Suppression of TCAB1 expression induced cellular senescence by lessening proteasomal degradation of p21 in cancer cells

TCAB1, a.k.a. WRAP53β or WDR79, is an important molecule for the maintenance of Cajal bodies and critically involved in telomere elongation and DNA repair. Upregulation of TCAB1 were discovered in a variety types of cancers. However, the function of TCAB1 in tumor cell senescence remains absent. The TCAB1 knockdown cell lines were constructed. The expression levels of TCAB1, p21, p16 and p53 were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Staining of senescence-associated β-galactosidase was used to detect senescent cells. The ubiquitination of the p21 was analysed by immunoprecipitation and in vivo ubiquitination assay. TCGA databases were employed to perform in silico analyses for the mRNA expression of TCAB1, p21, p16 and p53. Here, we discovered that knockdown of TCAB1 induced rapid progression of cellular senescence in A549, H1299 and HeLa cells. In exploiting the mechanism underlining the role of TCAB1 on senescence, we found a significant increase of p21 at the protein levels upon TCAB1 depletion, whereas the p21 mRNA expression was not altered. We verified that TCAB1 knockdown was able to shunt p21 from proteasomal degradation by regulating the ubiquitination of p21. In rescue assays, it was demonstrated that decreasing the expression of p21 or increasing the expression of TCAB1 were able to attenuate the cellular senescence process induced by TCAB1 silencing. This study revealed the importance of TCAB1 for its biological functions in the regulation of cell senescence. Our results will be helpful to understand the mechanisms of senescence in cancer cells, which could provide clues for designing novel strategies for developing effective treatment regimens.


Introduction
Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible growth arrest where cells remain viable and metabolically active, but non-proliferative even received mitogenic stimulations [1]. The senescence program can proceed in normal, preneoplastic, or malignant transformed conditions in cells exposed to various interruptions, such as telomere shortening, oncogene activation, oxidative stress, and DNA damages, etc. Although factors causing senescence may be different, the terminal senescence phenotype can be generally described as enlarged/flattened cell morphology, rise in activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, and increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI). At the molecular levels, senescence is governed by a chorus of multiple signaling pathways with dependence to distinct senescence stimuli. The induction and maintenance of senescence predominantly involves two major pathways, which are denoted by critical tumor suppressors as the p16 INK4a /pRb and p53/p21 pathways [2]. It is believed that the establishment of cell senescence

Open Access
Cancer Cell International *Correspondence: chengs@ccmu.edu.cn; weiding@ccmu.edu.cn 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 You'an Men West, Beijing, P. R. China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article will drive cancer cells to (re-)entry irreversible cell cycle arrest [3]. Therefore, the induction of tumor cell senescence is perceived as a promising anti-cancer strategy for developing novel therapies [4].
The regulation of cellular senescence often requires the function of p21 as a key mediator molecule for signal transduction. By blocking the kinase activity of CDKs, the CDK2 inhibitor p21 is an important cellular factor to brake G1 progression and induce senescence. The expression of p21 is regulated by complex mechanisms during the process of cellular senescence, including epigenetic silencing, transcriptional or translational controls, and protein stability changes from ubiquitin dependent or independent degradation [5]. As a major regulatory transcriptional factor of p21, p53 mutation is associated with decreased p21 expression. The p53-independent induction of p21 has also been reported. Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p21 requires several E3 ligases, such as SCF skp2 , CRL4 cdt2 , and APC/C cdc20 [6][7][8], which functions at different stages of the cell cycle. Other E3 ligases of FBXO22 and CHIP was also found to involve p21 degradation through ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms [9,10]. Interactions with certain proteins can stabilize p21 and prevent its ubiquitin-independent degradation [11].
TCAB1 is a structural and essential component protein of the Cajal body (CB). Through its WD40 domains and the c-terminal region containing 456 to 533 amino acids, TCAB1 interacted with Coilin and SMN proteins [12]. TCAB1 is crucial in the synthesis of telomeres in human tumor cells, and is able to transport telomerase directly to telomeres to facilitate terminal elongation [13]. TCAB1 overexpression can help to clear γH2AX from ionizing radiation and promote the efficiency of homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining repairs [14]. Dysfunction of TCAB1 has been linked to congenital dyskeratosis, spinal muscular atrophy, tumors, premature aging. Abnormal TCAB1 expression has been observed in nasopharyngeal [15], esophageal [16], rectal [17], breast [18], ovarian cancers [19], and recently in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as well [20]. The role of TCAB1 in tumors may related to impaired telomere function and impaired recruitment of shear factors in pre-mRNAs. TCAB1 overexpression promotes cell proliferation, whereas silencing the TCAB1 gene significantly inhibited the growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
In this study, we find that knocking down TCAB1 in stable cancer cells induced striking cellular senescence phenotype. The effect of TCAB1 silencing was mediated by decreased ubiquitination of p21 and its subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation. Removal of cumulated p21 under TCAB1 deficiency allowed the cells to escape from senescence. Taken together, we have identified a new biological function of TCAB1 for its involvement in cellular senescence. Our findings suggested that reducing TCAB1 could be deployed as a valid strategy to develop anticancer treatment as it appeared to be sufficiently to trigger cellular senescence.

