Disturbed microcirculation in the hands of patients with systemic sclerosis detected by fluorescence optical imaging: a pilot study

Background Utilising fluorescence optical imaging (FOI), the distribution of an intravenously applied colouring agent indocyanine green (ICG) can be analysed with the potential to identify malperfusion by little to no tissue enhancement. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterised by the presence of digital ulcers reflecting progressive vasculopathy. The objective was to investigate the potential of FOI in the detection of disturbed microcirculation in the hands and fingers of patients with SSc and to link FOI findings to clinical signs of ischemia such as digital ulcers and pitting scars. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 63 patients with SSc and 26 healthy subjects were examined. FOI was performed in all 89 individuals and compared to clinical data and capillaroscopic findings assembled for the SSc cohort. Results Healthy subjects showed initial ICG signals in their fingertips in 93.6%, SSc patients in 78.5% (limited SSc) and 43.2% (diffuse SSc). Moreover, in SSc patients, FOI findings were significantly associated with a late capillaroscopic pattern, disseminated SSc features, a diffuse SSc subtype, and the presence of digital ulcers or pitting scars. Intra- and inter-reader reliability for FOI amounted to κ = 0.786 and κ = 0.834, respectively. Conclusions FOI is able to detect areas of reduced microcirculation in patients with SSc with high association to capillaroscopic findings. The results pave the way for future FOI investigations into its role in the prediction of complications due to an impaired acral perfusion.


Significance and innovations
-FOI shows areas of diminished acral perfusion in patients with systemic sclerosis -FOI presents a significant association between diminished perfusion and clinical signs of ischemia in SSc -Diminished perfusion in FOI is significantly linked to capillaroscopic patterns in SSc -The prevention of digital ulcers in SSc using FOI should be investigated

Background
Indocyanine green (ICG)-enhanced fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) is a novel, fast and quantitative imaging method that is already used in the diagnostics of inflammatory arthritis with good agreement to other imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], ultrasound [US]) and good reliability [1][2][3]. Light of the (near)-infrared spectrum enters the tissue of the hands, where it stimulates the fluorophore ICG. Its fluorescence is then detected by a charge-coupled detector (CCD). A locally increased microcirculation, e.g. in inflamed joints, leads to strong signal enhancement, due to higher ICG concentration. ICG fluorescence video angiography has also been shown to help in the detection of compromised tissue perfusion as a perioperative tool in microsurgery [4].
ICG is well tolerated and side effects (i.e. anaphylactic symptoms) occur rarely (1:42,000) [5]. Shortly after its administration, ICG is hepatically metabolised and hepatobiliarily excreted. Already since the 1970s, ICG has safely been used in ophthalmologic angiography and even proved its value in the evaluation of skin perfusion in plastic surgery [6].
Pfeil et al. introduced FOI in SSc patients. Compared to healthy subjects, areas with strong signal enhancement could be observed and were interpreted as tissue inflammation. A normalisation occurred after prostacyclin treatment [7]. However, these investigations focused on areas of increased perfusion.
Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) typically suffer from Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and progressive obliterative vasculopathy. Both lead to a decreasing or even completely ceasing circulation in distal body parts, i.e. fingertips or the nose. Almost one third of SSc patients consequently develop at least one digital ulcer per year, [8] which usually causes pain, loss of function, local and systemic infection and reduced quality of life.
So far, several predictive factors for the development of digital ulcers (DU) have been described, i.e. diffuse subtype of SSc, late pattern of capillaroscopy, history of DU or markers for endothelial dysfunction [9][10][11][12]. Various imaging methods have been suggested to measure vasculopathy in patients with systemic sclerosis and to link its extent to the existence of current or future digital ulcers. Endothelial function assessed by multisite photoplethysmography (PPG), cardiovascular assessments and the peripheral blood perfusion assessed by laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) were lower in SSc patients with digital ulcers than in patients without [13,14]. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging is able to detect the therapeutic effects of Bosentan, but could not differentiate between patients with and without digital ulcers [15]. The best prospective data exist for nailfold capillaroscopy (NC): the capillaroscopic skin ulcer risk index (CSURI) has a high specificity (81.4%) and sensitivity (92.98%) for new or persistent digital ulcers after 3 months (less so in clinical settings without limitations as to vasoactive treatment), but can only be applied in patients with megacapillaries [16,17]. A pilot study of Smith et al. introduced the assessment of capillaries in eight specific regions in regard to present and future digital ulcers [18]. The videoCAPillaroscopy (CAP) multicentre study found the number of capillaries in the middle finger of the dominant hand among other capillaroscopic covariables to be a predictive factor for the development of digital ulcers [19]. Other studies focused on capillaroscopic patterns (i.e. early, active and late) and found associations to the presence as well as the development of digital ulcers [11,12,[20][21][22][23][24]. While these studies have not provided concrete values of specificity and sensitivity, we calculated levels of around 36% and 89% respectively using their provided data [11,12,20,23,24].
To our knowledge, there has not yet been any investigation into FOI's potential to detect areas with disturbed or decreased microcirculation in SSc patients. We therefore investigated whether diminished acral perfusionas found in patients with systemic sclerosiswas assessable in FOI, i.e. via areas of reduced enhancement. This is contradictory to former research using fluorescence optical imaging as the main focus so far has been placed on increased signal intensity typical for inflammation. FOI findings in SSc patients were compared to those in healthy individuals and associated with their SSc subtype, capillaroscopic patterns, 2013 ACR/EULAR criteria, clinical findings as well as pitting scars (PS) and DU at baseline as defined by Medsger et al. [25].

