On some Schwarz type inequalities

First, we establish some Schwarz type inequalities for mappings with bounded Laplacian, then we obtain boundary versions of the Schwarz lemma.


Introduction and preliminaries
Motivated by the role of the Schwarz lemma in complex analysis and numerous fundamental results, see for instance [16,19] and references therein, in 2016, the first author [1](a) has posted on ResearchGate the project "Schwarz lemma, the Carathéodory and Kobayashi Metrics and Applications in Complex Analysis". a Various discussions regarding the subject can also be found in the Q&A section on ResearchGate under the question "What are the most recent versions of the Schwarz lemma?" [1](b). b In this project and in [16], cf. also [13], we developed the method related to holomorphic mappings with strip codomain (we refer to this method as the approach via the Schwarz-Pick lemma for holomorphic maps from the unit disc into a strip). It is worth mentioning that the Schwarz lemma has been generalized in various directions; see [2,4,7,8,13,14,18,21] and the references therein.
Recently Wang and Zhu [20] and Chen and Kalaj [5] have studied boundary Schwarz lemma for solutions of Poisson's equation. They improved Heinz's theorem [10] and Theorem A below. We found that Theorem A is a forgotten result of Hethcote [11], published in 1977.
Note that previously Burgeth [3] improved the above result of Heinz and Theorem A for real-valued functions (it is easy to extend his result for complex-valued functions; see below) by removing the assumption f (0) = 0 but it is overlooked in the literature. Recently, Mateljević and Sveltik [18] proved a Schwarz lemma for real harmonic functions with values in (-1, 1) using a completely different approach than Burgeth [3] and showed that the inequalities obtained are sharp.
In this paper, we further develop the method initiated in [18]. More precisely, we show that, if U denotes the open unit disc and f : U → (-1, 1), f ∈ C 2 (U) and is continuous on U, and | f | ≤ c on U for some c > 0, then the mapping u = f ± c 4 (1 -|z| 2 ) is subharmonic or superharmonic and we estimate the harmonic function P[u * ]; see Theorem 2. Next, we extend the previous result to complex-valued functions; see Corollary 1. As an application, we provide an elementary proof of a theorem of Chen and Kalaj [5] giving an estimate of the solutions of the Poisson equations. Finally, we establish Schwarz lemmas at the boundary for solutions of | f | ≤ c. Our results are generalizations of Theorem 1.1 [20] and Theorem 2 [5].
The proofs are mainly based on two ingredients, the first of which is a sharp Schwarz lemma for real harmonic functions with values in (-1, 1), see Theorem B, and the second is the principle of harmonic majoration, which is a consequence of the maximum principle for subharmonic functions.

Notations and background
In this paper T denotes the unit circle.
Recall that a real-valued function u, defined in an open subset D of the complex plane Let P be the Poisson kernel, i.e., the function and let G be the Green function on the unit disc, i.e., the function Let φ ∈ L 1 (T) be an integrable function on the unit circle. Then the function P[φ] given by is harmonic in U and has a radial limit that agrees with φ almost everywhere on T.
For g ∈ C(U), let |z| < 1 and let dm(w) denote the Lebesgue measure in U.
If we consider the function then u satisfies the Poisson equation a.e. on the circle.
One can easily see that the previous equation has a non-unique solution. Indeed, the Poisson kernel P(z) = 1-|z| 2 |1-z| 2 is a harmonic function on the unit disc and lim r→1 -P(re iθ ) = 0 a.e., but P = 0.
It is well known that, if φ is continuous on the unit circle, then the harmonic function P[φ] extends continuously on T and equals φ on T; see Hörmander [12].
The following is a consequence of the maximum principle for subharmonic functions.
Theorem (Harmonic majoration) Let u be a subharmonic function in

The Schwarz lemma for harmonic functions
In [10], Heinz proved that, if f is a harmonic mapping f from the unit disc into itself such that f (0) = 0, then Moreover, this inequality is sharp for each point z ∈ U. This inequality for functions from the unit disk to unit ball of C n are discussed in [9] to establish Landau's theorem for p-harmonic mappings in several variables.
Later, in 1977, Hethcote [11] improved the above result of Heinz by removing the assumption f (0) = 0 and showed the following.

Theorem A ([11]) If f is a harmonic mapping from the unit disc into itself, then
holds for all z ∈ U.
We remark that the estimate of Theorem A cannot be sharp for all values z in the unit disc.
Recently, Mateljević and Sveltik [18] proved a Schwarz lemma for real harmonic functions with values in (-1, 1) using a completely different approach from Burgeth [3]. Clearly Theorem B improves Theorem A for real harmonic functions, as one can check the following elementary proposition. (-1, 1) and r ∈ [0, 1). Then
Using a standard rotation, we can extend Theorem B for complex harmonic functions from the unit disc into itself.
Theorem 1 Let f : U → U be a harmonic function from the unit disc into itself. Then Proof Fix z 0 in the unit disc and choose unimodular λ such that λf (z 0 ) = |f (z 0 )|.

Schwarz lemma for mappings with bounded Laplacian
The following theorem is our main result of this section.

Theorem 2 Let f be a C 2 (U) real-valued function, continuous on U and f
holds for all z ∈ U.
For complex-valued functions with bounded Laplacian from the unit disc into itself, we prove the following.
Corollary 1 Suppose that f : U → U, f ∈ C 2 (U) and continuous on U, and | f | ≤ c on U for some c > 0. Then Proof Fix z 0 in the unit disc and choose λ such that λf (z 0 ) = |f (z 0 )|. Define u(z) = (λf (z)) (we say that u is a real-valued harmonic associated to complex-valued harmonic f at z 0 ). We have u = (λ f ). As u is a real function with codomain (-1, 1) satisfying | u| ≤ c, by Theorem 2, we get Under the conditions of the previous theorem and using Proposition 2.1 we obtain (3.1)

Applications
For a given continuous function g : G → C, Chen and Kalaj [5] established some Schwarz type Lemmas for mappings f in G satisfying the Poisson equation f = g, where G is a subset of the complex plane C. Then they applied these results to obtain a Landau type theorem, which is a partial answer to the open problem in [6]. We provide a different and an elementary proof of Theorem C, giving a Schwarz type lemma for mappings satisfying Poisson's equations.

Boundary Schwarz lemmas
We establish Schwarz lemmas at the boundary for solutions of | f | ≤ c. Our results are generalizations of Theorem 1.1 [20] and Theorem 2 [5].