Anti-explosion Performance of a New Type of Polyurea-Coated Corrugated Steel Plate Reinforced Concrete Slab

Improving the explosion resistance of the building wall has been a hot topic in the current protection engineering research, in this process, corrugated steel and polyisocyanate oxazolidine (POZD) were widely used, but there are few studies on the anti-explosion performance of the composite structure of the two. In this paper, the effects of POZD and corrugated steel on the explosion resistance of POZD-coated corrugated steel plate reinforced concrete slab (PSRC) under contact explosion were studied by test and numerical simulation. The finite element (FE) model of the PSRC slab was established by using Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method. The principle of POZD coating reinforced structure was revealed by analyzing the attenuation process of stress wave propagation in the structure. Subsequently, a series of numerical calculations were conducted to investigate the effect of POZD thickness and corrugated steel angle on the performance of the PSRC slab under explosive load. The relationship between structural damage characteristics and the POZD coating was established, the empirical formula of the normalized maximum mid-span displacement considering POZD thickness and TNT mass was obtained. The effect of corrugated steel with different angles on its anti-explosion performance was analyzed, the empirical formula of the maximum deflection considering corrugated steel angle and TNT mass was obtained. Studies have shown that the peak stress of the stress wave generated by the explosion is only 2.79% of the incident wave after the POZD coating is coated on the back of the structure, the anti-explosion performance of the structure is greatly improved. Increasing the thickness of POZD can significantly increase the anti-explosion performance of PSRC slab, the maximum deflection of PSRC slab decreases exponentially with increasing POZD thickness. The explosion resistance of PSRC slab was enhanced with increasing corrugated steel angles. The corrugated steel angles is 50 , the improvement effect of PSRC is the best.


Introduction
With the rampant terrorism, the explosions caused by terrorist attacks are increasing worldwide, and the safety of people's lives and property has been seriously threatened (Li et al., 2016;Shi et al., 2008Shi et al., , 2020;;Yong et al., 2005).Such as the explosion of hazardous chemicals in Hebei Province in November 2018 and the explosion of ammonium nitrate in Beirut, Lebanon in October 2020, have caused serious damage to local buildings.Therefore, improving the explosion resistance of the building wall has been a hot topic in the current protection engineering research (Wang et al., 2012(Wang et al., , 2013a(Wang et al., , 2013b(Wang et al., , 2014;;Wang et al. 2023).
Polyurea elastomer is a special polymer material, it has excellent impact resistance and ductility (Arman et al., 2012;Haris et al., 2018;Iqbal et al. 2018).Coating polyurea on concrete surface can effectively reduce the risk of structural deformation and delamination (Wu et al. 2021).Therefore, polyurea elastomer is often used in protective coating of protective engineering.(Gu et al., 2022) synthesized five polyurea elastomers by changing composition of isocyanate.The research results showed that polyurea could significantly improve the anti-blast performance.Increasing the thickness of the polyurea on the backside can further improve the anti-blast performance.Through explosion test and numerical simulation, (Liu et al., 2022a(Liu et al., , 2022b(Liu et al., , 2022c) investigated the enhancement effectiveness of polyurea on the anti-explosion performance of RC slabs under near-field explosion.(Liu et al., 2022a(Liu et al., , 2022b(Liu et al., , 2022c) ) conducted two scale tests to study the effect of polyurea coating on the anti-explosion performance of hull.The results showed that polyurea has a better blast resistance performance when coated on the blast-facing surface of the steel plate.(Shi et al., 2019) conducted explosion experiments on polyurea woven carbon fiber mesh composite reinforced RC slabs.The results showed that polyurea coating can reduce the threat area caused by concrete fragments caused by explosions.(Wang et al., 2022a(Wang et al., , 2022b(Wang et al., , 2022c) ) studied the anti-explosion performance of RC slab strengthened with polyisocyanate oxazolidine (POZD) coated steel plate, analyzed the damage mechanism and divided the damage mode and the results showed that increasing the thickness of POZD can effectively reduce the POZD-steel-RC slab mid-span deflection (Zhang et al., 2022) studied the protective ability of polyurea-coated steel plates under blasting through field tests, the results showed only when the coating thickness exceeded a certain value did polyurea play a strengthening role (Zhu et al., 2022) revealed the damage behavior of masonry walls reinforced by polyurea double-sided at different explosion distances, it was found that polyurea sprayed on the rear face was better than on the front face, and the effect of double-sided coating was best at the same blast scaled distance.
In general, increasing the polyurea thickness can improve the anti-explosion performance.However, considering the cost reasons, it is unrealistic to infinitely increase the polyurea coating thickness.Therefore, it is a good choice to spray polyurea on corrugated steel to form composite structure.On the one hand, corrugated steel can provide large out-of-plane stiffness, which is conducive to enhancing the bending strength and stiffness of the structure (Yang et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2021).On the other hand, polyurea has good ductility and plastic deformation ability.
At present, (Li et al., 2022) conducted tests on the compression performance of double-layer corrugated steel composite wall filled with concrete, established a FE model for further study and proposed calculation formulas of compressive strength and axial compression resistance of composite wall (Sun et al., 2022) investigated the constraint mechanism of corrugated steel tube confined column core concrete, analyzed the influence of section size, steel tube width, corrugated steel plate wave height and thickness on core concrete strength index and specimen ductility index.Through experiments and numerical simulations, (Zuo et al., 2022) found that steel corrugated plate coupling beams had high shear capacity.(Wang et al., 2022a(Wang et al., , 2022b(Wang et al., , 2022c) ) developed the multi-grid corrugated steel shear wall, found its out-of-plane stiffness is further improved compared with ordinary corrugated steel plate shear wall.(Ghodratian-Kashan & Maleki, 2022) conducted experimental research and simulation verification on cyclic performance of double corrugated steel plate shear wall and discovered spindle-shaped hysteresis curves with good cyclic performance.At present, many researches on corrugated steel have been done, but there are few researches on the dynamic response at high strain rate.
In order to qualitatively and quantitatively study the damage effect and anti-explosion performance of POZDcoated corrugated steel reinforced concrete slabs under explosion load.In the paper, the explosion resistance of PSRC slab was studied by test and numerical simulation.The damage characteristics of PSRC slab were analyzed, the FE model was established and verified with the test results.On this basis, a series of numerical calculations were conducted using the verified finite element model to investigate the effects of POZD thicknesses and corrugated steel angles on performance of PSRC slab under explosive loading.The relationship between the quantitative damage characteristics and POZD thickness was established by dimensionless analysis, the empirical formula of the normalized damage characteristics considering the POZD thickness and TNT mass was obtained.The effects of different angles of corrugated steel on the anti-explosion performance of the structure were analyzed.

