On periodic solutions of a discrete Nicholson’s dual system with density-dependent mortality and harvesting terms

In this study, we discuss the existence of positive periodic solutions of a class of discrete density-dependent mortal Nicholson’s dual system with harvesting terms. By means of the continuation coincidence degree theorem, a set of sufficient conditions, which ensure that there exists at least one positive periodic solution, are established. A numerical example with graphical simulation of the model is provided to examine the validity of the main results.


Introduction
Global stability means that the attracting basin of trajectories of a dynamical system is either the state space or a certain region in the state space, which is the defining region of the state variables of the system. In other words, global stability means that any trajectories finally tend to the attractor of the system, regardless of initial conditions. For most of biological systems, population dynamics, e.g., gene regulatory systems, are needed to be globally stable [1][2][3][4]. In addition, the global asymptotical stability of the positive equilibrium of a dynamical system is one of the research foci in theoretical studies of both continuous and discrete bio-mathematical models [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].
Long investigated a patch structure Nicholson's blowflies model involving multiple pairs of different time-varying delays for t ≥ t 0 , i = 1, 2, . . . , n [11]. The author established three novel criteria to check the global convergence, generalized exponential convergence, and asymptotical stability on the zero equilibrium point of the addressed model, without assuming the uniform positiveness of the death rate and the boundedness of coefficients, respectively (see [11]). Zhang et al. established the existence and global exponential stability of positive almost periodic solutions for Nicholson's blowflies systems involving patch structure and nonlinear densitydependent mortality terms by applying differential inequality techniques and the fluctuation lemma which guarantees the existence of positive asymptotically almost periodic solutions for the addressed system [12]. Qian et al., under some assumptions, developed a novel approach to demonstrate the global stability of positive asymptotically almost periodic solutions for the nonlinear density-dependent mortality Nicholson's blowflies system for i = 1, 2, . . . , n [13]. Sweilam et al. considered variable-order fractional coupled nonlinear Burger's equations under proportional delay a, b, and c in two dimensions (2-D) with the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo (ABC) derivatives as follows: with the initial conditions u(x, y, t 0 ) = g 1 (x, y), v(x, y, t 0 ) = g 2 (x, y), x, y ∈ [L 0 , L], and some boundary conditions where 0 < αx, y, t) ≤ 1 and u(x, y, t) and v(x, y, t) are velocity components, ρ is a diffusion coefficient, λ 1 , λ 2 , β 1 , and β 2 are constants, g 1 (x, y), g 2 (x, y), f 1 (x, y, t), and f 2 (x, y, t) are all known functions, t 0 is the initial time, a, b, c ∈ (0, 1) [3]. Also, Sweilam et al. in [7] investigated the effect of the optimal control of the variable order for HIV/AIDS and malaria mathematical models with multi-time delay and developed an efficient numerical algorithm to approximate the solutions of the proposed model with three control variables to reduce the number of the infected individuals of malaria and HIV/AIDS, and presented the numerical simulations for the obtained variable-order fractional system. Jaradat et al. considered the effect of inherited memory time and delay time in the formulation of a mathematical population growth model for t > 0, where α ∈ (0, 1] is the Caputo derivative, and introduced two different numerical schemes to study analytically the propagation of population growth [6]. In 1986, Freedman et al. introduced criteria, such as population dynamics that has always been a core topic in theoretical ecology, which are established for three classes of models of single-species dynamics with a single discrete delay to have a globally asymptotically stable positive equilibrium independent of the length of delay [5]. In fact, asymptotic mean square stability of the linear part of the considered equation is used to verify stability in probability of nonlinear origin equation. In biological applications, a recruitmentdelayed model is frequently used, where k(t) is a population size, the birth function B involves maturation delay t 1 , and the death rate D depends on the current population level only. In order to characterize the population of the Australian sheep blowflies and to coincide well with the experimental result, Nicholson [14] and Gurney [15] introduced Nicholson's blowflies model where k(t) denotes the population size at time t, a is the per capita daily adult death rate, b denotes the maximum per capita daily egg production, 1 c is the size at which the blowfly population reproduces at its maximum rate, and t 1 is delay of the generation time.
where ϒ is a bounded domain in R N with smooth boundary ∂ϒ, the parameters α, λ are positive constants, and nonnegative kernel function w satisfies ∞ 0 w(ξ )dξ = 1 [16]. In 2019, Gao et al. studied the conformable (2 + 1)-dimensional Ablowitz-KaupNewell-Segur equation in order to show the existence of complex combined dark-bright soliton solutions [12]. To this purpose, an effective method, i.e., the sine-Gordon expansion method, was used [12]. The 2D and 3D surfaces under some suitable values of parameters were also plotted [12].
Recently, many researchers have worked on a numerical technique to solve some types of equations such as Burgers' equations with proportional delay, mathematical models with multi-time delay, an SEIR epidemic model for COVID-19 transmission, and biomathematics model inherited with memory time and delay time [3,6,7,17]. In 2020, Yel al. employed the sine-Gordon expansion method to shallow water wave models which are Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and the Benney-Luke equations [18]. They constructed many new complex combined dark-bright soliton, anti-kink soliton solutions for the governing models, and the 2D, 3D, and contour plots were given under the suitable coefficients [18]. Also, García Guirao et al. applied the sine-Gordon expansion method to the extended nonlinear (2 + 1)-dimensional Boussinesq equation [10]. Many new dark, complex, and mixed dark-bright soliton solutions of the governing model have been derived [10]. Moreover, for better understanding of the results, 2D, 3D, and contour graphs under the strain conditions and the suitable values of parameters were also plotted [10].
In 2018, the authors considered a discrete Nicholson's blowflies model where n ∈ Z and α, b, β, γ , τ : Z → [0, ∞) are almost periodic sequences, which involve a nonlinear density-dependent mortality term, and by using a fixed point theorem and Lyapunov functional method, obtained the existence and locally exponential stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions for the addressed Nicholson's blowflies model [19].
Here, we propose in this paper the following dual system of Nicholson's blowflies model: ), where denotes the population's size at time t and periodic functions τ 1 , τ 2 : R → [0, ∞) are continuous with period p. By using the technical idea of Gaines and Mawhin continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory in [57], we derive the sufficient conditions for the new result of existence of positive periodic solution to system (1). Finally, one numerical simulation example is provided to verify the main results.
We arrange the rest of the paper as follows: In Sect. 2, we recall some preliminaries of the basic tool. Section 3 is devoted to showing the main results, while an example illustrating the obtained results and an algorithm for the system are presented in Sect. 4.

