Significantly enhanced biomass production of a novel bio-therapeutic strain Lactobacillus plantarum (AS-14) by developing low cost media cultivation strategy

Probiotic bacteria are becoming an important tool for improving human health, controlling diseases and enhancing immune responses. The availability of a cost effective cultivation conditions has profound effect on the efficiency and role of probiotic bacteria. Therefore the current study was conducted with an objective to develop a low cost growth medium for enhancing the biomass production of a bio-therapeutic bacterial strain Lactobacillus plantarum AS-14. In this work the isolation of Lactobacillus plantarum AS-14 bacterial strain was carried out from brinjal using cheese whey as a main carbon source. Moreover, the effect of four other nutritional factors besides cheese whey was investigated on the enhanced cell mass production by using response surface methodology (RSM). The best culture medium contained 60 g/l cheese whey, 15 g/l glucose and 15 g/l corn steep liquor in addition to other minor ingredients and it resulted in maximum dry cell mass (15.41 g/l). The second-order polynomial regression model determined that the maximum cell mass production (16.02 g/l) would be obtained at temperature 40°C and pH 6.2. Comparative studies showed that cultivation using cheese whey and corn steep liquor with other components of the selected medium generated higher biomass with lower cost than that of De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium under similar cultivation conditions (pH 6.2 and temperature 40°C). It is evident that the cell biomass of L. Plantarum AS-14 was enhanced by low cost cultivation conditions. Moreover, corn steep liquor and ammonium bisulphate were perceived as low-cost nitrogen sources in combination with other components to substitute yeast extract. Of all these factors, cheese whey, corn steep liquor, yeast extract and two operating conditions (temperature and pH) were found to be the most significant parameters. Thus the cost effective medium developed in this research might be used for large-scale commercial application where economics is quite likely important.


Background
The productions of functional foods containing probiotic bacteria such as lactobacilli are gaining high significance throughout the world. These bacteria enhance the microbial safety and offer organoleptic, technological, nutritional, and health benefits to the consumers. As a consequence of the large scale production of fermented foods incorporated with probiotics, the industrial production of these bacteria at low cost is becoming more important. Therefore, growth parameters including cost, ability to produce a large number of cells, and the harvesting method should be considered while optimizing growth medium. Moreover, designing new medium for enhanced biomass production can definitely lead to more economical probiotic production [1,2]. Among the lactobacilli, the Lactobacillus plantarum is the most common probiotic bacterium traditionally used in fermented foods such as, vegetables, meat and dairy products [3]. The major striking characteristic of L. plantarum and other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is their ability to produce lactic acid, acetic acid and other metabolites when subjected to cultivation through batch or fed-batch fermentation.
Lactic acid bacteria are strain-dependent fastidious bacteria with respect to nutrients and environmental requirements. Rich medium and suitable conditions are the key environmental parameters required for good bacterial growth [4]. Nutrient supplements, such as yeast extract and casein hydrolysate can improve the nutritional quality of the medium as they contain growthpromoting compounds in addition to organic nitrogen and carbonaceous compounds. However, the use of these nutrient supplements in large quantities is very expensive [4]. A number of studies have shown a significantly increased lactic acid and cell biomass production in most lactobacilli in the presence of yeast extract, amino acids, protein concentrates, hydrolysates, vitamins and inorganic compounds such as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 [5][6][7]. Similarly, supplementing the culture medium with cheese whey (industrial waste) along with commercially available growth supplements results in enhanced cell biomass production [1,7,8]. However, studies regarding the use of industrial wastes (cheese whey and corn steep liquor) as a nutrient supplements for enhanced biomass yield of lactobacilli, are scarce. Cheese whey is a major by-product of dairy industry retaining 55% of milk nutrients, including lactose (4.5-5.0% w/v), soluble proteins (0.6-0.8% w/v), lipids and mineral salts [9]. Whey is normally discarded in the environment as a waste product, posing a threat to the environment due to its volume disposal and reduction in biochemical oxygen demand [10,11]. Similarly, the corn steep liquor, a by-product of corn milling industry, has been used as an inexpensive nutrient source for fermentation. It is an excellent source of nitrogen for most microorganisms due to its high content of amino acids and polypeptides with considerable amounts of Bcomplex vitamins [12]. Therefore, cheese whey and corn steep liquor can be used as a low cost carbon and nitrogen sources respectively for the enhanced biomass production by Lactobacillus.
Increased biomass may facilitate the recovery process and reduce the production cost. Other benefits of higher amounts of biomass include shortening of the fermentation time, reduced waste water volume, and accelerated downstream processing. Besides, higher cell density of Lactobacillus also benefits industries to produce higher concentrations of chemicals such as lactic acid or bacteriocins. Increased biomass production of L. plantarum LP02 and L. plantarum Pi06 [13] by optimizing medium using a combination of the Taguchi array design and Box-Behnken design [14] have been recently reported. Optimizing fermentation media have been extensively studied to produce exopolysaccharides and bacteriocin [15][16][17] and fermentation of olive juice [18] by L. plantarum.
Various studies have determined LAB culture medium optimization using a time effective statistical approach, response surface methodology (RSM) [14,[18][19][20] instead of conventional "one factor at a time" approach. Response surface methodology with a central composite design has often been used for the optimization of biomass yield of Lactobacillus rhamnosus [21], Bacillus coagulans [22], and Bifidobacterium longum [23]. Nevertheless, the concomitant use of Taguchi and RSM statistical methods have not yet been employed in Lactobacillus culture optimization studies, while using cheese whey as a main carbon source. Therefore, the current study was designed to determine the most significant variables among the culture parameters including cost effective carbon source cheese whey with corn steep liquor in all possible combinations for enhanced biomass production of our recently isolated and characterised Lactobacillus plantarum AS-I4 [24], by using Taguchi design and Box-Behnken design (RSM).