Methodology and Materials
To investigate the explosion resistance of PSRC slab, this study combined field tests and numerical model.This section describes how to conduct contact explosion tests, establish numerical models, and compare them with experimental results to verify the effectiveness of the finite element model.Based on the above contents, the numerical model could be extended to study the anti-explosion performance of PSRC slab under contact explosion loads.

Experimental Conditions
The specimen was constructed.It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the specimen consists of a concrete slab, corrugated steel plate and POZD coating.The geometrical dimensions of the whole configuration were 2000 mm × 2000 mm × 315 mm (length × width × thickness).The specimens were poured with C40 (The compressive strength of standard cube specimens is greater than or equal to 40 MPa concrete) concrete, in which the compressive strength was 41.2 MPa after curing for 28 days.The HRB400 (Hot-rolled Ribbed Bar with yield strength of 400 MPa) steel was used for the rebar.The rebar reinforcement Φ14@200 × 200 is arranged in two layers.Corrugated steel used Q235 steel with a thickness of 3 mm, a wave height of 165 mm, and a wave crest distance of 300 mm.POZD is a polyurea-based polymer material with better tensile and tear properties than polyurea as shown in Fig. 2. The thickness of POZD is 12 mm.The tensile strength of POZD is more than 25 MPa and the shear strength is more than 85 kN/m, these properties have been investigated in Ref (Wang et al., 2021).
Fig. 3 displays the layout of the field test.The specimen was placed on the steel frame and the wave crest at the bottom of the model was tangent to the beam of the steel frame.The four boundaries of the model were fixed on the steel frame by using G-clamps.The bottom of the model was suspended to simulate the vacant state of the structure, the anti-explosion performance was judged by observing the damage characteristics to the bottom.Table 1 demonstrates the specific test program.
The mass of a single explosive is 200 g, the geometrical dimensions are 300 mm × 50 mm × 25 mm (length × width × thickness).The charge used in the tests was an integer multiple of 200 g, as shown in Fig. 4. TNT explosive was fixed into an approximate cube by the transparent tape and the explosive source was placed on the specimen.