Materials and methods
Tissue culture and establishment of stable cell lines A549, H1299 and HeLa cells were obtained from the cell bank at Peking Union Medical University and were detected for STR profiles in china. Cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, HyClone) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone) and 100 units/ml penicillin and streptomycin in a humidified incubator with 5% CO 2 at 37 °C. The RNA interference target sequences corresponding to TCAB1 (shRNA: TAT CTG GGA CGC ATT CAC T) and a scrable sequence (TTC TCC GAA CGT GTC ACG T) were subcloned into lentiviral vectors of GV152 backbone (vector containing a puromycin resistance gene; Genechem). The lentiviral of LV-TCAB1 were provided by Hesheng genomic technology. The cells were infected with the produced lentivirus in the presence of polybrene (8 μg/ml; Sigma) for 48 h, and then selected by 2 μg/ml puromycin (Sigma) for 7 days. The expression levels of the targeted gene were determined by RT-PCR and western blotting for knockdown efficiencies.

RNA extraction and qRT-PCR
Total RNA was isolated from HeLa stable cells using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen) following to the manufacturer's standard protocol. The RNA concentrations and purity were determined using a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). A total of 1 μg of RNA each was subjected to reactions to obtain cDNAs using a Reverse Transcription Kit (Promega). Quantitative Real-Time-PCR was performed by an ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) using Maxima SYBR Green/ROX qPCR Master Mix (MBI Fermentas). Thermal cycling conditions were 95 °C for 30 s, followed by 5 s at 95 °C and 1 min at 60 °C for 40 cycles. PCR amplification was performed using specific primers: p21 (CGA GAC ACC ACT GGA GGG T; R: GAG GCA CAA GGG TAC AAG ACA); TCAB1 F: (F: TCA AGA AGG TGG TGA AGC A; R: GTC AAA GGT GGA GGA GTG G); and GAPDH (F: CAA GGC TGT GGG CAA GGT; R: CCT GCT TCA CCA CCT TCT T). Relative quantities of mRNA were calculated using the comparative Ct method for each sample. Analyses were done in triplicate to confirm the data.

Staining of senescence-associated β-galactosidase
For SA-β-gal staining, cells were seeded into 12-well plates and cultured in a DMEM medium. After fixed for 20 min at room temperature in 4% paraformaldehyde, the cells were washed twice with 1× PBS. A freshly prepared SA-β-gal staining solution was used to incubated with the fixed cells overnight at 37 °C with the absence of CO 2 . Eight randomly selected representative fields were quantified for the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells. Data were presented as mean ± SE.

Immunoprecipitatation and in vivo ubiquitination assay
To detect the levels p21 ubiquitination, A549-shT-CAB1, H1299-shTCAB1 and shTCAB1 stable HeLa cells were pretreated with 20 μM MG132 (Merck Millipore) for 6 h. The whole cell lysates were collected from 10 cm dishes and incubated with anti-p21 antibodies overnight at 4 °C. Then, 20 μl beads conjugated with protein A/G were added and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The beads were washed three times with the washing buffer (10 mM Tris·HCl, pH 8.0, 1 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Nonidet P-40) prior to immunoprecipitation. The released samples in 20 μl 2× SDS protein loading buffer were subjected to western blotting analyses using an antibody against ubiquitin.

