大数据驱动的智能交通系统研究进展与趋势

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-3750.2018.00041

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传感器技术的发展与传感设备的普及推动了物联网系统的应用与发展，作为物联网系统中的重要组成部分，智能交通系统也得到了长足的发展，并从技术驱动时代进入了数据驱动时代。对大数据驱动的智能交通系统进行了研究，从系统底层的传感技术与数据采集、核心层的数据挖掘方法与流程、上层的各类应用这3个层次对大数据驱动的智能交通系统发展现状进行了总结。分析了智能交通系统现阶段面临的挑战，并进一步总结了其未来的发展趋势。

关键词: 智能交通系统, 大数据, 传感技术, 数据挖掘

Abstract:

The development of sensor technology and the popularization of sensing devices have promoted the application and development of the Internet of things.As an important part of the Internet of things,the intelligent transportation system has also made great progress,and has entered the era of data-driven from the era of technology-driven.A comprehensive and systematic literature review of the big data-driven intelligent transportation system was provided,from sensing technology and data acquisition,the data mining method and process,to various applications.The challenges faced by the big data-driven intelligent transportation system at the present stage was analyzed,and its future development trend and direction was further summarized.

Key words: intelligent transportation system, big data, sensor technology, data mining

中图分类号:

TP393

余辰,张丽娟,金海. 大数据驱动的智能交通系统研究进展与趋势[J]. 物联网学报, 2018, 2(1): 56-63.

Chen YU,Lijuan ZHANG,Hai JIN. Research progress and trend of big data-driven intelligent transportation system[J]. Chinese Journal on Internet of Things, 2018, 2(1): 56-63.

图/表 6

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交通传感技术概览"

技术	原理	优点	缺点	具体设备
感应线圈	当车辆或金属物通过线圈时，线圈电感下降	设计灵活易用；不受恶劣天气影响；提供精确计数数据	安装和维护需路面施工；车辆类型多时计数精度下降	控制柜中的道路传感器、导入电缆、牵引盒和电子单元
RFID	无线电波在阅读器和车辆上的电子标签间进行数据传输	费用低；不干扰交通	只在道路上的某点感知安装设备车辆	天线、应答器、标签读取器系统
微波雷达	发送微波雷达信号，捕捉反射波，从而检测车辆速度和方向	不受恶劣天气影响；可测量速度；同时检测多车道	无法检测静止车辆	天线、控制单元和处理器
磁强计	感应地球磁场水平和垂直分量	不受恶劣天气影响；数据通过无线电频率链路传输	安装和维护需关闭道路进行施工；影响道路使用寿命	磁探针、微环探头及控制单元
磁传感器	测量由于金属物体产生的地球磁场扰动来检测车辆	适用于无法使用线圈的情况；不受恶劣天气影响	安装需要在路面下钻孔；无法感知静止的车辆	磁探针、微环探头及控制单元
红外线	发射器发射红外线，接收器将反射的能量转换为电信号，从而判断是否有车辆	通过多波束传输精确测量车辆的速度、位置和类别等信息；同时检测多车道	对恶劣天气敏感；安装、维护和清洗镜片需要关闭车道	多光谱相机
航空/卫星成像	载人或无人直升机、卫星在天空捕捉地面影像	具有较高的准确性；非侵入性和非中断；能提供系统范围的交通情况信息	价格昂贵，花费时间和资源来收集交通数据；分析过程复杂	直升机（或卫星）、模拟彩色摄像机和计算机
超声波	发射超声波并收集物体发出的反射波，利用声波的时间间隔来确定物体的位置	监控多车道；精准检测超高车辆	性能受环境影响大	传感器（发射机和接收机）、放大器和振荡器
视频检测	包括一个摄像头和一个工作站，工作站对图像进行语义分析并将其转换成交通数据	监控多车道；易于添加更改检测区域；可进行大范围检测	安装和维护需关闭车道；性能受恶劣的天气、车辆阴影和镜头粉尘影响	模拟彩色 PAL 摄像头和图像处理单元

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技术	标准	频率	覆盖范围	吞吐量	特点
Wi-MAX	IEEE 802.16	2～11 GHz	<10 km	<75 Mbit/s	高速
ZigBee	IEEE 802.15.4	2.4 GHz	<75 m	250 kbit/s	网状网络、多种协议
UWB	IEEE 802.15.3a	3.1～10.6 GHz	10 m	53～480 Mbit/s	极快的文件传输速度
Bluetooth	IEEE 802.15.1	2.4 GHz	100 m15～20 m1m	v.1.2:1 Mbit/sv.2.0:3 Mbit/s	低功耗
Wi-Fi	IEEE 802.11a;	5.8 GHz	<100 m	11/54/300 Mbit/s	高速且普及度高
	802.11b/g/n	2.4 GHz
GSM	—	850/900/1 800/1 900 MHz	取决于服务提供商	9.6 kbit/s	覆盖率高、传输质量好
GPRS	—	850/900/1 800/1 900 MHz	取决于服务提供商	56～144 kbit/s	资源利用率高、访问快
RFID	—	125 kHz,13.56 MHz,902～928 MHz	<3 m	9.6～115 kbit/s	低成本