Results and discussion
The optimization of five nutrient variables The three different media compositions were used for screening of preliminary dry cell mass production of Lactobacillus plantarum AS-14 (Table 1). Among three media compositions, medium M3 produced a higher biomass than that produced by other media except MRS. But no significant difference was observed in dry cell mass production between medium M3 and MRS under agitation condition. Five out of the ten ingredients in medium M3 were selected for medium optimization by Taguchi array design with L16 (4 5 ) array ( Table 4). The five independent nutrient variables included glucose (X 1 ), yeast extract (X 2 ), cheese whey (X 3 ), (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (X 4 ), and corn steep liquor (X 5 ), and two operating conditions pH (A) and temperature (B), with the respective design codes of the nutrient variables and their corresponding levels, coded 1 to 4, are listed in Tables 2 and 3. All of the 16 experiments designed for media composition were conducted under static conditions. The results obtained from the optimization of 5 nutrient variables (X 1 to X 5 ) and 2 operating conditions (A, B) using Taugchi's experimental design for the production of dry cell mass are summarized in Table 4. The highest dry cell mass production achieved in the verification experiment was 13.88 g/l as seen in run 14 (Table 4) with the X 1 -X 5 and A, B levels in the orderof 4, 3, 1, 4, 3, 3, and 3. First-order regression was performed by multiple regression analysis and the following regression equation Eq. 3 was obtained: Dry cell mass Ya ð Þ ¼ þ13:48 þ 0:40X 1 þ 0:74X 2 þ 0:16X 3 þ 7:02X 4 þ 0: where Ya is the predicted response or dry cell mass; colony forming unit of Lactobacillus plantarum AS-14 per ml culture (CFU/ml), and X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 and X 5 are the coded values of the test variables glucose, yeast extract, cheese whey, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and corn steep liquor, respectively. The response surface-Box-Behnken method was used to further optimize and examine the three most important factors such as glucose (X 1 ), cheese whey (X 3 ), and corn steep liquor (X 5 ), and the results in terms of respective coded values and three levels in the medium are listed in Tables 5 and 6. The biomass reached its highest (15.41 g/l) during run 15, with nutritional levels of 15 g/l glucose, 60 g/l cheese whey, and 15 g/l corn steep liquor. A second order regression formulation was derived by ANOVA following regression as given below: Final equation in terms of coded factors: Dry cell mass Ya ð Þ ¼ þ12:74 þ 2:77X 1 þ 1:16X 3 þ 9:48X 5 þ0:898X 2 1 þ 0:0571X 2 3 þ 0:786X 2 5 -5:34X 1 X 3 þ14:69X 1 X 5 þ 5:64X 3 X 5 ð4Þ quadratic and linear interaction effects were calculated for the optimization process, and significant coefficients were preserved to create the corresponding response surfaces. The results in the ANOVA of Table 7 showed that the independent variable (X 1 ) had a significant effect, as it had a positive coefficient, according to which an increase in its concentration led to an increased yield. The independent variables X 3 and X 5 were also significant within the range of this study. The same is observed with the X 1 X 5 interaction. The negative signs of the X 1 X 3 interaction and squared variables X 1 2 , X 3 2 and X 5 2 revealed a reduction in dry cell mass production when their concentration was increased in the system.
It is shown that a higher concentration of cheese whey resulted in higher biomass production (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). However, a higher glucose and corn steep liquor concentrations might have resulted in inhibited cell growth. The lack of fit of the model was observed nonsignificant that showed good correlation between the data and the model. The high R 2 value (0.9936) indicated that the data were close to the predicted values from the model. An optimized formulation of nutrition levels was  suggested from the software at the following concentrations: 15 g/l glucose, 60 g/l cheese whey, and 15 g/l corn steep liquor. Live cells were also counted for comparison and to assure viability of cells in the MRS and optimized culture media (>1 × 10 10 CFU/ml), (Fig. 4). The results indicated that both biomass and viable counts in the optimized culture medium were significantly higher than those in the MRS medium. Because the enhanced biomass was almost in proportion to the increase in viable cell numbers, it was deduced that volumes (or sizes) per cell were similar in each culture and that the cells in the optimum culture were alive. Tables 4 and 6 show the design matrix of the variables in coded units with the experimental results. The highest dry cell mass production was 16.20 g/l as seen in run 12.

