地球科学进展 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (4): 390 -398. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.043

研究论文 上一篇    下一篇

16世纪末以来北运河水系演变及驱动因素
苏绕绕( ), 赵珍( )   
  1. 中国人民大学历史学院,北京 100872
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-24 修回日期:2021-03-01 出版日期:2021-05-31
  • 通讯作者: 赵珍 E-mail:raosu@ruc.edu.cn;zhaozhen@ruc.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    北京市社科基金重点项目“清代京畿水环境研究”(15LSA005)

The Evolution and Driving Factors of the North Canal System Since the End of the 16th Century

Raorao SU( ), Zhen ZHAO( )   

  1. School of History,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China
  • Received:2020-12-24 Revised:2021-03-01 Online:2021-05-31 Published:2021-05-31
  • Contact: Zhen ZHAO E-mail:raosu@ruc.edu.cn;zhaozhen@ruc.edu.cn
  • About author:SU Raorao (1993-), male, Xi’an City, Shannxi Province, Ph.D student. Research areas include historical physical geography and environmental history. E-mail: raosu@ruc.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the Major Projects of the Beijing Social Science Fund “The water environmental studies of capital region in Qing dynasty”(15LSA005)

在对河流水系演变与人类社会发展关系进行归纳总结的基础上,基于历史文献和数字高程模型数据,提取16世纪末至今北运河流域水系4个年份断面(1582年、1820年、1933年和2011年)。同时确定河网分级、进行水文分析,计算水系结构参数。结果表明,16世纪末至今,北运河流域范围逐步缩小,水系格局由亚树枝状向混合状形态演变。1582—1820年是河流长度发育、河流数量、支流发育系数与河网复杂度增加最为显著的阶段,反映了河流主干化的趋势,人类对河流连续性干扰较深。而洪涝引起的水系变动以及人类增加水源、开挖引河、筑堤坝等活动,是水系结构改变的主要原因。

In this paper, based on the summary of the relationship between the evolution of river systems and the development of human society, historical archives and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of North Canal Basin (NCB), we used digitizing methods to extract four geographic profiles of the river system in NCB, from the late 16th century to the present (1582s, 1820s, 1933s, 2011s). Meanwhile, based on DEM data, we utilized river network classification and hydrologic analysis methods to calculate river system structure parameters. The results showed that from the late 16th century to now, the range of the basin was shrinking gradually, and the pattern of the river network from sub-dendritic shape was changing to mixed morphology. During A.D. 1582-A.D. 1820, which was the significant period in which River diversity (Rd), River frequency (Rf), Tributary development coefficient (T), and river network complexity (CR) increased significantly. Then, the overall trend stabilized, indicating the stream structure became simpler and simpler. By comparing the past river with the present one, we find that the Continuity index (C) of the North Canal has decreased since the Ming and Qing dynasties, indicating that human have imposed deep interference in the continuity of the river. By combining historical documents and DEM data, we find that under the constraints of natural geographical conditions, human excavation of river diversion, building dams, increasing water source to ensure the operation of the canal system and coping with floods, water system changes caused by floods are the reasons for the changes in the river system structure.

中图分类号: 

表1 水系形态数据来源与地图概述
Table 1 Data source of water system morphology and map overview
表1 水系形态数据来源与地图概述
Table 1 Data source of water system morphology and map overview
表2 基于斯特拉勒 (Strahler)的河流分级方案
Table 2 River classification scheme based on Strahler
表2 基于斯特拉勒 (Strahler)的河流分级方案
Table 2 River classification scheme based on Strahler
图1 16世纪以来流域河流分级方案
Fig.1 River classification scheme since the 16th century
图1 16世纪以来流域河流分级方案
Fig.1 River classification scheme since the 16th century
表3 选取水系结构参数 [ 6 , 28 ~ 30 , 33 ]
Table 3 Selected water system structure parameters [ 6 , 28 ~ 30 , 33 ]
表3 选取水系结构参数 [ 6 , 28 ~ 30 , 33 ]
Table 3 Selected water system structure parameters [ 6 , 28 ~ 30 , 33 ]
图2 16世纪以来北运河流域水系变迁
Fig.2 Changes in the water system of the North Canal since the 16th century
图2 16世纪以来北运河流域水系变迁
Fig.2 Changes in the water system of the North Canal since the 16th century
表4 16世纪以来北运河流域各水系结构参数变化
Table 4 Changes of river network structure parameters in the North Canal Basin since the 16th century
表4 16世纪以来北运河流域各水系结构参数变化
Table 4 Changes of river network structure parameters in the North Canal Basin since the 16th century
图3 清代北运河主河道坡度、高程与部分时段水深
(a)北运河北京—天津段坡度分级及地表水环境; (b)北京—天津段高程剖面; (c)1810—1822年档案记录的北运河水深状况
Fig.3 The slope, elevation and water depth of the main channel of the North Canal in the Qing Dynasty
(a)The slope classification and surface water environment in the Beijing-Tianjin section of the North Canal; (b)Beijing-Tianjin section elevation profile; (c)The water depth of the North Canal recorded in the archives from 1810 to 1822
图3 清代北运河主河道坡度、高程与部分时段水深
(a)北运河北京—天津段坡度分级及地表水环境; (b)北京—天津段高程剖面; (c)1810—1822年档案记录的北运河水深状况
Fig.3 The slope, elevation and water depth of the main channel of the North Canal in the Qing Dynasty
(a)The slope classification and surface water environment in the Beijing-Tianjin section of the North Canal; (b)Beijing-Tianjin section elevation profile; (c)The water depth of the North Canal recorded in the archives from 1810 to 1822
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