FE Model
Contact explosion is an extremely complex process and the dynamic response time is very short (Xu et al., 2022).Researchers often use the multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and particle blast method (PBM) methods for numerical simulation.However, SPH method can cause dispersion and instability of explosive load and PBM method cannot define the state equation of explosive (Chilvers et al., 2022).In this paper, the ALE method was used to simulate the dynamic response of the structure under explosion load in ANSYS/LS-DYNA software.
The numerical operation flow is shown in Figs. 5. 6 presents the FE model of PSRC slab.The air is modeled by 3D solid elements, the grid size is 20 mm.Bar is modeled by beam elements, the grid size is 10 mm.Concrete, steel plate, POZD and TNT are modeled by  Fig. 4 The shape and size of TNT 3D solid elements.Considering time cost and simulation accuracy, the mesh size of concrete, steel plate and POZD are partially encrypted.In order to ensure that the numerical simulation results were not affected by the mesh size, the mesh size of the model was analyzed for convergence.The element meshes were taken as 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm, respectively, to calculate the maximum deflection of the PSRC slab, and the displacement curves were obtained as shown in Fig. 7.The peak displacements were 92.3, 91.0, 90.0 and 88.9 mm for mesh sizes 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm, with errors of 1.4%, 0, 1.1% and 2.3% for mesh size 10 mm.For the purpose of ensuring mesh convergence and saving computational resources, the mesh size near TNT and the mesh size of structural boundary were finally taken as 10 mm and 20 mm, the counts for structural and air model elements were 5536135.Use the keywords CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_ SURFACE to define the adhesive force between concrete and steel plate, steel plate and POZD.In addition, the keywords MAT_ADD_ERROSION was used to describe severe damage processes.(Li & Hao, 2014) found that using 0.01 principle tensile strain as the erosion criterion can reliably predict the response of RC slabs.Therefore, 0.01 was selected as the erosion criterion in this paper, it can well describe the damage of slab.

Material Model
MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_REL3 was selected as the material model of concrete.It is the third version based on Karagozian and Case model (Liu et al., 2022a(Liu et al., , 2022b(Liu et al., , 2022c)).The model has three shear failure surfaces, it can be based on the default parameter generation function of infinite compressive strength of concrete (Erduran & Yakut, 2004;Malvar et al., 1997).The unconfined compressive strength after curing 28 days was 41.2 MPa in this paper.
The MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC was used for steel plate and steel bar.Strain rate was accounted for using the Cowper and Symonds model which scales the yield stress with the factor as follows (Zhao et al., 2019): σ y denotes yield stress; ε denotes the strain rate; C and P are the coefficients in model.In this paper, σ y of the steel plate is 235 MPa, σ y of the steel bar is 400 MPa, C and P are 13.8 S −1 and 5.
The stress-strain behavior of POZD is highly dependent on strain rate.The US Air Force Laboratory had measured the stress curves of polyurea under different strain rates (Davidson, Sudame et al. 2004).The MAT_ PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY was adopted to represent the tensile and compressive behavior of POZD.According to the research done in Ref. (Wang et al., 2022a(Wang et al., , 2022b(Wang et al., , 2022c)), the tensile failure of POZD was defined as 0.85.
The air was modeled with the Null material model as an ideal gas (Cheng et al., 2019;Song et al., 2016).The EOS_LINEAR_ POLYNOMIAL was used to simulate the equation of state of the air as follow (Liu et al., 2022a(Liu et al., , 2022b(Liu et al., , 2022c)): P denotes the pressure; E 0 denotes initial internal energy per unit volume; C 0 − C 6 denotes the coeffi- cients; µ = 1 V − 1 , where V is the relative volume.In this paper, (1) The MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN was selected for TNT charge (Wu et al., 2021).Its corresponding equation of state is as follows: where P cj denotes the pressure; A 1 , B 1 , R 1 , R 2 and ω denote the coefficients of the explosion; e 0 denotes the initial internal energy per unit volume; V denotes the relative volume.In this paper, P cj = 21000MPa ;