Subjects' characteristics
Between 2013 and 2015, 89 individuals participated in this study forming two cohorts: the SSc group and the healthy cohort. We consecutively included in-and outpatients fulfilling the 2013 ACR/EULAR criteria for systemic sclerosis. Healthy subjects were defined as persons without any known diseases, e.g. vascular diseases. For subjects' characteristics see Table 1. Subjects with current DU/PS were summarised in group 1, subjects without DU/PS in group 2. Exclusion criteria were progressive renal dysfunction (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] ≤15 ml/min), latent and manifest hyperthyroidism, allergies to iodine or contrast agents, pregnancy and being underage. 2013 ACR/EULAR classification guidelines were applied with seven different criteria each scoring 2, 3, 4 or 9 points (such as present DU/PS, RP or skin induration) [26]. A maximum of 30 points could be obtained; ≥9 points confirmed the classification as SSc. We defined the range of scores between 9 and 30 points as a marker for dissemination of SSc features: a higher individual ACR/EULAR score meant the presence of more SSc characteristics. Limited, limited cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous SSc (lSSc, lcSSc and dcSSc) were distinguished according to LeRoy et al. [27].
Organ involvement was evaluated as follows: manifestations of the lung were either pulmonary hypertension or interstitial lung disease, determined by right heart catheterisation or echocardiogram and high-resolution computed tomography or lung function test, respectively. Gastrointestinal involvement was defined as dysphagia and/or radiographic dysmotility and chronic diarrhoea. Cardiac involvement comprised arrhythmias, congestive cardiac failure, pericardial effusion, and conduction defects not attributable to other cardiac conditions.

Fluorescence optical imaging
The FOI method Xiralite X4 (mivenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany) measures the fluorescence of the fluorophore indocyanine green (ICG, 5% iodine) using light-emitting diodes and a charge-coupled detector (CCD, a highresolution camera). Light with defined wavelengths (ca. λ = 740 nm) in the (near)-infrared spectrum is emitted and sent through the observed tissue stimulating the fluorophore (if present). The fluorophore then emits fluorescence of different wavelengths (max. λ = 832 nm) whose photons are detected by CCD. Refracted and reflected light is filtered out, so that the resulting image represents a true depiction of ICG distribution in the tissue [1,3].
Thus, the method permits a visualisation of different ICG quantities in the tissue of both hands, e.g. higher quantities of the agent can be found in inflamed tissue due to capillary leakage as well as an increase in blood flow and vessel density on a microvascular level [28]. Low ICG quantityand therefore low fluorescence signalresults from poor tissue perfusion.
All participants in this study received FOI examination following the Xiralite system guidelines (ICG 0.1 mg/kg A peripheral venous catheter, the colouring agent (0.1 mg/kg BW) as well as a syringe with 10 ml NaCl 0.9% solution were prepared. The subject's hands were then placed on a mould underneath the camera with a curtain lying on the lower arms in order to diminish disturbance by exterior light. The examiner (e.g. a medical assistant) checked for possible disturbances (e.g. exterior light, spilled ICG) watching the XiraView® preview, before starting the examination. FOI began with ten (reference) images being taken before ICG administration. Immediately afterwards, 10 ml NaCl 0.9% solution was applied to introduce the complete amount of ICG into the blood stream, where ICG binds to 98% onto plasma proteins. Indocyanine green has a half-life of 3.4 minutes (±0.7) and is hepatically eliminated with a mean decay of 18.5% per minute (±2.1); 20 minutes after applications, studies have shown a mere trace (3.8% ± 1.0 of the original dose) to still be found in the body [28]. The infrared camera continued taking one picture per second for the next 350 seconds, resulting in a total examination time of 6 minutes. With ICG's half-life span and rate of decay one can expect the fluorophore to have passed through the bloodstream and accumulated in the observed tissue in this timespan.

