Concentrated solutions for a critical nonlocal problem

In this paper, we deal with a class of fractional critical problems. Under some suitable assumptions, we derive the existence of a positive solution concentrating at the critical point of the Robin function by using the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction method. Comparing with previous work, we encounter some new challenges because of a nonlocal term. By making some delicate estimates for the nonlocal term we overcome the difficulty and find a bubbling solution.


Introduction
This paper is concerned with the solution for the following elliptic equation involving fractional spectral Laplacian and critical exponent: where 0 < s < 1, 2 * s = 2N N-2s , Ω is a smooth bounded domain of R N . (-) s denotes the fractional Laplace operator, and λ 1 (Ω) is the first eigenvalue of (-) s in Ω under zero Dirichlet boundary data.
The fractional power of the Laplacian (-) s appears in diverse areas including physic, biological modeling and mathematical finances; see [6,7,12]. An important quality of the fractional Laplacian is its nonlocal property, which makes it difficult to handle. Caffarelli and Silvestre gave a new method which allows one to transform nonlocal problems to local ones in [8]. Many researchers studied nonlinear problems of Eq. (1.1) based on these extensions which permit it to use variational methods. More precisely, for the subcritical exponent, Dipierro et al. proved the existence of a positive and spherically symmetric solution in [13]. Recently, Wang and Zhou [27] also considered subcritical case, they obtained the existence of a radial sign-changing solution by using Brouwer degree theory and variational method. In [30], Yan et al. obtain infinitely many solutions as an application of the compactness result. For the equation (-) s = u q with the supercritical exponents q ≥ N+2s N-2s , the nonexistence of solutions was proved in [3,25,26] in which one used the Pohozaev type identities. Partial differential equations involving the fractional Laplacian have attracted the attention of many researchers; see for example [2,5,6,8,14,15,17,18,22,23,29] and the references therein.
The analogue problem to (1.1) for the Laplacian operator has been studied extensively in recent years; see [1,4,6,11,28] and the references therein. For s = 1, the equation becomes the Brezis-Nirenberg problem x ∈ ∂Ω. (1.2) Rey [20] constructed a family of solutions which asymptotically blow up at a nondegenerate critical point of the Robin function. Moreover, this result was extended in [19], where Musso and Pistoia obtained the existence of multi-peak solutions for certain domains. In with s = 1. It is well known that the Sobolev embedding H 1 0 (Ω) → L 2 * (Ω) is not compact even if Ω is bounded. In [16], a concentration-compactness principle was developed to treat non-compact critical variational problems. A global compactness result was found in [24] which describes precisely the obstacles of the compactness for critical semilinear elliptic problems.
The aim of this paper is to study the problem when p = N+2s N-2s is the critical Sobolev exponent and λ > 0 is close to zero. Using variational methods and Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction, we prove that Eq. (1.1) admits a positive solution concentrating at the critical point of the Robin function. However, due to the fact that the fractional Laplacian operator is nonlocal, very few things on this topic are known about the fractional Laplacian.
We point out that we adopt in the paper the spectral definition of the fractional Laplacian in a bounded case with a Caffarelli-Silverstre type extension [9], and not the integral definition. We refer to [21] for a nice comparison between these two different notions.
We set the fractional Sobolev space H s 0 (Ω) (0 < s < 1) by which is a Hilbert space whose inner product is given by Moreover, for a function in H s 0 (Ω), we define the fractional Laplacian as We also consider the square root (-) s 2 : H s 0 (Ω) → L 2 (Ω). Note that by the above definitions, we have If the domain Ω is the whole space R N , the space H s (R N ) (0 < s < 1) is given as whereû denotes the Fourier transform of u, and the fractional Laplacian (-) s is defined to be (-) s u(ξ ) = |2πξ | 2sû (ξ ).

Definition 1.1
For a function u ∈ H s 0 (Ω), we denote its s-harmonic extension w = E s (u) to the cylinder C as the solution of the problem With this definition, we see problem (1.1) is the Brezis-Nirenberg type problem with the fractional Laplacian. To treat the nonlocal problem (1.1), we shall study a corresponding extension problem; we refer the reader to [2,3,22] and the references therein. Therefore, the nonlocal problem (1.1) can be reformulated to the following local problem: where ∂ ∂ν is the outward normal derivative of ∂C. The extension operator is an isometry between H s 0 (Ω) and H 1 0,L (C), namely Hence, critical points of the functional defined on H 1 0,L (C) corresponding to solutions of (1.5). Without loss of generality, we may assume C s = 1. Now we introduce the Green's function of (-) s with the Dirichlet boundary condition, which solves (-) s G(·, y) = δ y in Ω and G(·, y) = 0 on ∂Ω.
The regular part of G is given by The diagonal part τ of the function H, namely, τ (x) := H(x, x) for x ∈ Ω is called the Robin function and it plays a crucial role for our problem. This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we study the regularity of the Green's function of fractional Laplacian and show some estimates. In Sect. 3, using the Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction method, we prove the main theorem. We exhibit some necessary computations for the construction of concentrating solutions in the appendix.