Protein half-life determination
The transformed stable cells were treated with 100 μg/ ml of cycloheximide for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h. The whole cell lysates were prepared. The amount of 10 or 20 μg of total protein from each sample was analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-p21 antibody.

RNAi and transfection
To transiently silence p21, siRNA targeting p21 was synthesized (Hesheng genomic technology) and transfected with Lipofectamine ™ RNAiMAX (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. The siRNA sequence target p21 was: CGU CAG AAC CCA UGC GGC ATT. Control insertion sequence was: UUC UCC GAA CGU GUC ACG UT.

3D terrain map
From TCGA database, the mRNA expression of TCAB1, p21 and p16 of a total of 514 lung cancer patients were retrieved. For better and fair comparison of genes of different expression levels and abundance, the expression levels of each gene were normalize by quartile ranking scales and classified into 9 group from low to high as "0 to 8". Using the normalized levels as the x and y scales, TCAB1/p21 or TCAB1/p16 in our case, the averaged level of a third gene of interest (p53 in this study) could be ploted with the original raw values to generate a 3D terrain map. Both p53 wild-type (362) and p53 mutation (152) cases were analyzed and presented as comparative panels.

RNA interference of TCAB1 induced cellular senescence
TCAB1 is a scaffold protein that directs factors to Cajal bodies and participates in DNA damage repair. Cajal body is extremely sensitive to DNA damage and is associated with chemotherapy-induced tumor cell senescence [21]. TCAB1 was shown to be overexpressed in both cancer cells and neoplastic tissues, whereas downregulation of TCAB1 inhibited tumor cell proliferation. These let us sought to explore on whether TCAB1 has a significant impact on the process of cellular senescence. HeLa cells is a representative model for studying tumor cell senescence due to its better characterized genetic background and easy observation for senescence phenotype development. We infected HeLa cells with lentiviruses to silence TCAB1 expression. After 1 week selection with puromycin, almost all the cells were infected with shTCAB1 (Fig. 1a) and the cells were analyzed for SA-β-gal activity. We found that a significant portion of selected cells developed senescence-like phenotype as manifested by enlarged and flattened morphology (Fig. 1b). The SA-β-gal + cells were observed significantly increased in numbers as compared to cells infected with the control virus (Fig. 1c). As p21 is a known important gene to drive the process of cellular senescence, we wonder if the p21 expression was altered in shTCAB1 transformed cells. Indeed, the level of p21 proteins significantly upregulated in HeLa cells with the silencing of TCAB1 (Fig. 1d). We next to examine if the increase in p21 expression following TCAB1 knockdown occured at the transcription or posttranslation levels. To our surprise, there were no significant changes of p21 mRNA in these cells when TCAB1 were knockdown as shown in Fig. 1e, f.

Silencing of TCAB1 stabilized p21 from proteasomal degradation
Degradation of p21 through the ubiquitin proteasome system is one of the major ways to regulate p21 protein levels. The HeLa cells steadily knockdown TCAB1 were treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. As shown in Fig. 2a, in the absence of MG132, p21 protein levels increased obviously accompanied by TCAB1 downregulation in HeLa cells. Such effect of TCAB1 on p21 could be reversed by the proteasome inhibitor MG132, suggesting that TCAB1 regulated Fig.1 RNA interference of TCAB1 induced cellular senescence in HeLa cells. a Lentivirus of shTCAB1 or shCon transformed HeLa cells were prepared by lentiviral infections. The efficiency of lentivirus infection was observed by fluorescence microscope. b Cellular senescence was assayed by senescence-associated (SA)-β-gal staining (arrows pointing to cells with representative senescent phenotype). c Quantification from B for SA-β-gal positive cells in percentages (n = 8). d The protein levels of TCAB1 and p21 were determined by Western blotting and compared to those in the control cells. e The mRNA expression levels of TCAB1 and p21 were measured by qRT-PCR analysis (n = 3). f The RT-PCR products of TCAB1 and p21 detected by agarose electrophoresis p21 levels in a proteasome-dependent manner. To further verify degradation of p21 involved the regulation of p21 ubiquitination, cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 were detected for polyubiquitinated p21 proteins and their accumulation. As shown in Fig. 2b, p21 ubiquitination was significantly decreased when TCAB1was knocked down in HeLa cells. It has been known that p16 is also a key inducer of cell senescence. In addition to p21, we analyzed of p16 protein levels in Fig. 2c and found no significant changes when knockdown of TCAB1. To exclude the possibility of MG132 treatment might directly alter the mRNA level of p21, we measured the mRNA level of p21 in MG132 treated cells. We found that the p21 mRNAs appeared to be stable in cells with or without exposure to MG132 (Fig. 2d). Taken together, these findings suggest that TCAB1 controls the stability of p21 by modulating their ubiquitination prior to proteasomal degradation.

