An analysis concerning approximate controllability results for second-order Sobolev-type delay differential systems with impulses

This paper is devoted to studying the approximate controllability for second-order impulsive differential inclusions with infinite delay. For proving the main results, we use the results related to the cosine and sine function of operators, Martelli’s fixed point theorem, and the results when combined with the properties of differential inclusions. Firstly, we prove the approximate controllability for second-order impulsive differential inclusions with initial conditions. Then, we extend the discussion to the second-order impulsive system with nonlocal conditions. Finally, we provide an example for the illustration of the obtained theoretical results.


Introduction
It is necessary for the analysis of impulsive differential systems to predict a system's true dynamics. The occurrence of sudden changes in the state of systems gives rise to the notion of impulsive differential systems. Instantaneous forces (disturbances) or changing operational conditions cause these changes in status. Differential systems that handle impulsive changes appear in a variety of applications, including mechanical and biological models that are subjected to shocks, biological systems, population dynamics, and electromagnetic wave radiation. Impulsive differential equations have gotten significant in physical engineering, economics, population dynamics, and social sciences. A critical advancement in the areas of impulsive theory exists, particularly in systems with fixed instants. This is a powerful model for portraying unexpected transform at specific instants in large numbers of the unbroken evolution process and permitting a superior perception of some real circumstances under certain problems in applied science, and one can go through the books [1,26] and research articles [14, 18-22, 36, 45, 49, 50, 57]. Recently, in [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], the authors studied the differential systems with hemivariational inequalities by using various fixed point theorems. In articles [21,22], the authors discussed the existence of mild solutions for the second-order impulsive differential system by using the sine and cosine functions of operators, classical nonlocal conditions, piecewise continuous functions, and fixed point theorems. In articles [18][19][20], the authors provided a detailed discussion on the existence of the second-order differential systems by applying evolution operators, sine and cosine functions of operators, theories on nonautonomous systems, and various fixed point theorems.
In recent years, controllability has turned into a fascinating exploration in the fractional dynamical system, and it is also the basic idea in recent mathematical control theory. Control theory plays a vital role in applied mathematics, which engages the construction and inspection of the control framework. For the last few years, in countless dimensional spaces, the controllability of different types of nonlinear has been concentrated in many exploration papers by employing a variety of approaches. A wide rundown of these conveyances may be found in [14, 29-31, 33, 38, 49, 51, 55]. Differential systems of the Sobolev type are also popular in a variety of applications, such as liquid flow across fissured materials, thermodynamics, and shearing in second-order liquids. For more information, refer to articles [3,14,16,17,24,28,34,48,49,52,54,56].
In [14], the author proved the controllability of first-order impulsive functional differential systems with infinite delay by using Schauder's fixed point theorem combined with a strongly continuous operator semigroup. In [31], the authors discussed the approximate controllability of second-order evolution differential inclusions by using sine and cosine functions of operators, multivalued maps, and Bohnenblust-Karlin's fixed point theorem. In [38], the authors discussed the approximate controllability of fractional nonlinear differential inclusions by applying the fractional calculus, multivalued maps, and Bohnenblust-Karlin's fixed point theorem. In [39][40][41][42][43][44], the authors discussed the existence, approximate controllability, and optimal control for first-order, second-order, and fractional-order differential systems by applying semigroup theory, fractional calculus, cosine and sine functions of operators, and various fixed point theorems. In [48,49,[51][52][53][54][55], the authors discussed the exact and approximate controllability results for first-order, second-order, fractional-order differential systems by applying semigroup theory, resolvent operators, multivalued maps, and various fixed point approaches.
This article mainly focuses on the approximate controllability for Sobolev-type impulsive delay differential inclusions of second order with the infinite delay of the form where z(·) takes values in a Banach space Z . u(·) is given in L 2 (V , U), a Banach space of admissible control functions, G : V × P ν → 2 P ν is a nonempty, bounded, closed, and convex multivalued map. The histories z ς : (-∞, 0] → P ν , z ς (ε) = z(ς + ε), ε ≤ 0 are associated with the phase space P ν . The linear operator B is bounded from a Banach space U into , and z (ςj ) denote right and left limits of z(ς) at ς = ς j and z (ς) at ς = ς j respectively.
The main contributions of this study are as follows: • Under the assumption that the associated linear system is approximately controllable, we establish a set of adequate requirements for the approximate controllability of second-order delay differential inclusions of Sobolev type. • In the recent and vast literature on the exact controllability of abstract control differential issues, the authors [37] pointed out an inaccuracy. However, in our research, we merely define necessary conditions for the approximate controllability results of a second-order differential system to prevent such inaccuracies. • The cosine function of the operator is considered to be compact, and as a result, the linear control system connected with the cosine function of the operator is only approximately controllable. • We show that the concept of exact controllability has no analogue in our result.
Finally, we show an example of a system that is not exactly controllable but is approximately controllable to some extent. • To the best of our knowledge, approximate controllability discussion for second-order differential systems with infinite delay by using Martelli's fixed point theorem has not been studied in this connection. This gives the additional motivation for writing this article. We subdivide this paper into the accompanying sections: Some basic definitions are recalled and preparation outcomes are presented in Sect. 2. Section 3 derives a sort of adequate conditions proving the approximate controllability of system (1.1)-(1.4). The extension of system (1.1)-(1.4) with nonlocal conditions can be found in Sect. 4. At last, in Sect. 5, an example is presented for drawing the theory of our primary outcomes.

