Abstract
The purpose of this study was to formulate drug-loaded polyelectrolyte matrices constituting blends of pectin, chitosan (CHT) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAAm) for controlling the premature solvation of the polymers and modulating drug release. The model drug employed was the highly water-soluble antihistamine, diphenhydramine HCl (DPH). Polyelectrolyte complex formation was validated by infrared spectroscopy. Matrices were characterized by textural profiling, porositometry and SEM. Drug release studies were performed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions using USP apparatus 3. FTIR spectra revealed distinctive peaks indicating the presence of –COO− symmetrical stretching (1,425–1,390 cm−1) and -NH +3 deformation (1,535 cm−1) with evidence of electrostatic interaction between the cationic CHT and anionic HPAAm corroborated by molecular mechanics simulations of the complexes. Pectin–HPAAm matrices showed electrostatic attraction due to residual –NH2 and –COO− groups of HPAAm and pectin, respectively. Textural profiling demonstrated that CHT-HPAAm matrices were most resilient at 6.1% and pectin–CHT–HPAAm matrices were the least (3.9%). Matrix hardness and deformation energy followed similar behavior. Pectin–CHT–HPAAm and CHT–HPAAm matrices produced type IV isotherms with H3 hysteresis and mesopores (22.46 nm) while pectin–HPAAm matrices were atypical with hysteresis at a low P/P0 and pore sizes of 5.15 nm and a large surface area. At t 2 h, no DPH was released from CHT–HPAAm matrices, whereas 28.2% and 82.2% was released from pectin–HPAAm and pectin–CHT–HPAAm matrices, respectively. At t 4 h, complete DPH release was achieved from pectin–CHT–HPAAm matrices in contrast to only 35% from CHT–HPAAm matrices. This revealed the release-modulating capability of each matrix signifying their applicability in controlled oral drug delivery applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Yu L, Dean K, Li L. Polymer blends and composites from renewable resources. Prog Polym Sci. 2006;31:576–602.
Xiao C, Weng L, Lu Y, Zhang L. Blend films from chitosan and polyacrylamide solutions. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem. 2001;A38:761–71.
Coombes AGA, Verderio E, Shaw B, Li X, Griffin M, Downes S. Biocomposites of non-crosslinked natural and synthetic polymers. Biomater. 2002;23:2113–8.
Barnes CP, Sell SA, Boland ED, Simpson DG, Bowlin GL. Nanofiber technology: designing the next generation of tissue engineering scaffolds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59:1413–33.
Li X, Liu KL, Wang M, Wong SY, Tjiu WC, He CB, et al. Improving hydrophilicity, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] through blending with poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]-alt-poly(ethylene oxide). Acta Biomater. 2009;5:2002–12.
Pedram MY, Retuert J, Quijada R. Hydrogels based on modified chitosan, I: synthesis and swelling behavior of poly(acrylic acid) grafted chitosan. Macromol Chem Phys. 2000;201:923–30.
Reis AV, Guilherme MR, Cavalcanti OA, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. Synthesis and characterization of pH-responsive hydrogels based on chemically modified Arabic gum polysaccharide. Polym. 2006;47:2023–9.
Derkaoui SM, Avramoglou T, Barbaud C, Letourneur D. Synthesis and characterization of a new polysaccharide-graft-polymethacrylate copolymer for three-dimensional hybrid hydrogels. Biomacromolecules. 2008;9:3033–8.
Lee KY, Park WH, Ha WS. Polyelectrolyte complexes of sodium alginate with chitosan or its derivatives for microcapsules. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997;63:425–32.
Simsek-Ege FA, Bond GM, Stringer J. Polyelectrolyte complex formation between alginate and chitosan as a function of pH. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003;88:346–51.
Lammertz S, Grünfelder T, Ninni L, Maurer G. A model for the Gibbs energy of aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2009;280:132–43.
Lee SB, Lee YM, Song KW, Park MH. Preparation and properties of polyelectrolyte complex sponges composed of hyaluronic acid and chitosan and their biological behaviors. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003;90:925–32.
Chellat F, Tabrizian M, Dumitriu S, Chornet E, Magny P, Rivard CH, et al. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of chitosan–xanthan polyionic complexes. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;51:107–16.
Peniche C, Argüelles-Monal W. Chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes. Macromol Symp. 2001;168:103–16.
Shchipunov YA, Postnova IV. Water-soluble polyelectrolyte complexes of oppositely charged polysaccharides. Compos Interfaces. 2009;16:251–79.
Macleod GS, Collett JH, Fell JT. The potential use of mixed films of pectin, chitosan and HPMC for bimodal drug release. J Control Release. 1999;58:303–10.
Nichifor M, Lopes S, Bastos M, Lopes A. Self-aggregation of amphiphilic cationic polyelectrolytes based on polysaccharides. J Phys Chem B. 2004;108:16463–72.
Nagahata M, Nakaoka R, Teramoto A, Abe K, Tsuchiya T. The response of normal human osteoblasts to anionic polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complexes. Biomater. 2005;26:5138–44.
Sarmento B, Ribeiro A, Veiga F, Ferreira D. Development and characterization of new insulin containing polysaccharide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B. 2006;53:193–202.
Argin-Soysal S, Kofinas P, Lo YM. Effect of complexation conditions on xanthan–chitosan polyelectrolyte complex gels. Food Hydrocolloids. 2009;23:202–9.
Lipp D, Kozakiewicz J, In: Kroschwitz JI, Howe-Grant M, Bickford M, Gray L, Editors. Kirk-othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, 4th edn. New York: Wiley; 1991 (1). p. 266.