Preliminaries
Before exploring the existence of periodic solutions of the system, we give some denotations, which will be useful to prove the main result. Let L : Dom L ⊂ Y → Z and N : Y → Z be a linear mapping and a continuous mapping, respectively, where Y and Z are real Banach spaces. Let Y and Z be Banach spaces and LB(Y, Z) denote the set of bounded linear operators T from Y to Z with Dom(T ) = Y. An operator L ∈ LB(Y, Z) is called a Fredholm mapping of index zero if dim ker L , codim Im L are finite and Im L ⊂ Z is closed. If L is a Fredholm mapping of index zero, then there exist continuous projectors P : Y → Y and Q : Z → Z such that It follows that the restriction L | P of L to

Lemma 2 ([58])
Suppose that k : Z → R is a p-periodic function such that k(ν + p) = k(ν). Then, for any fixed ν 1 , ν 2 belonging to and any ν ∈ Z, one has For convenience, we shall introduce the following notations: (1), we assume that: and

Theorem 3 For system
Then there exists at least one positive periodic solution of system (1).
Proof By the biological meaning, we only focus on the positive periodic solutions to system (1). Let the transformation be k 1 (ν) = exp( 1 (ν)) and k 2 (ν) = exp( 2 (ν)). Then system (1) becomes where Since (4) has a p-periodic solution ( 1 (ν), 2 (ν)) T , it is easy to see that T is a positive p-periodic solution of (1). Next, it needs to show that (4) has a p-periodic solution. Define For r = (r 1 , r 2 ) T ∈ R 2 , define |r| = max{|r 1 |, |r 2 |}. Let j p ⊂ j 2 denote the subspace of all pperiodic sequences equipped with the usual supremum norm · , i.e., It is obvious that j p is a finite dimensional Banach space. Let Then it follows that j Then Z is a Banach space with norm · . Now, we define L : Dom(L ) ⊂ Z → Z and N : Z → Z by L ( 1 , 2 ) = 1 (ν + 1) -1 (ν) 2 (ν + 1) -2 (ν) and N ( 1 , 2 ) = θ 1 (ν) θ 2 (ν) for any ( 1 , 2 ) T ∈ Z and ν ∈ Z, here θ 1 (ν) and θ 2 (ν) are defined by Eq. (5). It is trivial to get the argument L is a bounded linear operator, ker L = j p c , Im L = j p 0 , and Im L ⊂ Z is closed. Therefore, dim ker L = codim Im L = 2. Indeed, L is a Fredholm mapping of index zero. At present, we set the continuous projectors P : Z → Z and Q : Z → Z defined by , such that Eq. (2) holds. Furthermore, K denotes the inverse of L | Dom K ∩ker P , , . The isomorphism J : Im Q → ker L is an identity mapping such that ker L = Im Q. In the following, we consider the operator equation L = ηN for η ∈ (0, 1), that is,

This implies that functions
Suppose that ( 1 (ν), 2 (ν)) T ∈ Z is a solution of (6) for certain η ∈ (0, 1), and summing from 0 to p -1 on both sides, we get Combining the first equation of system (6) and the first equation of system (7), we have here From the second equation of system (6) and the second equation of system (7), we have here Multiplying the first equation of system (7) by exp( 1 (l)), we obtain Notice that and sup ≥0 exp(-) = 1 exp(1) .

An example for the system
Now, we illustrate the main Theorem 3 with the following model.

Conclusions and discussion
In the last decades, Nicholson's blowflies model has found successful applications in many areas such as population dynamics, system control theory, biomathematics, and optimization problems. In this paper, we study a discrete Nicholson's dual system with density- dependent morality harvesting terms. Some sufficient conditions for the existence of positive periodic solutions have been established. Moreover, a numerical example is given to show the feasibility of our results. Also, this result relates to biological modeling [5,16,59].

Appendix: Supporting information
Algorithm 1 The MATLAB lines for computing a ij (l)