Preliminaries
This section recalls the necessary things to obtain the primary facts of our discussion. B p (z, Z ) denotes the closed ball with center z and radius p > 0 in Z . Now, the sine function signified by (M (ς)) ς ∈R is combined with the cosine function (N (ς)) ς ∈R , which is defined by Now we define the constants P 1 , P 2 such that N (ς) ≤ P 1 and M (ς) ≤ P 2 for each ς ∈ V . [D(A)] signifies the domain of A equipped along with the norm z A = z + Az , z ∈ D(A). Furthermore, E means the space composed by z ∈ Z for which N (·)z is a class C 1 . Kisyński [25] demonstrated that space E provided with is a Banach space. A group of linear operators is strongly continuous on E × Z which is generated by A = 0 I A 0 and defined on D(A) × E. Accordingly, the linear operator AM (ς) : E → Z is bounded and AM (ς)z → 0, ς → 0, for all z ∈ E. Moreover, if z : [0, ∞) → Z is locally integrable, then z(ς) = ς 0 M (ςψ)z(ψ) dψ establishes an E-valued continuous function. This is an outcome of the way that Consider the abstract Cauchy problem of a second-order differential system where G : [0, c] → Z is an integrable function, which can be examined in [46,47]. Now z(·) presented by which is known as the mild solution of system (2.1). When z 0 ∈ E, z(·) is continuously differentiable and Provided that P ν is endowed along then it is clear that (P ν , · P ν ) is a Banach space.
Presently we discuss Set · g to be a seminorm in P ν defined by In view of [15,23], we present some fundamental ideas and facts related to multimaps.
The multimap K has a fixed point provided that there is z ∈ Z such that z ∈ K(z).
An upper semicontinuous map K : Z → Z is said to be condensing if, for any bounded subset Q ⊆ Z with j (Q) = 0, we have In the above, j denotes the Kuratowski measure of noncompactness. For additional details, one can refer to [2].
We point out that the simplest example of a condensing map is a completely continuous multivalued map.
We need to provide the following appropriate operators and basic assumption on the operators: where B * , M * (c) denote the adjoint of B and M (c) respectively, and it is easy to conclude that the linear operator ℵ c 0 is bounded. To prove the approximate controllability of system (1.1)-(1.4), we provide the following hypothesis: H 0 δR(δ, ℵ c 0 ) → 0 as δ → 0 + in the strong operator topology. In terms of [30], H 0 is satisfied if and only if the linear system

Lemma 2.4 ([27, Lasota and Opial])
Assume that V is a compact real interval, the nonempty set BCC(Z ) is a bounded, closed, and convex subset of Z , and the multimap G satisfying G : V × Z → BCC(Z ) is measurable to ς for each fixed z ∈ Z , upper semicontinuous to z for each ς ∈ V , z ∈ C the set is closed in C × C.