Sharma A, Desai A, Ali R, Tomalia D. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation and detection of polyamidoamine dendrimers possessing various cores and terminal groups. J Chromatogr A. 2005;1081:238–44.
Entry JA, Sojka RE, Hicks BJ. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios can estimate anionic polyacrylamide degradation in soil. Geoderma. 2008;145:8–16.
Yan LJ, Forster MJ. Resolving mitochondrial protein complexes using nongradient blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Chem. 2009;389:143–9.
Volk H, Friedrich RE. In: Davidson RL, editor. Handbook of water-soluble guns and resins. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1980. p. 16.
Zeynali ME, Rabbii A. Alkaline hydrolysis of polyacrylamide and study on poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) properties. Iran Polym J. 2002;11:269–75.
Kurenkov VF, Hartan HG, Lobanov FI. Alkaline hydrolysis of polyacrylamide. Russ J Appl Chem. 2001;74:543–54.
Sokker HH, Abdel Ghaffar AM, Gad YH, Aly AS. Synthesis and characterization of hydrogels based on grafted chitosan for the controlled drug release. Carbohydr Polym. 2009;75:222–9.
Krayukhina MA, Samoilova NA, Yamskov IA. Polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan: formation, properties and applications. Russ Chem Rev. 2008;77:799–813.
Wakerly Z, Fell JT, Attwood D, Parkins DA. In vitro evaluation of pectin-based colonic drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm. 1996;129:73–7.
Macleod GS, Fell JT, Collett JH, Sharma HL, Smith AM. Selective drug delivery to the colon using pectin:chitosan:hydroxypropyl methylcellulose film-coated tablets. Int J Pharm. 1999;187:251–7.
Ahrabi SF, Madsen G, Dyrstad K, Sande SA, Graffner C. Development of pectin matrix tablets for colonic delivery of model drug ropivacaine. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000;10:43–52.
Liu L, Fishman ML, Kost J, Hicks KB. Pectin-based systems for colon-specific drug delivery via oral route. Biomater. 2003;24:3333–43.
Maestrelli F, Cirri M, Corti G, Mennini N, Mura P. Development of enteric-coated calcium pectinate microspheres intended for colonic drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008;69:508–18.
Bernabé P, Peniche C, Argüelles-Monal W. Swelling behavior of chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complex membranes, effect of thermal cross-linking. Polym Bulletin. 2005;55:367–75.
Barret EP, Joyner LG, Halenda PH. Determination of pore volume and area distribution in porous substances. I. Computation from nitrogen isotherms. J Am Chem Soc. 1951;73:373–80.
Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, et al. Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure Appl Chem. 1985;57:603–19.
Chambin O, Dupuis G, Champion D, Voilley A, Pourcelot Y. Colon-specific drug delivery: influence of solution reticulation properties upon pectin beads performance. Int J Pharm. 2006;321:86–93.
Yang L, Chu JS, Fix JA. Colon-specific drug delivery: new approaches and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2002;235:1–15.
Hébrard G, Hoffart V, Cardot J-M, Subirade M, Alric M, Beyssac E. Investigation of coated whey protein/alginate beads as sustained release dosage form in simulated gastrointestinal environment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2009;35:1103–12.
Lee SS, Lim CB, Pai, CM, Lee SP, Seo MG, Park H. Composition and pharmaceutical dosage form for colonic drug delivery using polysaccharides US Patent: 6,413,494. 1999. http://www.pharmcast.com/Patents/Yr2002/July2002/070202/6413494_Colonic070202.htm. Accessed on: May 10, 2010.
Veitser YI, Mints DM. Macromolecular flocculants in processes of natural water and wastewater treatment. Moscow: Stroiizdat; 1984.
Cao J, Tan Y, Che Y, Ma Q. Fabrication and properties of superabsorbent complex gel beads composed of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and chitosan. J Applied Poly Sci. 2010;116(6):3338–45.
Liu L, Cooke PH, Coffin DR, Fishman ML, Hicks KB. Pectin and polyacrylamide composite hydrogels: effect of pectin on structural and dynamic mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003;92:1893–901.
Rashidova SS, Milusheva RY, Semenova LN, Mukhamedjanova MY, Voropaeva NL, Vasilyeva S. Characteristics of interactions in the pectin–chitosan system. Chromatographia. 2004;59:779–82.
Tripathi S, Mehrotra GK, Dutta PK. Preparation and physicochemical evaluation of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/pectin ternary film for food-packaging applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;79:711–6.
Pillay V, Fassihi R. In vitro release modulation from crosslinked pellets for site-specific drug delivery to the gastrointestinal tract: II. Physicochemical characterization of calcium–alginate, calcium–pectinate and calcium–alginate–pectinate pellets. J Control Release. 1999;59:243–56.
Platé NA. Problems of polymer modification and the reactivity of functional groups of macromolecules. Pure Appl Chem. 1976;46:49–59.
Groen JC, Peffer LAA, Ramırez JP. Pore size determination in modified micro- and mesoporous materials. Pitfalls and limitations in gas adsorption data analysis. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2003;60:1–17.
Jelvehgari M, Siahi-Shadbad MR, Azarmi S, Martin GP, Nokhodchi A. The microsponge delivery system of benzoyl peroxide: Preparation, characterization and release studies. Int J Pharm. 2006;308:124–32.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa and the Technology Innovation Agency of South Africa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bawa, P., Pillay, V., Choonara, Y.E. et al. A Composite Polyelectrolytic Matrix for Controlled Oral Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 12, 227–238 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-010-9576-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-010-9576-8