FOI analysis
XiraView® was used to conduct the analysis, especially its 360-second-long clip mode, which depicts ICG distribution in the hands after administration. The PrimaVista-Mode, a summation image of the examination, was used for visualisation in this work's figures.
The number of photons emitted from the fluorophore is recorded in every pixel. After the examination, these are proportioned to the reference images (no ICG) and the pixel with the highest photon emission in the entire examination. The percentage of the actual emission in the pixel compared to the maximum emission is used by the software to create a colour scale for optimal visualisation which we used for our analysis: white and red signals indicate a strong enhancement (= strong ICG accumulation in the tissue defined as ≥65% of the individual maximum quantity), yellow and green signals indicate a medium enhancement, light blue signals show lower ICG accumulation in the tissue, dark blue signals show very little ICG accumulation and no ICG accumulation at all is coded in black. A dark blue or black signal was considered as an insufficient enhancement due to low ICG accumulation (<27% of the individual maximum quantity) in the region (to see the defined regions please compare Fig. 4) observed. The cutoffs of >65% and <27% for strong and insufficient signal respectively were provided by the software as 65% defines the mark between the red and yellow signal and 27% the mark between the light and dark blue signal.
Each finger of every subject was separately inspected (see Figs. 1, 2 and 3) We evaluated three things in particular: 1. The region of initial enhancement (IE), which was defined as a finger's first region presenting a strong ICG accumulation (≥65% of the individual maximum quantity; coded as a white or red signal). Ideally, this region would be the fingertip (region 0, compare Fig. 4), designating an unperturbed arterial blood flow. A strong signal below the fingertip would depict the last area with (supposedly) unperturbed circulation. 2. The region of maximum distal distribution (MDD), which was defined as the most distal region that shows sufficient ICG enhancement (≥27% of the individual maximum quantity; coded as a white, red, yellow, green or light blue signal) during the course of the examination. Ideally, this region would also be the fingertip (region 0). Signals below would mean an insufficient provision of blood to more distal regions due to angiopathy, occlusion etc. 3. Complete disruption: a complete disruption of acral microcirculation was defined as an insufficient ICG accumulation (i.e. <27% of maximum signal intensity) in the fingertip of at least one of the subject's finger during the entire examination. That implies that the region of MDD is more proximal than the fingertip (i.e. regions 1 to 8, compare Fig. 4).
We assigned eight regions (region 0 to region 7) to each finger (thumbs: five regions) starting with the fingertip (region 0) and ending in the metacarpal region. The wrist was considered a common region 8 (see Fig. 4).
Furthermore, ICG accumulation patterns for typical changes during IE as described by Granzow et al. [29] were scanned. The examination and analysis as described were performed in a maximum of 15 minutes per subject.

Nailfold capillaroscopy
This method was conducted with a USB device (Di-Li 970-O USB hand microscope Di-Li®-Lite; Bresser, Rhede, Germany) and the MicroCapture V2.0 software (to determine the capillary density) following current guidelines. Three distinct capillaroscopic SSc patterns (early, active, late pattern, compare Fig. 5) as well as non-SSc-specific findings were identified as defined by Cutolo et al. [21]. An exact examination via nailfold capillaroscopy (NC) usually took our examiners 40 minutes per subject.

Intra-and inter-reader reliability
A trained FOI examiner (SF), who assessed the initial FOI findings directly after the conducted examination, re-evaluated 20 consecutive patients' findings in January 2016. A second examiner (SL), who was trained by the

Healthy subjects present sufficient ICG enhancement in all digital regions
In the healthy cohort, 242 of 260 fingers (93.1%; Fig. 1) showed a strong initial enhancement (IE, ≥65% of maximum signal intensity) in the fingertips (region 0) with a subsequent expansion of ICG to more proximal areas (region 1 to region 8; Fig. 4). The other 18 (6.9%) fingers of the healthy cohort presented a sufficient ICG accumulation (>27% of maximum signal intensity) in the fingertips later on, designing a sufficient maximum distal distribution (MDD) in the entire healthy cohort.