Theorem 2.5 ([32]) Assume that Z is a Banach space and : Z → BCC(Z ) is an upper semicontinuous and condensing function. If
is bounded, then has a fixed point.

Approximate controllability
By applying Martelli's fixed point theorem, we discuss the primary results in this section. We present the mild solution of system (1.1)-(1.4) as follows.
To discuss the controllability performance and achieve the goal, we introduce the necessary hypotheses as follows: is L 1 -Caratheodory and satisfies the following conditions: In the above, the continuous increasing function maps from [0, ∞) into itself. H 4 The functions J j ∈ C(Z , Z ), and there exists P m : [0, +∞) → (0, +∞) to be continuous nondecreasing such that H 5 The function J j ∈ C(Z , Z ), and there exists P m : [0, +∞) → (0, +∞) to be continuous nondecreasing such that H 6 The following inequalities hold: For any > 0, we define : P ν → 2 P ν by z the set of z ∈ P ν such that where g ∈ T G,z . To demonstrate has a fixed point, we conclude that it is the solution of system (1 .1)-(1.4). Obviously, z c = z(c) ∈ ( z)(c), which means that u (z, ς) drives (1.1)-(1.4) from z 0 to z c in finite time c.
Define : P ν → P ν provided that (x) is the set of z ∈ P ν such that Clearly, a fixed point of exists if a fixed point of exists. Hence, our focus is to verify that a fixed point of exists. Proof To make things easier, we will divide our discussion into stages as follows: Step 1. is convex for each x ∈ B p . Actually, if z 1 , z 2 ∈ (x), then there exist g 1 , g 2 ∈ T G,z such that, for all ς ∈ V , we have Let β ∈ [0, 1]. Then, for each ς ∈ V , we have It is easy to verify that T G,z is convex and since G has convex values. Hence, βg 1 +(1-β)g 2 ∈ T G,z . Consequently, Step 2. On bounded sets of P ν , (x) is bounded. In fact, this is sufficient to prove that there exists > 0 such that for all z(x) ∈ (x), x ∈ B p . In the above Provided that z ∈ (x), there exists g ∈ T G,z such that, for all ς ∈ V , By referring to (H 2 )-(H 5 ) and (3.4), we get As a result, for all z ∈ (B p ), we get z c ≤ .
Step 3. (B p ) is equicontinuous. In fact, assume that > 0 is small, 0 < ω 1 < ω 2 ≤ c. For each x ∈ B p and z ∈ 1 (x), there exists g ∈ T G,z such that, for each ς ∈ V , we have × z c + P m P m P 1 α(0) + P m P m P 2 z 1 Hence, for > 0, we conclude that inequality (3.5) tends to zero as ς 2 → ς 1 . Then, the compactness of M (ς) for ς > 0 gives continuity in uniform operator topology. Therefore, maps B p into an equicontinuous family of functions. Therefore, from Step 2 and Step 3, and utilizing Arzela-Ascoli theorem, we can deduce that is a compact multivalued function and, hence, a condensing map.
Step 4: has a closed graph. Assume x n → x * as n → ∞, z n ∈ (x n ) for each x n ∈ B p , and z n → z * as n → ∞. Now, we demonstrate z * ∈ (x * ). Because z n ∈ (x n ), there exists g n ∈ T G,z n such that We must demonstrate that there exists g * ∈ T G,z * such that For every ς ∈ V , since G is continuous and from x , we have (z n (ς) - Consider the continuous linear operator : Therefore, by referring to Lemma 2.4, • T G is a closed graph operator. Additionally, from , we have Because x n → x * , for some x * ∈ T G,z * , by referring to Lemma 2.4, we have for some g * ∈ (T G,z * ). Hence, has a closed graph.
Therefore is a completely continuous multivalued function with convex closed values and upper semicontinuity. Now, by using Theorem 2.5, we determine a parameter λ > 1 and define the following auxiliary system: As a result, from Definition 3.1, the mild solution of system (3.6)-(3.9) is given by where g ∈ T G,z = {g ∈ L 1 (V , Z ) : g(ς) ∈ G(ς, z ς ) for ς ∈ V }. (3.9). In addition, there exists a priori bounds J > 0 such that z ς P ν ≤ J, ς ∈ V , where J depends only on μ and on the (·), and ρ.