Knockdown of TCAB1 expression induced senescence by regulating the ubiquitination of p21 in A549 and H1299 cancer cells
Because TCAB1 is overexpressed in human non-small cell lung cancer tissues and cell lines, we next to explore whether depletion of TCAB1 could induce cellular senescence in the lung cancer cells. The major difference between A549 and H1299 cells is the existence of wild type p53 molecules. We suspected the drastic difference in senescent phenotype of these two cell lines might involve the participation of p53 proteins. The state of p53 is known to influence cellular senescence process, and mutations in p53 are most frequently observed in cancer cells. Many tumors have inactive p53, which results in resistance to both apoptosis and senescence [22].We had observed previously that silencing of TCAB1 induced senescence in HeLa cells which has low p53 expression. Therefore, we wanted to know if downregulation of TCAB1 in wild type p53 and p53-deficient cells also sensitized them to senescence. When we silenced TCAB1 gene in A549 (wild type p53) cells, we found that the absence of TCAB1 could induce senescence dramatically. Nearly half of the cells were stained positive by SA-β-gal (Fig. 3a). Similarly, we wanted to investigate whether inhibition of p21 degradation caused by downregulation of TCAB1 was related to p53. As shown in Fig. 3b, c, suppression of the expression of TCAB1 also protected the degradation of p21 from the proteasome pathway and reduced the ubiquitination level of p21 in A549 cells. When we downregulated TCAB1 gene in H1299 (p53−/−) cells, we also found that the depletion of TCAB1 could induce senescence and repress the degradation of p21 from the proteasome pathway (Additional file 1: Fig.  S1A-C). Although inhibition of TCAB1 induced a senescent phenotype in all three cell lines, senescent cells were induced most frequently in A549 cells. In summary, it can be concluded that TCAB1 knockdown induces tumor cell senescence by regulating the ubiquitination and degradation of p21. In wild-type p53 tumor cells, the senescence phenotype induced by the deletion of TCAB1 is more obvious.

Depletion of p21 attenuated senescence induced by TCAB1 knockdown
Since p21 is a protein with relative short half-life, we predicted that the effect of TCAB1 on p21 degradation could be monitored in kinetic assays of protein stability. Because the senescence phenotype induced by the downregulation of TCAB1 is more obvious in A549 cells, we next investigated whether TCAB1 could regulate p21 stability in A549 cells. A549 cells with or without TCAB1 knockdown were treated with cycloheximide (CHX) to inhibit protein biosynthesis, and protein extracts obtained at the indicated time points were analyzed. We found that knockdown of TCAB1 in cells resulted in a significantly extended halflife of p21 (Fig. 4a, b). To further determine whether TCAB1 knockdown induced senescence through the ubiquitination of p21, we ectopically knocked down p21 in TCAB1-delepted A549 cells and verified the protein depletion by western blot analysis. Importantly, the ectopic knockdown of p21, but not the control, significantly reversed senescence of A549 cells with low expression of TCAB1 (Fig. 4c, d). Western blotting results showed that TCAB1 and p21 were knocked down in shTCAB1 infected and sip21 treated cells (Fig. 4e). Taken together, these results indicated that

