增材制造镁合金技术现状与研究进展

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00063

金属学报

2023, Vol. 59

Issue (2): 205-225 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00063

综述

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

增材制造镁合金技术现状与研究进展

唐伟能¹, 莫宁¹, 侯娟²(

)

1.中国宝武钢铁集团宝钢金属有限公司技术中心镁及镁合金研究院上海 200940
2.上海理工大学材料与化学学院上海 200093

Research Progress of Additively Manufactured Magnesium Alloys: A Review

TANG Weineng¹, MO Ning¹, HOU Juan²(

)

1.Mg & Mg Alloy Research Institute, Technology Center, Baosteel Metal Co., Ltd., China Baowu Steel Group Corporation, Shanghai 200940, China
2.School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

引用本文:

唐伟能, 莫宁, 侯娟. 增材制造镁合金技术现状与研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(2): 205-225.
Weineng TANG, Ning MO, Juan HOU. Research Progress of Additively Manufactured Magnesium Alloys: A Review[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2023, 59(2): 205-225.

全文: PDF(6528 KB) HTML

摘要:

镁合金具有轻质、比强度高、阻尼减振、生物相容性好、体内可降解等优点，在航空航天、汽车轻量化、生物医疗等领域应用潜力巨大。然而传统的镁合金铸造成形和变形加工技术在制备一体化复杂结构件上具有一定的局限性，制约了镁合金在上述领域的应用普及。增材制造是一种根据三维模型数据逐层熔化沉积的先进技术，有望成为镁合金复杂构件制备的重要技术途径。本文概述了近年来增材制造镁合金的研究进展，重点对选区激光熔化(SLM)和电弧增材制造(WAAM) 2种主要增材制造的工艺研发现状和影响因素、微观组织、力学性能及耐蚀行为进行分析与总结。研究表明，工艺优化后SLM和WAAM等技术均可获得致密度> 99%的镁合金试件，并且能够获得与传统制造镁合金相当的力学性能和耐蚀性能，增材制造镁合金表现出极大的工程应用潜力。最后，从材料优化、工艺改进及性能评价等方面对增材制造在镁合金中的未来发展趋势与研究方向进行了总结与展望。

关键词 ：镁合金, 增材制造, 选区激光熔化, 电弧增材制造, 微观组织, 力学性能

Abstract：

Mg alloys are attractive in the fields of aerospace, automotive, and biomedical engineering, owing to the advantages of light weight, high specific strength, excellent damping property, good biocompatibility, and in vivo degradable property. However, conventional methods for manufacturing Mg alloys, such as casting and deformation processing, yield low-quality large-scale monolithic and complex structures, which hinder the applications of Mg parts. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a burgeoning alternative to manufacture monolithic parts through layer-by-layer deposition of metallic materials using 3D model data. In this paper, the latest research progress in AM of Mg alloys, which focuses on technological processes and influencing factors, macro and microstructures, mechanical properties, and corrosion properties of parts manufactured primarily by selective laser melting (SLM) and wire and arc AM (WAAM), are comprehensively reviewed. Currently, additively manufactured Mg parts with a relative density > 99% have been achievable through both SLM and WAAM after process optimization, and their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance have been comparable to those of casting and wrought parts, indicating a great potential for engineering applications. Finally, the future development trend and research direction of AM of Mg alloys are proposed from the perspectives of materials design, process improvement, and performance evaluation.

Key words： magnesium alloy additive manufacturing selective laser melting wire and arc additive manufacturing microstructure mechanical property

收稿日期: 2020-02-17

ZTFLH:

TG146

基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3701102);国家自然科学基金项目(52073176);上海市自然科学基金面上项目(22-ZR1443000)

作者简介: 唐伟能，男，1979年生，博士

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00063 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2023/V59/I2/205

图1 选区激光熔化(SLM)成形过程示意图及其在镁合金研究中的常用扫描策略

图2 不同激光功率和扫描速率对WE43合金内部缺陷的影响[23]

图3 激光功率和扫描速率对Mg-9%Al合金影响的研究过程[35]

图4 SLM过程中镁金属蒸气及样件宏观裂纹现象[24]

表1 文献中Mg与镁合金SLM过程参数优化情况[21~25,35~42]

图5 镁合金电弧增材制造(WAAM)成形工艺示意图[44]

表2 SLM和WAAM技术特点对比[47]

图6 WAAM成形AZ80M样品沉积壁横截面的微观组织[53]

图7 冷金属过渡(CMT)能量输入模式对AZ31单道沉积焊缝外观及形状尺寸的影响[54]

表3 文献中不同镁合金WAAM最优工艺参数[44,50~57]

图8 基于毛细管驱动桥接的增材制造原理示意图以及该技术制备的纯Mg零件[67]

图9 SLM技术、粉末挤压及铸态WE43镁合金晶粒尺寸比较[70]

图10 166.7 J/m3能量密度下获得的AZ91镁合金微观组织的SEM像[22]

图11 SLM制备WE43合金不同方向截面微观组织与传统铸态WE43合金微观组织对比[70]

图12 SLM制备的WE43合金微观组织的BSE像以及TEM像[42]

图13 电弧增材AZ31B镁合金不同区域宏观组织形貌以及晶粒尺寸结果[44]

图14 CMT-WAAM成形AZ31镁合金熔积层与热影响区微观组织的OM和EBSD像[54]

图15 电弧增材成形AZ61合金第二相的OM像[51]

图16 增材制造及传统制造镁合金拉伸强度与延伸率关系图[21~25,51,52,54~57,76,77]

图17 SLM成形与铸造成形WE43镁合金电化学反应测试结果比较[41]

图18 基于电弧微铸锻复合增材工艺示意图[102,103]

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