Design, efficient synthesis and molecular docking of some novel thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives as anticancer agents

Pyrazoles, thiazoles and fused thiazoles have been reported to possess many biological activities. 3-Methyl-5-oxo-4-(2-arylhydrazono)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides 3a,b (obtained from the reaction of ethyl 3-oxo-2-(2-arylhydrazono)butanoates 1a,b with thiosemicarbazide) could be transformed into a variety of thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives 6a–h, 10a–c, 15a–c, 17, 19 and 21 via their reaction with a diversity hydrazonoyl chlorides as well as bromoacetyl derivatives. Moreover, the computational studies were carried out for all new compounds. The results indicated that five compounds showed promising binding affinities (10a: − 3.4 kcal/mol, 6d: − 3.0 kcal/mol, 15a: − 2.2 kcal/mol, 3a: − 1.6 kcal/mol, and 21: − 1.3 kcal/mol) against the active site of the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (EGFR). The cytotoxicity of the potent products 3a, 6d, 10a, 15a, and 21 was examined against human liver carcinoma cell line (HepG-2) and revealed activities close to Doxorubicin standard drug. There was an understanding between the benefits of restricting affinities and the data obtained from the practical anticancer screening of the tested compounds.

Thiazole derivatives are also known to possess several anticancer activities [13][14][15]. There are several mechanisms for the antitumor action of thiazole derivatives, acting on cancer biotargets, such as inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) [16], tumor necrosis factor TNF-α [17] and apoptosis inducers. The biological profiles of these new generations of thiazole would represent a productive matrix for further advancement of better anticancer specialists. Drug design part guarantees that thiazole is best particle for the said target activity. Thiazoles have better action as an anticancer just as it demonstrates better binding domain and they have less cytotoxicity to normal cell (physiological cell) however alongside that it has site explicit movement to malignant growth cell (pathological cell). We can seek after the superior to best treatment for malignant growth Open Access BMC Chemistry *Correspondence: s.m.gomha@gmail.com 2 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt Full list of author information is available at the end of the article treatment since it limit side and unfriendly impact and it additionally indicates target oriented action.
Thiazolyl-pyrazole hybrids have displayed antitubercular [18,19], anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial [20], antimycobacterial activities [21], and FabH inhibitors [22]. Moreover, thiazolyl-pyrazole compounds were identified as as potential anticancer agents [23,24] (Fig. 1). The EGFR PTKs have been identified as interesting targets for medicinal chemistry programs especially in cancer therapy [25]. Compounds that inhibit the kinase activity of EGFR after binding its cognate ligand are of potential interest as new therapeutic antitumor agents [26]. Lv et al. [27] reported that thiazolyl-pyrazole analogues showed modest to potent EGFR TK inhibitory and potential anticancer activities. The molecular docking results indicated that thiazolyl-pyrazolines were nicely bound to the EGFR kinase. Over the most recent two decades we have been associated with a program planning to orchestrate practically substituted heterocyclic compounds with foreseen biological activities that can be utilized as biodegradable agrochemicals from shoddy research facility accessible beginning materials [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. In the edge of this program, it appeared important to synthesize a new class of compounds amassing the thiazole and the pyrazole moieties in one entity that may result in upgraded biological activity because of the synergistic impact of the two rings. A β-Ketoester seemed suitable starting material to fulfill this objective (Fig. 1).

Chemistry
In the present work we used ethyl acetoacetate. To avoid interference of the active methylene in the following reactions ethyl acetoacetate was coupled with aryl diazonium salts to afford the hydrazo derivatives 1a,b; which are the starting compounds for the synthesis of target thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives. Thus, compounds 1a,b were allowed to react with thisemicarbazide to afford 3-methyl-4-oxo-4-(2-arylhydrazono)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides 3a,b presumably via the intermediacy of the thiosemicarbazones 2a,b which eliminate ethanol (Scheme 1).
The pyrazole derivatives 3a,b react with the hydrazonoyl chlorides 4 to afford assumingly the thiohydrazonate intermediates 5a-h which lose water to afford the final isolable thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives 6a-h. Spectral and analytical data of these compounds are in complete agreement with their proposed structures (cf. Scheme 1 and "Experimental"). A further evidence of the structure was deduced when the hydrazone 1a reacted with the thiazolyl hydrazine 7 to afford a product which was found to be typically identical to 6a.
The pyrazole derivative 3a reacts with the hydrazonoyl chloride esters 8a-c to afford the thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives 10a-c via the thiohydrazonate intermediates 9a-c respectively. Structures 10a-c are all supported by spectral and analytical data (cf. Scheme 2 and Fig. 1 Anticancer activity of some reported thiazolyl-pyrazoles a-c and the target compounds "Experimental"). A further evidence of the structures 10a-c was deduced from alternative synthesis when the pyrazole 3a reacted with ethyl chloroacetate to afford the thiazolyl-pyrazole derivative 11 which couples with the benzene diazonium chloride 12 to afford products which were found to be typically identical to 10a. The identity was deduced from matching melting points, tlc and IR spectra.
Spectral data and elemental analyses of these products are in complete concurrence with the proposed structures (cf. Scheme 3 and "Experimental").