Lemma 3.5 Consider (H 1 )-(H 6 ) to be satisfied. Assume that z(ς) is a mild solution of system
Proof By referring to system (3.10), we get As a result, by Lemma 3.3, we have Assume that v(ς) = sup{ z ψ P ν : 0 ≤ ψ ≤ ς}. In addition, the function v(ς) ∈ V is increasing, then v(ς) ≤ l + l 2 + l 1 (1 + η) Assume that v(ς) is the right-hand side of the above inequality. Since we get Applying the nondecreasing properties of , we have The above inequality implies, for all ς ∈ V , that This implies that y(ς) < ∞. Hence, there exists J > 0 such that y(ς) ≤ J, ς ∈ V , and then Here, J depends only on c, the functions and ρ. The proof has been completed. Proof Suppose that = {x ∈ P ν : λx ∈ x for some λ > 1}. Since for all x ∈ , we have which implies z = x + α is a mild solution of (3.10), that we demonstrated in Lemma 3.3 and Lemma 3.5 which implies is bounded on V .

Nonlocal conditions
Byszewski has presented the concept of nonlocal conditions for the extension of problems based on classical conditions. When comparing nonlocal initial conditions with the classical initial condition, which is more accurate to depict the nature marvels, since more information is considered, along these lines we lessen the negative impacts initiated by a potential incorrect single estimation taken toward the beginning time. The researchers recently established the nonlocal fractional differential systems with or without delay by referring to nondense domain, semigroup, cosine families, several fixed point techniques, and measure noncompactness. It is a very useful discussion about differential systems, including nonlocal conditions, and one can refer to [4,5,[19][20][21]50]. Assume the nonlocal impulsive differential systems of the following form: where 0 < ς 1 < ς 2 < ς 3 < · · · < ς j ≤ c, h : P j ν → P ν which satisfies the following hypothesis: H 7 h : P q → P is continuous and P j (h) > 0 such that for each u, v ∈ P ν and N h = sup{ h(u ς 1 , u ς 2 , u ς 3 , . . . , u ς n ) : u ∈ P ν }.
, j = 1, 2, . . . , q; z(·) to J j (j = 0, 1, . . . , q) is continuous and is satisfied. Remark 4.3 Many integral and differential equations related to integrals and derivatives of integer order have proven to be a powerful tool in describing various phenomena of engineering systems, advancement of the calculus of variations and optimal control to fractional dynamic systems, bioengineering, biomedical applications, image and signal processing, and other fields in recent years. Inspired by the above theory and the research articles [16,17,54,56], one can extend the current study to the second-order integrodifferential systems and Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential systems with impulses by using the way of the approach presented in this article.

An example
Consider the second-order Sobolev-type impulsive differential control system of the following form: sin jς j v, y j y j .

Conclusion
This work focused on the approximate controllability of second-order impulsive delay differential inclusions. Our key tasks are dictated by the usage of the outcomes, facts related to operators' cosine and sine functions, Martelli's fixed point theorem, and their results when paired with the features of differential inclusions. Finally, we proposed an illustration of the hypothesis that had been proven. In the future, we will focus our study on the existence and approximate controllability of second-order Sobolev-type neutral stochastic differential inclusions by employing Martelli's fixed point theorem.