Results and Verification
The damage deformation of PSRC slab is demonstrated in Fig. 8.In numerical simulation, a 323-mm-diameter crater was created on the front, slightly larger than that measured in the experiment, as shown in Fig. 8(a).The damage on the back numerically was elliptical bulge deformation, which was the same as the experimental (3) result.In the simulation, the bulge long diameter was 997 mm, the bulge short diameter was 376 mm, which were similar to the 963 mm and 352 mm measured in the experiment, as shown in.Fig. 8(b).Comparing the numerical simulation results with the experimental results, the error of the crater diameter is 10.8%, and the errors of the bulge long diameter and bulge short diameter are 3.5% and 6.8%, respectively.The numerical simulation results were reasonable compared with the experimental results.

Damage Characteristic Response Analysis
The deformation and damage process of PSRC specimen under 4000 g TNT explosive are demonstrated in Fig. 9.At about 79 ms, at the front of the specimen, the concrete medium generated crater under the blast wave, and the back concrete had slight cracks.At about 239 ms, due to the poor tensile strength of the concrete medium, the back of concrete slab produced spalling, POZD-coated steel plate produced slight bulging deformation.At about 719 ms, the spalling on the back of concrete continued to expand and the crack spreads around, the bulging

Structural Theory Analysis
It is assumed that the concrete medium and the steel plate medium are always in contact at the intersection, and no detachment occurs.According to Newton's third law and continuity condition, the incident wave △ σ I is reflected and refracted through the concrete slab at the intersection of the concrete medium and the steel plate medium, and the velocity and stress of the masses on both sides are the same, which can be obtained as follows: △ v I denotes the wave speed of the incident wave, △ v R denotes the wave speed of the reflected wave, △ v T denotes the wave speed of the transmitted wave; △ σ I denotes the stress of the incident wave, △ σ R denotes the stress of the reflected wave, △ σ T denotes the stress of the transmitted wave.
According to the law of conservation of energy, the relationship between the mass velocity and stress on both sides of the intersection can be obtained, where the left side of the equation represents the mass velocity and (4) stress in the concrete medium, and the right side of the equation represents the mass velocity and stress in the steel plate medium (Wu et al. 2021): F denotes the reflection coefficient of stress wave, T denotes the transmission coefficient of stress wave, n denotes the ratio of wave impedance of concrete medium and steel plate, ρ 1 denotes the density of con- crete medium, C 1 denotes the wave velocity of concrete material, ρ 1 C 1 denotes the wave impedance of concrete medium, ρ 2 denotes the density of corrugated steel medium, C 2 denotes the wave velocity of corrugated steel medium, ρ 2 C 2 denotes the wave impedance of corrugated steel medium.
The transmission coefficients T and reflection coeffi- cients F satisfy the following relationship: According to Zhenyu Han (Han et al. 2020), the direction of the transmitted wave △ σ T is often the same as that of the incident wave △ σ I , so the transmission coef- ficient T is always positive, while the direction of the reflected wave △ σ R is not determined, so the positive or negative reflection coefficient F is not determined, depending on the magnitude of the wave impedance ratio n .According to the ratio of wave impedance n , the mag- nitude of the transmission coefficient T and the positive or negative reflection coefficient F , there are three cases: (1) The ratio of wave impedance n > 1, reflection coef- ficient F < 0, transmission coefficient T < 1.
When the stress wave was transmitted from the concrete medium to the corrugated steel medium, it is a process from a medium with low wave impedance to a medium with high wave impedance, and the peak stress of the transmitted wave △ σ T in the corrugated steel plate can be obtained as: ρ 1 C 1 is the wave impedance of concrete, the average value is taken as 7.2 MPa/m • s ; ρ 2 C 2 is the wave imped- ance of corrugated steel medium, the average value is 39 MPa/m • s , which gives: After the POZD was coated on the back side of the corrugated steel plate, △ σ I passed through the concrete medium to form △ σ T in the steel medium, and △ σ T would continue to transmit and reflect through the intersection of the corrugated steel plate and the POZD coating.In the actual composite structure, an adhesive layer exists between the POZD coating and the corrugated steel.To simplify the analysis process, this interfacial adhesive layer was neglected.It was assumed that under the impact of the blast load, the adhesive force between the two medium is always present and the two medium are not separated.Therefore, when the stress wave propagates at the intersection of corrugated steel and POZD coating, it is a process of high wave impedance medium to low wave impedance medium, and the peak stress of transmitted wave △ σ T 2 in the POZD coating can be obtained as: ρ 2 C 2 is the wave impedance of the corrugated steel medium with an average value of 39 MPa/m • s , ρ 3 C 3 is the wave impedance of the POZD coating with an approximate value of 0.326 MPa/m • s , which gives: We can see that the structure was coated with POZD coating behind the structure, so that the stress wave generated by the explosion through the concrete medium, steel plate medium and POZD coating medium, the peak stress is only 2.79% of the incident wave, which greatly weakened the energy propagation of the stress wave and better improved the protective performance of corrugated steel reinforced concrete slab.