Pathologic ICG accumulation is related to general presence of digital ulcers and/or pitting scars in SSc patients
We observed a strong (≥65% of maximum signal intensity) initial enhancement (IE) behaviour in both patients with (n = 37, group 1) and patients without (n = 26, group 2) current digital ulcers and/or pitting scars (DU/PS) at the time of the examination. However 67.6% of group 1 (compare lower left image of Fig. 2, e.g. digit III left) and 61.5% of group 2 showed a missing strong signal in region 0 or region 1 (see Fig. 4 for regions) during IE in at least one finger.
A total of 57.7% of group 1's fingers showed a strong initial ICG accumulation in the fingertip (region 0) and 1.9% slightly below the fingertip (region 1, see Fig. 2 upper left image), in contrast to 80.9% and 3.0% of group 2's fingers respectively (p < 0.0001). Fingers with a strong IE more proximal than that, were more likely to belong to patients with current digital ulcers and/or pitting scars (group 1): between 63.5% and 100% of fingers with a strong IE in the areas between region 2 (near distal interphalangeal joint, DIP; 74.5%) and region 8 (wrist; 100%) belonged to patients of group 1 (for regions, compare Fig. 4).
Defining a strong IE in region 2 as a cutoff for pathologic enhancement behaviour (strong initial ICG accumulation in proximal areas of the finger/hand instead of the fingertips as seen in most healthy subjects), we calculated 40% sensitivity and 84% specificity for the detection of patients with present DU/PS. The positive predictive value was 73.5%.

Individual finger analysis in SSc patients shows link between pathologic FOI findings and presence of digital ulcers and/or pitting scars in the same finger
Individual finger analysis showed a strong IE in the fingertips in 78.5% (n = 314 of 400 fingers) of patients with lcSSc (compare FOI staining Fig. 3) and in 43.3% (n = 97 of 224 fingers; six not assessable; p < 0.0001) of the patients with dcSSc (see Fig. 2 for FOI staining; compare  Fig. 4b and c). In SSc patients, a missing initial ICG accumulation in the fingertip significantly more often coincided with the presence of at least one digital ulcer and/or pitting scar in the corresponding finger (see Table 2, exemplary depiction in Fig. 6): 60.9% of fingers with current DU/PS, 26.1% of fingers without these complications showed a strong initial ICG accumulation in more proximal areas (p < 0.0001).
In six fingers of one SSc patient, the initial enhancement could not be determined due to severe sclerodactyly.
After initial enhancement, the maximum distal distribution (MDD) of ICG was observed. A total of 594 fingers showed a sufficient ICG distribution (i.e. ≥27% of maximum signal intensity) in the fingertip in the course of the examination. A complete disruption of ICG accumulation (i.e. <27% of maximum signal intensity in the fingertip at all times) was found in 26 fingers.
In all fingers with current DU/PS, 11.9% showed a pathologic MDD (<27% of maximum signal intensity in the fingertip) compared to only 1.9% in fingers without DU/PS in the corresponding finger (see Table 2). The proportion of 1.9% belonged to four patients especially at risk for the development of future digital ulcers, as they all shared a history of digital ulcers and at least one of the following characteristics: DU in other fingers, late pattern capillaroscopy and diffuse SSc subtype.