The optimization of physical operating conditions
For the experimental data, following equation was obtained after multiple regression analysis: where Yb is the predicted response, i.e. dry cell mass g/l, A and B are the coded values of the test variables temperature and pH, respectively. Table 8 shows the results of the second-order response surface models for dry cell mass production in the form of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA of the quadratic regression model demonstrates that the model is very significant as evident from very low probability value [p-  value Prob > F < 0.0001]. The R-squared of 0.9411 is in reasonable agreement with the "adj R-squared" of 0.9083; i.e. the difference is less than 0.1. The coefficientof determination (R 2 ) indicating, that 94.11% of the variability in the response could be explainedby the model. The adjusted determination coefficient (adj. R 2 = 0.9083) was also satisfactory for confirming the significance of the model. Figure 3 displays the surface response plot of the model equation. In Eq. 3, only the isolated variable A and variable B significantly influence the process. A positive but lower value of A and higher value of B demonstrate that a rise in temperature and reduction in pH lead to an increased dry cell mass production. The determination coefficient was 0.9083, indicating that 90.9% of the variability in the response could be explained by the model. The coordinates of the stationary points for dry cell mass production were calculated from the complete Eq. 3. Figure 3 illustrates that an increase in temperature leads to increased production of dry cell mass. Maximal dry cell mass production was obtained at pH 6.2. The optimal range for dry cell mass production was from 34 to 39.6°C and pH = 6.1 to 6.4. Statistical design of experiments can be employed to model the relationship between certain variables and one or more responses in process. Since the cost of culture medium has a remarkable impact on the mass production of probiotics, the optimization of growth conditions, substitution with low-price nutrient ingredients and simplification of medium are vital for their economical production. Taguchi method can be employed to screen the significant nutritional parameters and design a simple medium. Response surface methodology can be employed to estimate a polynomial model representing the effect of significant factors on viable cell counts in the probiotic products, as well as to optimize the process variables. Such combination of statistical design of experiments would be useful to optimize bioprocesses. Many workers employed a two-phase procedure including a screening phase through Taguchi and an optimization phase through Box-Behnken design to develop an economical broth for the growth of Lactobacilli for example L. casei ATCC 334 [2], Lactobacillus sp. LMI8 [10], Lactobacillus plantarum Pi06 [13].
The selected lactobacilli strains were growing relatively slower in the MRS broth. The growth medium was therefore, reformulated and simplifiedby using three different media compositions. Furthermore, the extensive use of nitrogenous sources such as peptones from poultry or beef extract has been environment unfriendly due to high amount of waste. Therefore, we used cheese whey as a low-cost carbon source, with corn steep liquor and ammonium sulphate as low cost nitrogen sources. A step towards simplification is the omission of peptone and the evaluation of the remaining components on the growth performance of the strain. Each component was tested in arange of different concentrations, while all the remaining parameters were kept constant, equal to the initial concentration of the The bold data represent that experiemental run which shows maximum L. Plantarum biomass production Generally, under non agitating conditions, higher dry cell mass was acquired as compared to shaking. These results indicate that L. plantarum strain AS-14 is an anaerobic microorganism. With Taguchi array design by factor optimization, the initial medium opted for further optimization experiments was medium M3. The growth results on MRS medium reported by Zacharof and Lovitt [25] showed that this medium was unsuitable for intensive propagation of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8014, because medium containing numerous nitrogen sources did not facilitate good growth. The absence of peptone from the medium lead to an improved growth rate and higher growth yields of the bacteria, therefore yeast extract was chosen as a primary and sole source of nitrogen.