Parametric Studies
The numerical results of the third section showed that the developed FE model conformed to the dynamic response process of PSRC slab.To explore the factors affecting the anti-explosion performance, the parametric analysis was (10) carried out by changing POZD thickness, TNT mass and corrugated steel angle.

Influence of POZD Thickness
Through 334 blast tests, McVay (Mcvay) found that the damage characteristics of concrete structures are related to R/W 1/3 and T /W 1/3 , where R represents the detona- tion center height, T represents the structural thickness, and W represents the TNT charge.R/W 1/3 often used to evaluate the damage effect of air blast resistance of structures, while T /W 1/3 is used to evaluate the damage effect under contact explosion.(Liu et al., 2022a(Liu et al., , 2022b(Liu et al., , 2022c) ) and (Wang et al., 2022a(Wang et al., , 2022b(Wang et al., , 2022c) ) studied the relationship between R/W 1/3 and structural damage charac- teristics through experiments and numerical simulations.(Ichino et al., 2020); (Yu et al., 2020) and (Masahiro et al., 2004) divided the damage modes under different charges by T /W 1/3 .Based on this study, the effect of POZD thickness and TNT mass on blast resistance was further explored in this paper.
In this section, 6 mm, 12 mm and 16 mm POZD coatings are coated on the RC slabs strengthened with corrugated steel, respectively, the TNT charge varies from 500 to 7000 g and the other parameters are the same as the above finite element simulation results.The numerical results are listed in Table 2. Taking the maximum deflection on the back as the damage characteristics, POZD thickness and TNT mass were used as factors affecting the blast resistance.Dimensionless treatment of maximum deflection and POZD thickness, as shown in Fig. 10.where l represents the maximum deflection of the structure, h represents POZD coating thickness, T represents total slab thickness and W represents TNT mass.
Fig. 10 illustrates the relationship between the maximum deflection and TNT mass, POZD thickness.When POZD thickness is constant, the maximum deflection of the structure increases with increasing TNT mass.The TNT mass is fixed, the maximum deflection decreases with increasing POZD thickness, and the anti-explosion performance becomes better.
Due to the brittle characteristics of concrete, it is easy to produce cracks, collapses and other damage under strong dynamic loads such as explosion loads, resulting in cracks in the back of concrete and splash of concrete fragments.Compared with steel plate, corrugated steel can provide large out-of-plane stiffness, change the direction of shock wave propagation.It concentrates most of shock waves near the wave crest, reduces the stress concentration in other positions of slab, which is conducive to enhancing the bending strength and stiffness of the structure.POZD can absorb part of the energy generated by the explosion, thereby increasing the anti-explosion performance of the structure.
The dynamic response of PSRC slab under explosion is a complicated process.In order to explore its anti-explosion performance, combined with the numerical simulation results, the relationship between dimensionless deflection l/T and T /W 1/3 is fitted, as shown in Fig. 11.The fitting formula is as follows: In formula ( 14), when T /W 1/3 ≤ 0.11 , due to the small TNT charge, the shock waves cannot