Overexpression of TCAB1 reversed senescence induced by TCAB1 knockdown
In order to further explore the effect of TCAB1 on senescence, we overexpressed LV-TCAB1 or control lentivirus in TCAB1-delepted A549 cells. We found that overexpression of TCAB1 can partly reversed the senescence phenotype induced by depletion of TCAB1. The positive rates of cells staining SA-β-gal was significantly lower in TCAB1 overexpressing cells than the control (Fig. 5a, b). Western blotting results showed that TCAB1 were overexpressed and p21 were repressed in LV-TCAB1treated cells (Fig. 5c). To further explore the clinical significance of TCAB1 and senescence related important proteins, we analyzed the mRNA expression of TCAB1, p21, p16 and p53 in 514 patients with lung cancer including p53 Fig.4 Depletion of p21 in TCAB1 knockdown cells attenuated the development of senescence phenotype. a To determine the half-life of p21, A549 cells were treated with cycloheximide (100 μg/ml) for indicated periods of time, and then immunoblotted with probing antibodies. b Quantification of the p21 protein levels relative to β-actin. Intensities of blots were analysed by the ImageJ software. c SA-β-gal staining in shTCAB stable A549 lung cancer cells transfected with either a scramble control or p21 siRNA. d Quantification from C for SA-β-gal positive cells in percentages (n = 8). e The protein levels of TCAB1 and p21 determined by western blotting wild-type (362) and p53 mutation (152) in the TCGA database. In patients with wild-type p53 as shown in the upper-left pane in Fig. 5d, more samples (reflected by the grid density) were with high TCAB1 expression (to the right side of the scale), which demonstrated that in tumors TCAB1 were often upregulated. However, we noticed in highest TCAB1 samples, there were 2 distinguishable groups, where low p21 expression ones showing the highest p53 expression. Such a pattern were not seen when profiling with p16 (or perhaps even reversed) shown in upper-right pane in Fig. 5d. In addition, a clear difference can be observed from same analyses in Fig.5 Overexpression of TCAB1 prevented senescence by regulating the expression of p21. a A549 cells stable expressed shRNA against TCAB1 were infected with LV-TCAB1 lentivirus and control lentivirus. Cellular senescence was measured by Senescence-associated (SA)-β-gal assay. b Quantification from A for SA-β-gal positive cells in percentages (n = 8). c Western blotting were used to determine TCAB1 and p21 expression. GAPDH was loading control. d RNAseq results of TCAB1, p21, p16 and p53 levels in lung adenocarcinoma patients of both p53 wild type (362 cases) and mutant p53 (152 cases) groups from cBioPortal (Luad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018) were summarized in 3D terrain charts p53 mutant sample (Fig. 5d lower panes). Our previous results (Fig. 3a) also suggested that in wild-type A549 cells, the senescence phenotype induced by knocking down TCAB1 was most pronounced. These results suggest that TCAB1 intervention may have a good role in inducing cell senescence and inhibiting tumor in wildtype p53 lung cancer.