Several studies [26][27][28][29] have introduced the idea of partial dependence of biomass development and metabolites production by lactobacilli on the amount of nitrogen sources like yeast extract in defined growth media. Yeast extract serves as the carbon, nitrogen and vitamin source needed to satisfy the growth requirements of the microorganisms. Several studies have underlined the important influence of metal ions on the growth of lactobacilli [29][30][31]. We have also evaluated the effect of yeast extract, ammonium bi-sulphate, manganese and magnesium salts concentrations on dry cell mass production but according to results, they are necessary for growth but have no significant effect on response surface of  growth. As the yield of biomass in all anaerobic bacteria was strongly depends on carbohydrate feed [27], glucose was used as energy source. The 3D response surface plots are graphical representations of the regression equation; they were plotted to show the interaction of the variables and to identify the optimum level of each variable for a maximum response (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). Each response surface for biomass production represented different combinations of two test variables at once. As a result, glucose (X1) and dominant nutrients cheese whey (X3) and corn steep liquor (X5) significantly enhanced the biomass production while, yeast extract did not significantly affect the cell growth. Moreover, it was shown that the log value of viable cells in the optimized medium based on cheese whey and corn steep liquor was increased as compare to complex and expensive MRS medium (Fig. 4). Further, cheese whey and corn steep liquor as a low cost carbon and nitrogen sources could be an appropriate substitute for many other carbon and nitrogen sources such as glucose, yeast extract, KH 2 PO 4 in different medium compositions.
Combining all the optimised growth parameters in the desired quantities formulated a liquid medium. This modified medium served the aim of enhancing the cellular productivity, ensuring high growth. When comparing the growth of the selected lactobacilli on MRS and the formulated media (Fig. 4), it was clearly shown that the log value of viable cells in the optimized medium based on cheese whey and corn steep liquor was increased to that in the complex and expensive MRS medium which demonstrated that the optimized medium improves growth with a significant increase in dry cell mass.
Corn steep liquor and lactose have long been proven inexpensive dominant nutrients, alternative to much more expensive materials, such as yeast extract and peptone. It has been used as an alternative nitrogen and carbon sources for optimizing lactic acid production by LAB [21,32]. Because LAB are nutritionally fastidious and require various amino acids and vitamins for growth, choosing a suitable nitrogen source appears to be very important. Lactose and corn steep liquor are the dominant nutrients that control the biosynthesis of lactic acid produced by LAB. Hence, a strong interaction between them for lactic acid fermentation is inevitable. Lima et al. [10] proposed that maximal lactic acid  Hwang et al. [13] investigated the fermentative production of dry cell mass of Lactobacillus plantarum Pi06, to 8.94 g/l from three response variables of glucose, yeast extract, and corn steep liquor. The resulting optimum medium consisted of 35 g/l glucose, 35 g/l yeast extract, and 40 ml/lcorn steep liquor by using Box-Behnken method. Wee et al. [33] explored the lactic acid production (up to 91 g/l) using Lactobacillus sp. RKY1 from corn steep liquor  g/l) and cheese whey containing 100 g/l of lactose as cheap raw materials. Plessas et al. [34] used cheese whey (initial lactose concentrationof 36 g/l) and sour dough (1%), which resulted in maximum production of 6.9 g/l of lactic acid (by single culture) and 8.8 g/l of lactic acid (by mixed culture).
To further optimize the growth rate and the dry cell mass concentration, the effect of physical operating conditions, temperature and pH over the growth of Lactobacilli was investigated in 3 l fermenter containing the optimum formulated medium. The optimum temperature and pH resulted in 16.20 g/l dry cell mass was 40°C and 6.2, respectively. At the stationary point, in the MRS broth (pH 6.0), the dry cell mass concentration was 8.94 g/l, while in the medium without pH control, it was only 6.02 g/l. These values represent an increase of 165% of dry cell mass production when the pH of the supplemented hydrolysate was controlled.
An incubation temperature of lactobacilli in the range of 25 to 38°C was proposed by several researchers [26][27][28][29]. Zacharof and Lovitt [25] reported that the maximum specific growth rate of three Lactobacilli was enhanced at controlled pH6.5, though in the cases of L. Lactis and L. Plantarum pH 7 also supported good growth. These experiments gave higher biomass yields and maximum specific growth rates as compared to the uncontrolled pH growth systems.

