the plasma extracellular vesicle were increased during oxaliplatin treatment, while those amounts were not increased in the patients with prolonged neuropathy for more than 1 year. Overall, these circulating lncRNAs are potentially an effective biomarker predicting long-lasting peripheral neuropathy and may help in judging the continuation of oxaliplatin treatment.