Pathologic FOI findings were associated with other clinical findings
The distribution of ICG differed in patients with SSc from the healthy cohort. Irregular ICG accumulation patterns ("islands") were present in 50.8% (n = 32 of 63) of SSc patients compared to 21.4% (n = 6 of 28) of the healthy cohort (p = 0.0112). Furthermore, 66.7% of SSc  (n = 42 of 63 patients) and 25.0% of the healthy cohort (n = 7 of 28) revealed a missing strong signal in at least one fingertip during initial enhancement (p = 0.0009). These 42 SSc patients significantly more often reported episodes of Raynaud's phenomenon in the past week (97.6% vs. 76.2%; p = 0.0134). A complete disruption of microcirculation of at least one finger (insufficient MDD) was found in 11 (17.5%) SSc patients, but in none of the healthy subjects.
As seen in Table 3, the modified Rodnan skin score is significantly higher in patients with pathologic IE than in patients with normal IE (p = 0.0234). The same is true for the MDD (p = 0.0003). Similar results were obtained when focusing on the hands' skin scores: at least one pathologic finger in IE or MDD was significantly associated with a higher skin score in both hands (IE p = 0.0037; MDD p < 0.0001). Lastly, similar relations could also be found when analyzing each hand individually: if one finger had a pathologic IE or MDD, the mean skin score of the hand (range 0-6) was higher as well.
We also found considerable differences regarding the total score of ACR/EULAR criteria between SSc patients presenting a complete disruption and those with sufficient perfusion. Patients with a pathologic MDD presented a higher mean score (mean: 21.4 points, SD: ±3.6, 95%CI: 18.9-23.8) than those with sufficient ICG accumulation in region 0 (compare Fig. 4) during the course of the examination (mean: 15.7 points, SD: ±3.9, 95%CI: 14.6-16.8; p = 0.0005).

Capillaroscopy and digital ulcers/pitting scars -increasing specificity using FOI
Sixty-one of the 63 SSc patients received a nailfold capillaroscopy examination. Only one patient showed non-SSc-specific alterations in their nailfold. An early pattern was found in 17.5%, an active pattern in 39.7% and a late pattern in 38.1% of SSc patients (compare Fig. 5). In total, 77.1% of all assessable fingers showed a decreased capillary density (<7 capillaries/mm), and 34.1% had one or more megacapillaries (diameter >50 μm). Thirty-eight patients presented megacapillaries in at least one finger, while no megacapillaries could be found in the capillaroscopy of 18 patients. Nevertheless, almost half of these  [29]: the early pattern (upper image) is characterised by a normal capillary density and distribution with few ectasias and haemorrhages. The active pattern (middle image) is defined by giant capillaries, many haemorrhages and mild capillary loss and disorganisation. Irregular capillary width, avascular areas due to decreased capillary density as well as ramified or bushy capillaries, but less giant capillaries and haemorrhages constitute the late pattern (lower image) The calculated sensitivity and specificity for nailfold capillaroscopy were 86.1% and 28.0%, respectively, opposing non-SSc and early pattern to active and late pattern in regard to present DU/PS. The positive predictive value amounted to 63.3%.
Combining the capillaroscopy with an additional FOI examination revealed the following: while sensitivity dropped to FOI levels of 40.4%, specificity increased dramatically to 88.4%. The positive predictive value improved and rose to 83.1%.

Intra-and inter-reader reliability
The intra-reader reliability amounted to 0.786; only 7.6% of the initial assessment differed from the second rating of examiner 1. The inter-reader reliability was 0.834 with 95.7% accordance between the assessments of examiner 1 (second assessment) and examiner 2.

Safety
In the included cohorts, no side effects to ICG application were observed.