Conclusion
The Lactobacillus plantarum AS-14 proves to have great potential for dry cell mass production in the presence of cheese whey and corn steep liquor. Moreover, MRS medium, although it can support the growth of lactobacilli, is unsuitable for use in large quantities owing to its high formulation cost and potential environmental hazards. Hence this study would be a great asset to address the limitations caused by conventional MRS medium for the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum. Hence we present a simplified, cost-effective medium that has the potential to be employed in the industrial production of different types of Lactobacilli used in dairy products.

Microorganism
Recently, we have isolated and characterised fifty four different species from spoiled fruits and vegetables [24] and among these species novel strain of Lactobacillus plantarum AS-14 was used for current study. The AS-14 strain was isolated and characterised for the first time from rotten vegetables (brinjal) collected from local fruit market of Sargodha, Punjab Pakistan. The strain was stored in de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth with 20% glycerol at −20°C.

Media composition and growth conditions
Whey powder containing 82% lactose was obtained from (Noorpur Dairy Industry, Bhalwal Sargodha). Deproteinization of whey was carried out by heat treatment (100°C for 15 min) of the acidified (pH 4.0) whey solution with some modification in the method reported by Lima et al. [10]. The resulting solution was centrifuged at 12,000X g and the supernatant was diluted to reach the desired lactose concentration. Corn steep liquor was obtained from Refhan Industries Pvt. Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan.
Inoculum of L. Plantarum was prepared by transferring glycerol stock culture (1ml) to an Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 ml of MRS medium and incubated at 37°C for 18 h (time required for the microorganism to reach the exponential growth phase) without agitation. Erlenmeyer flasks containing the production medium  (Table 1). All media were adjusted to pH 6.2 before sterilization at 121°C for 15 min. The culture with the highest biomass production was selected for subsequent optimization experiments. The production medium consisted of the same salts used in the growth medium, with the addition of whey lactose (30 to 75 g/l), corn steep liquor (5 to 20 g/l) and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (5 to 20 g/l). Initial pH was 6.5 and it was not kept constant throughout the experiments. The optimization of temperature (30°C to 45°C ) and pH (6.1 to 6.4) was also carried out in a 3.0 l fermenter (Eyela Tokyo. Jar Fermenter MBF) with working volume of 1.5 l.

Measurement of dry cell mass
The dry cell mass of the fermented broth was measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Co, Tokyo, Japan). Aliquots of the cell culture obtained at different time intervals were centrifuged, washed twice and suspended in distilled water and their absorbance was measured at 600 nm. Washed cells were dried in an oven at 80°C for 16-24 h and weighed to constant weight. Dry cell mass was determined by a calibration curve measured at the absorbance values of cell density (OD 600nm ) and dry cell weight (g/l). The glucose concentration in the supernatant was measured by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The number of viable cells of L.plantarum AS-14 was determined using serial 10fold dilution in sterile physiological saline. Secondary dilutions (0.1 ml) from 10 4 to 10 8 were injected into anaerobic tubes (containing MRS agar, 50°C) and immediately rotated in ice water. Anaerobic tubes (capped with butyl rubber stoppers) were placed in an incubator at 37°C for 24-48 h, and the colony-forming units were estimated by counting viable cells cultivated in MRS agar plates at 37°C after a series of sample dilutions in 0.85% physiological saline.

Optimization of growth media
The response surface methodology was conducted by applying Taguchi array design to understand the interaction of various variables and operating conditions, used to find the optimum concentration of the main medium components that affect the response (dry cell mass). To examine the effect of five growth factors (X 1 to X 5 ) on the production of dry cell mass, standard orthogonal L 16 (4 5 ) factorial arrays design was used for designing the experiment. The L 16 represents the Latin square and the number of experimental runs, respectively. Every run set consisted of a particular combination of levels and factors. The value of each level is listed in Table 2. Each selected combination of factors and levels was tested in a Hinton flask containing 100 ml of culture under static conditions. To estimate the optimal point of four important variables from the results of the Taguchi array design, a second order polynomial function, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) method was fitted to the experimental results. Thus, the influence of all experimental variables, factors and interaction effects on the response was investigated. The objective of the second experiment was to obtain a more precise estimate of the optimal operating conditions for the factors involved. Thus, ABBD factorial 3 3 experimental design was developed with four variables at three levels. Only a small number of experimental runs (i.e. 16 runs) were necessary for the optimization of nutrition variables (cheese whey, glucose and yeast extract) and with two variables (temperature and pH) listed in Table 3.

Data analysis
The effects of the factors on surface tension for biomass production were statistically analysed with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response surface methodology was carried out using Design Expert software package (version 9.0.3.1, Stat-Ease Inc., USA).