Some preliminaries and estimates
In the following lemma we list some relevant inequalities from [3]. When r = 2 * s , the best constant in (2.1) is denoted by S(s, N), that is, 2s-N 2 and let W be the extension of U. Then is the extreme function for the fractional Sobolev inequality (2.2). The constant S(s, N) takes the exact value It was shown that, if a suitable decay assumption is imposed, then {u x,μ : μ > 0, x ∈ R N } is the set of all solutions for the problem Now we introduce the Green's function in case of s-harmonic extension operator. Let G be the Green's function of the fractional Laplacian (-) s with the zero Dirichlet boundary condition. Then it can be regarded as the trace of the Green's function G C = G C (z, x) for the extended Dirichlet-Neumann problem which satisfies In fact, if a function W in C solves for some function g on Ω × {0}, then we can see that W has the expression where w = tr| Ω×{0} W . Then, by plugging z = (x, 0) in the above equalities, we obtain The Green's function G C on the half cylinder C can be partitioned to the singular part and regular part. The single part is In this section, we prove Theorem 1.2 by applying the Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction method to the extended problem where 0 < s < 1 and p = N+2s N-2s . We recall that the functions u x,μ and U x,μ are defined in (2.3). It is known that the space of the bounded solutions for the linearized equation is spanned by where x = (x 1 , . . . , x N ) represents the variable in R N . By the results of Dávial, del Pino and Sire [10], it also follows that the solutions of the extended problem of x ∈ ∂Ω × (0, +∞). (2.11) then H C ((x, t), y) is the regular part of the Green's function. Thus, we obtain H (x, t), y .
The energy function corresponding to (1.5) is We expand J(ω) as follows: where (2.18) and is the higher order of ω.
In order to find a critical point for J(ω), we need to discuss each term in the expansion (2.16). We will use x instead of x λ for simplicity in this paper.
Now we arrive at the main result in this section.

Lemma 2.3
There is a constant C > 0 independent of μ such that Proof By a direct calculation, in the case 2 * s -1 > 2, we know that Now, we deal with 2 * s -1 < 2 to obtain As a result, we complete the proof.

Lemma 2.4
There is a constant C > 0 independent of μ such that By a direct calculation, we have By a direct calculation, we have where Ω μ = {y : μ -1 y = x ∈ Ω}.
Then we get the conclusion.

The finite-dimensional reduction and proof of the main results
In this section, we intend to prove the main theorem by the Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction. It is easy to check that Lw can be generated by a bounded linear operator L from E to E, which is defined as Next, we show the invertibility of L in E.
Now we perform the finite-dimensional reduction procedure.

Proposition 3.2
There is a C 1 map from S to H 1 0,L : ω = ω(μ), satisfying ω ∈ E, and Moreover, there exists a constant C > 0 independent of μ such that (3.10) Proof We will use the contraction theorem to prove it. It is known that (ω) is a bounded linear functional in E. By the Riesz representation theorem, there is an ∈ E such that (ω) = , ω .
So, finding a critical point for I(ω) is equivalent to solving By Proposition 3.1, L is invertible. Thus (3.11) is equivalent to We shall verify that A is a contraction mapping from S to itself. In fact, on the one hand, for any ω ∈ S, we obtain On the other hand, for any ω 1 , ω 2 ∈ S, Then the result follows from the contraction mapping theorem.
Proof We can refer to [19], we omit the proof. Now, we consider the critical point of w(x, μ). For ω = 0, we obtain where B 0 , B 1 are defined in the appendix.
By a direct calculation, we get Since Combining (3.15) and (3.16), we obtain

Appendix: Energy expansion
In this section, we will give the energy expansion for the approximate solution. Recall Proposition A. 1 We have Proof Recall First, using (2.11), we note the following identity: By a direct computation, we have Since ϕ = U x,μ -P Ω U x,μ , by a direct computation, we have