Discussion
In the present study, fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) was used to investigate microvasculopathy in SSc. As presented above, the SSc group was easily distinguishable from young healthy subjects by their FOI staining (compare Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4). While the healthy cohort mainly presented a strong initial ICG enhancement in the fingertips, the SSc group often showed strong initial ICG signals in more proximal areas. Furthermore, a complete disruption (i.e. insufficient signal in the fingertips in the course of the examination) of digital perfusion was specifically observed in SSc patients. Pathologic FOI staining was associated with diffuse SSc subtype, late pattern in NC, a higher modified Rodnan skin score and a higher total score of ACR/EULAR classification criteria. Additionally, individual finger analysis revealed associations with present digital ulcers or pitting scars (DU/PS) in the corresponding finger. FOI presented a relatively high specificity regarding its ability to distinguish  patients with and without these complications. No significant associations of FOI results and smoking habits, disease duration or BMI were found (data not shown). While a strong screening method due to its high sensitivity, one of capillaroscopy's drawbacks is the low specificity regarding capillaroscopy patterns. A combination of capillaroscopy and FOI showed an important specificity increase when comparing patients with and without current DU/PS. Therefore, FOI can be considered as a new, relatively fast and promising tool that could be helpful in the assessment and the exact localization of malperfused areas in patients with systemic sclerosis. So far, FOI has mainly been used in the diagnosis of arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. They focused on areas of increased signal intensity by analysing ICG distribution in order to identify joint inflammation [1][2][3]. Pfeil et al. made first attempts to examine patients with SSc by FOI to visualise inflamed tissue [7]. This greatly differs from the novel approach taken in the present work as it represents an effort to examine and quantify tissue nutrition and malperfusion instead of inflammation. We focused on the analysis of (low) ICG enhancement to measure the arterial distribution of the colouring agent, which revealed areas with insufficient FOI staining in SSc patients. Associations between FOI enhancement patterns and present signs of ischemia such as digital ulcers and pitting scars support our approach.
There have been a few other emerging imaging methods trying to investigate peripheral blood perfusion in SSc patients [30]: different techniques have shown promising results in recent years, among them laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) [14,31], laser Doppler imaging (LDI), laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF); all of them non-invasive. [30] LASCA, LDI and LDF proved to discriminate SSc patients from those with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and/or healthy subjects. [32][33][34] Low blood flow detected by LASCA and LDF was associated with the late pattern in NC [33,35] and improved under vasoactive therapies [14,33]. There have also been first results showing that colour Doppler ultrasonography of the arteries of the fingers and hands is linked to the presence of digital ulcers/pitting scars [36]. Other new techniques that are being investigated momentarily are thermography and optical Doppler tomography and spectroscopy [30].
Similar to LASCA and LDF, we showed that FOI was able to discriminate between SSc patients and healthy controls and that its findings were associated with a late pattern capillaroscopy. Pfeil et al. [7] also demonstrated a change in FOI pattern under vasoactive treatment, which should be investigated for this study's protocol in the future. One of FOI's limitations might be the intravenous application of ICG, especially in comparison to those non-invasive methods to measure blood perfusion and capillaroscopy. While not reaching sensitivity and specificity levels of the CSURI (capillaroscopic skin ulcer risk index), analysis of FOI findings are not limited to the presence of megacapillaries and therefore applicable to almost all SSc patients (i.e. patients with early pattern capillaroscopy) [16,17,25]. Another aspect, which needs to be considered when interpreting FOI results, is the proportional character of the results. As the total ICG signal varies depending on factors like the current cardiovascular state of the subject, the speed of the injection, or the effective concentration of ICG in the blood, the signal is depicted as a proportion of the strongest signal in the examined area. As a consequence, FOI depicts microvascular disturbances in the hand, not the absolute blood volume reaching the hand.
FOI was conducted in a mean time of 15 minutesincluding preparation and analysis. Also, the examination itself can be run by a trained medical assistant and does not require the presence of a medical physician until the point of analysis. This time-saving side of FOI could prove a valuable asset in clinical daily practice where most patients already present with intravenous catheters. Furthermore, our study revealed a considerable level of reliability for this new method.
While the comparison of SSc patients and healthy subjects in this report is of cross-sectional design, SSc patients will be further investigated as part of a longitudinal study with the objective to identify the predictive value of FOI and other diagnostic methods regarding the development of future digital ulcers.
Study limitations include the relatively low number of participants as well as the age differences between the healthy cohort and the SSc group. Due to the centre's speciality, patients with severe systemic sclerosis were more frequent in our cohort than in the SSc population (i.e. higher incidence of DU/PS). We also observed difficulties in the analysis of FOI staining in patients with severe sclerodactyly. Even though our primary objective was the assessment of microcirculation, we observed an overlap of seemingly inflamed joints (as seen in Prima-VistaMode, the composite image of the examination) and the region of initial ICG enhancement in small share of patients (data not shown). Here, an interference of inflammation and initial enhancement cannot completely be ruled out. Additionally, Pfeil et al. [7] described areas of ICG enhancement, which were interpreted as soft tissue inflammation. While we focused on areas of diminished perfusion, the potential interactions of joint as well as soft tissue inflammation and circulation disturbances should be investigated in more detail in future studies.
While we examined three patients with primary Raynaud's (unpublished data) who mostly showed enhancement patterns similar to the healthy cohort, a more extensive investigation into FOI in primary Raynaud's patients as well as a comparison to patients with secondary Raynaud's is needed.

Conclusions
Further investigations into FOI's ability to detect abnormal microcirculation are suggested to prove FOI validation data in SSc patients. A software for automatically generated disease activity values (DACT) has been developed for patients with inflamed joints, but not yet for areas of malperfusion in the hands.
The present work and subsequent results represent first attempts at a broader detection of vasculopathy in SSc using the FOI method. FOI could be a novel tool for the assessment of symptomatic vasculopathy and could provide additional assistance in the risk stratification of digital ulcers.