Discussion
TCAB1 was demonstrated as an important structural component of Cajal body, facilitates interactions of factors involved in splicing and telomere elongation and their assembly in Cajal bodies [12]. TCAB1 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells, and its loss or abnormally high expression can cause CB disintegration and mislocalization of related factors. We previously reported that blocking the formation of CB by knocking down coilin promoted the senescence phenotype, demonstrated in HeLa cells treated with cisplatin [21]. We also found in leukemic cells that knocking down coilin decreased the expression of the p27 protein [23].Therefore, we hypothesized the expression of TCAB1 could be a critical determinant of cell senescence. In this study, we provided evidence that knockdown of TCAB1 in cancer cells bearing either wild-type or deletion of p53 significantly increased p21 protein and subsequently induced cellular senescence in a subset of cells. It is possible that this phenomenon is related to the DNA repair capacity in tumor cells. Several studies suggested that DNA damage is an important regulator of cell senescence, which triggers a DNA damage response (DDR). Pathways that allow cells to sense damaged DNA and respond by repairing damage or by making arrests cell cycle progression [24]. Persistent DDR signaling is critical initiation and maintenance of aging [25]. The depletion of TCAB1 may induce DNA damage which is a major cause of cellular senescence. It was reported that TCAB1 RNAi in U2OS, H1299 and HeLa cells increased the number of phospho-histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) foci in nonirradiated cells, indicating TCAB1 protects cells against accumulation of spontaneous DNA damage [14]. Cells overexpressing TCAB1 exhibited more rapid clearance of γ-H2AX, in association with homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining at sites of less DNA breaks [26]. Reduced expression of TCAB1 in ovarian tumors correlated with attenuated DNA damage response and poor patient survival [19]. Based on these findings, we ration that one major driving force behind shTCAB-induced senescence in tumor cells may relate to insufficiency of DDR and the impaired DNA repair ability, which tends to result more severe DNA damages and genomic instability and cause irreversible senescence.
In mammalian cells, the senescence checkpoint is initiated by one of the two major signaling pathways p21 /p53 and p16/Rb. We demonstrated that TCAB1 reductioninduced senescence was not dependent to p16 expression, rather signatured by an increase at p21 protein levels. Elevated levels of p21 in TCAB1-depleted cells resulted from avoiding the degradation from ubiquitin proteasome system. The mechanism of p21 degradation is currently not fully understood. It is believed that the degradation of p21 could be through either ubiquitin-dependent or independent mechanisms. Newly synthetized p21 is stabilized by WIS39, an adaptor that recruits HSP90 to p21 [27] while p21 ubiquitylation and degradation are promoted by several E3 ubiquitin ligase, such as SCF SKP2 ubiquitin ligase, the CRL4 CDT2 ligase, and the APC/C CDC20 ubiquitin ligase. Even though p21 is polyubiquitylated in cells, ubiquitylation is not always required for p21 degradation, because a p21 mutant with all lysine residues mutated to arginine (p21K0) can still be degraded [28,29]. At present study, the data suggested that the scaffold protein TCAB1 interfere with the ubiquitination of p21 and sufficiently alter the cellular senescent phenotype. This finding added TCAB1 to the growing list of protein regulating p21 protein abundance, and emphasized the potentially role of Cajal bodies for their involvement in the regulation of senescence. Bearing six individual WD-repeat domains, TCAB1/WDR79 belongs to the WD-repeat protein family. The WDR domains are often essential subunits of multi protein complexes involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including the protein ubiquitination, gene expression, signal transduction, histone methylation and cell cycle control [30]. We hypothesized that TCAB1 regulated ubiquitination degradation of p21 through the interaction between its WDR domain and ubiquitin ligase.
Another important finding from this study was that A549 lung cancer cells appeared to be much more sensitive to TCAB1 suppression for senescence induction. As A549 contains the wild type of p53, it could explain, at least partially, our discovery indicating the p21/p53 pathway was responsible for TCAB1 participated senescence regulation. Surprisingly, in the wild-type p53 patients analyzed in the TCGA database, the expression of TCAB1 and p21 in patients with high p53 expression was negatively correlated. This turned out to be reasonable to explain that why p21/p53 pathway for cell senescence do not activate in tumor cells, even when p53 functions are intact. The interconnections among the state and expression of p53 and TCAB1/p21 could be of great biological significance and remains to be further studied. It should be pointed out that the TCGA results are gene expression measures at the mRNA levels, even in support of our hypothesis on TCAB1 and p21 axis on senescence regulation, more direct evidence from assays on TCAB1 and p21 protein levels from clinical samples will add more convincing values.

Conclusions
In summary, we observed that knockdown of TCAB1 in cancer cells sufficiently induced cellular senescence of different extent, possibly depending on the status of p53 gene. TCAB1 knockdown was able to increase the p21 protein level by reducing its proteasomal degradation through ubiquitination dependent fashion. In A549 cells with wild type p53, the phenotype of TCAB1-KD induced senescence was more pronounced with p21 dependency as demonstrated by si-p21 rescue experiments. However, whether TCAB1 deletion can induce tumor senescence in vivo remains to be explored. Molecule TCAB1 interacts directly with to influence the ubiquitination of p21 needs further study.
Cellular senescence is a prominent tumor suppression strategy to allow cancer cells escape from malignant expansion and development of treatment resistance. Induction of senescence in cancer cells is emerging as a practical therapeutic concept [31]. Depletion of TCAB1 is crucial for ensuring the irreversibility of the senescence arrest in p53 wild type and mutant cells. Given the fact that more than half of the tumors maintained the p53 wild type forms, including lung cancers with the most incidences, our findings not only offer new perspectives in the modulation of senescence by TCAB1 but also suggest a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment, especially for patients that might failing chemotherapies with risks of over doses.