Molecular docking studies
The docking parameters were validated by redocking the native co-crystal ligand in order to determine the ability of MOE to reproduce the orientation and position of the native ligand in crystal structure, to ensure that the poses of the docked compounds represents a valid potential binding mode. The redocking of ligands with its targets revealed an RMSD ≤ 2.3 A° between the original ligand position and the docked poses which was RMSD = 1.3 A° this affirmed the ligands bound near the genuine pocket and adaptation of their objectives, this shows the dependability of conventions and parameters of docking. Molecular modeling studies were performed with MOE 2014, 0901, software available from Chemical Computing Group Inc., 1010 Scheme 1 Synthesis of arylazothiazole derivatives 6a-h Sherbrooke Street West, Suite #910, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2R7, 2014 [38].
Next, the right atom types (including hybridization states) and right bond types were characterized, hydrogen atoms were added, charges were relegated to each atom, lastly the structures were vitality limited by utilizing MOE program (MMFF94x, gradient: 0.01) [39]. The energies of ligand structures were minimized using the semiempirical AM1 strategy [40] with MOE program.

Selection of protein crystal structures
Crystallographic structures of EGFR with its Ligand is available in the Protein DataBank [41]. In this study, EGFR kinase crystal structure 1M17 is tested and selected for docking [42]. The errors of the protein were revised by the structure arrangement process in MOE.

Scheme 3 Synthesis of thiazole derivatives 15a-c, 17, 19 and 21
Reasonable protein structure is created by the task of hydrogen positions based on default rules. Water molecules contained have been expelled from the initially restored protein. Finally, partial charges were calculated by the Gasteiger methodology, and the active site of the ensemble has been characterized as the collection of residues within 10.0 A° of the bound inhibitor and comprised the union of all ligands of the ensemble. All atoms located less than 10.0 A° from any ligand atom were considered.
From the results obtained from docking studies as shown in Table 1, compounds 10a, 6d, 3a, 21, and 15a were the most favorable compounds which meant by its lower binding energy (Binding energy = − 3.4, − 3.0, − 1.6, − 1.3 and − 2.2 kcal/mol, respectively), hydrogen bonding (number of H-bonds = 6, 3, 1, 2, and 3, respectively), and other hydrophobic interactions with the active site of the of EGFR kinase that might be one of the reasons for the good activities shown by these compounds in vitro studies (Figs. 2a, b, 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b, 6a, b).

Anticancer evaluation
The cytotoxicity of five of the synthesized products 3a, 6d, 10a, 15a and 21 was evaluated against human liver carcinoma cell line (HepG-2) using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and doxorubicin was used as a reference drug (IC 50 value of doxorubicin = 3.07 ± 0.27 μg/mL). Data generated were used to plot a dose response curve of which the concentration of test compounds required to kill 50% of cell population (IC 50 ) was determined. Cytotoxic activity was expressed as the mean IC 50 of three independent experiments. The results are represented in Table 2 and Figs. 7 and 8. might be considered as a promising scaffold anti-liver cancer chemotherapeutic and deserves further optimization and in-depth biological studies. • The 4-pyridyl-thiazole derivative 21 has higher antitumor activity than the 4-phenyl-thiazole derivative 15a. • Presence of two methyl groups (electron donating group) at position 3 and 5 of the phenyl ring in the arylhydrazo-pyrazolone moiety in compound 6d

Chemistry General
Melting points were recorded in open capillaries using an electrothermal Gallenkamp apparatus and are uncorrected. Elemental analyses were carried out by the microanalytical center at Cairo University. The 1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury VXR-300 spectrometer and the chemical shifts were related to that of the solvent DMSO-d 6 . The mass spectra were recorded on a GCMSQ1000-EX Shimadzu spectrometers. The IR spectra were measured on a Pye-Unicam SP300 instrument.

Molecular modeling
Docking Study was performed using the MOE 2014.09 software. Regularization and optimization for protein and ligand were performed. Each docked compound was assigned a score according to its fit in the ligand binding pocket (LBP) and its binding mod.

Cytotoxic activity
In this study, the newly synthesized compounds were subjected to cytotoxic evaluation on human tumour cell line [43].

Materials and methods
Chemicals All chemicals used in this study are of high analytical grade. They were obtained from (either Sigma-Alderich or Biorad).

Human tumor cell lines
The tumour cell lines were obtained frozen in liquid nitrogen (− 180 °C) from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and was maintained at the National Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt, by serial subculturing.
Measurement of potential cytotoxic activity The cytotoxic activity was measured in vitro on human cancer cell line (HEPG2) using Sulforhodamine-B stain (SRB) assay.
Cells were plated in 96 multi well plates for 24 h before treatment with the compounds to allow attachment of the cells to the wall of the plate.
• Different concentrations of the compound under test (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) were added to the cell monolayer. Triplicate wells were prepared for each individual dose. • Monolayer cells were incubated with the compounds for 48 h at 37 °C and in atmosphere of 5% CO 2 . • After 48 h cell was fixed, washed and stained with Sulforhodamine B stain. • Excess stain was washed with acetic acid and attached stain was recovered with Tris EDTA buffer. • Colour intensity was measured in an ELISA reader. • The relation between surviving fraction and drug concentration was plotted and IC 50 (the concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell viability) was calculated for each compound by Sigmaplot software.

Conclusions
We portrayed a convenient and efficient synthesis of numerous diversely substituted thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives from cheap laboratory accessible starting materials. Since a variety of thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives 6a-h, 10a-c, 15a-c, 17, 19 and 21 were synthesized from reaction of 3-methyl-5-oxo-4-(2arylhydrazono)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides 3a,b with a diversity hydrazonoyl chlorides as well as bromoacetyl derivatives. Simple synthetic routes were pursued and no risky solvents, catalysts or substantial metals were included. Moreover, the computational studies were carried out for all the products and the results revealed that four new compounds showed promising binding affinities against EGFR. The cytotoxicity of the potent products was tested against HepG-2 using Doxorubicin standard drug. There was an agreement between the benefits of binding affinities and the data obtained from the practical anticancer screening of the tested compounds.