Influence of Corrugated Steel Angle
Based on the FE model in the third section, the blast resistance of PSRC slab is further studied by changing the corrugated steel angles and TNT mass while keeping the total thickness unchanged.The sketch of the model is shown in Fig. 13 and the program is shown in Table 3.In this section, the maximum deflection δ of PSRC slab was used as the criterion for structural failure.The relationship between δ and physical quantities can be expressed as follows: In this paper, Q, ρ e , E e , γ e are charge, density, energy per unit volume and expansion index of TNT; ρ c , E c , ν c , σ c , D c are density, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield limit and thickness of concrete; ρ s , E s , ν s , σ s , D s are density, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield limit and thickness of steel plate; ρ p , E p , ν p , σ p , D p are density, elastic modu- lus, Poisson's ratio, yield limit and thickness of POZD.
When TNT, concrete and corrugated steel materials are selected consistently and structural size is determined, the charge Q , TNT density ρ e and steel plate thickness D s are taken as the basic quantities.Formula ( 16) can be converted into a simple dimensionless relation as follows: According to the numerical simulation results in Table 3, is taken as the abscissa, δ D s is taken as the ordinate, analyzing and fitting the data, the final fitting curve is shown in Fig. 12.The formula is as follows: where θ represents the angle of corrugated steel.( ).
( Q/ρ e D s , but the difference is not obvious.When the angle of corrugated steel is 50 degrees, the growth rate of the δ D s is the lowest, as shown in Fig. 14.This shows that with the increase of corrugated steel angle, the PSRC slab blast resistance improvement effect will be better.When the angle is 50 degrees, the improvement effect of structural blast resistance is the best.

Conclusion
In this paper, the effects of POZD and corrugated steel on the blast resistance of PSRC slab were investigated.The FE model was established by LS-DYNA software and the dynamic response process of the structure was studied.The effectiveness of the FE model was verified according to the test results.Then, the parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of different POZD thicknesses and different corrugated steel angles on the structural damage effect.The conclusions are as follows: (1) The dynamic response process of the structure was that the crater was first generated on the front of the structure, the concrete on the back was cracked.The concrete on the back was spalled, the POZDcoated steel plate produced slight bulging deformation.The spalling and bulging continued to expand until the structure was completely destroyed or the dynamic response process ended.(2) Comparing the numerical simulation results with the experimental results, the errors of the bulge long diameter and bulge short diameter were 3.5% and 6.8%, respectively.The numerical model established in this paper can effectively simulate the damage process of PSRC under contact explosion.
(3) The POZD coating on the back of the structure made the peak stress of the stress wave generated by the explosion only 2.79% of the incident wave, which greatly weakened the energy propagation and improved the anti-explosion performance of the structure.(4) The relationship between the back bulge height, the POZD thickness and T /W 1/3 was established.
Based on the numerical results, the empirical expression of normalized bulge height considering both the POZD thickness and T /W 1/3 was obtained.The TNT mass was fixed, the maximum deflection decreases with increasing POZD thickness, and the anti-explosion performance became better.
(5) The empirical expression between the maximum deflection, corrugated steel angles and TNT mass was established.The anti-explosion performance of the structure increases with the increase of the corrugated steel angles, when the angle was 50 , the improvement effect of structural blast resistance was the best.
Further research on RC slabs strengthened with POZD-coated corrugated steel under contact explosive should be conducted.It is also necessary to study the influence of different reinforcement ratios and concrete strength and different strength of corrugated steel on the anti-explosion performance of the structure.The results of this paper will provide more basis for the application of PSRC slab in protection engineering.

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Geometry and reinforcement of specimen

Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Damage comparison of PSRC. a Front face.b Back face

Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Deformation and damage process of PSRC 77e −3.12T /W 1/3 − 0.08) − 0.07, 0.11 ≤ T W 1/3 ≤ 1.23.propagate to the bottom of the structure, and only a crater is formed on the front, as shown in Fig.12(a).When 0.11 ≤ T /W 1/3 ≤ 1.23 , with the increase of explosive mass, the shock waves act on the bottom, causing the front crater, the back concrete spalling and POZD coating corrugated steel bulging deformation, as shown in Fig.12(b).When T /W 1/3 ≥ 1.23 , the energy generated far exceeds the load that the specimen can withstand, leading to the penetration failure of the entire structure, as shown in Fig.12(c).

Fig. 10
Fig. 10 The maximum deflection of the structure with different coating thickness under different TNT mass Fig. 11 Relationship between maximum deflection and TNT mass (15) ω =f (Q, ρ e , E e , γ e ; ρ c , E c , ν c , σ c , D c ; ρ s , E s , ν s , σ s , D s ; ρ p , E p , ν p , σ p , D p ).

Table 1
Test program

Table 2
Simulation results

Table 3
Numerical program