ADAM10 is involved in the oncogenic process and chemo-resistance of triple-negative breast cancer via regulating Notch1 signaling pathway, CD44 and PrPc

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most challenging breast cancer subtype to treat, because it is so aggressive with shorter survival. Chemotherapy remains the standard treatment due to the lack of specific and effective molecular targets. The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential roles of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) on TNBC cells and the effects of combining ADAM10 expression and neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (NACT) to improve the overall survival in breast cancer patients. Using a series of breast cancer cell lines, we measured the expression of ADAM10 and its substrates by quantitative real-time PCR assay (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. Cell migration and invasion, cell proliferation, drug sensitivity assay, cell cycle and apoptosis were conducted in MDA-MB-231 cells cultured with ADAM10 siRNA. The effect of ADAM10 down-regulation by siRNA on its substrates was assessed by western blot analysis. We performed immunohistochemical staining for ADAM10 in clinical breast cancer tissues in 94 patients receiving NACT. The active form of ADAM10 was highly expressed in TNBC cell lines. Knockdown of ADAM10 in MDA-MB-231 cells led to a significant decrease in cell proliferation, migration, invasion and the IC50 value of paclitaxel and adriamycin, while induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. And these changes were correlated with down-regulation of Notch signaling, CD44 and cellular prion protein (PrPc). In clinical breast cancer cases, a high ADAM10 expression in pre-NACT samples was strongly associated with poorer response to NACT and shorter overall survival. These data suggest the previously unrecognized roles of ADAM10 in contributing to the progression and chemo-resistance of TNBC.

tail involved in activity regulation [1,2]. ADAM10 proteolytically cleaves the ectodomain of a great many transmembrane proteins, including growth factors, cytokines and adhesion molecules, allowing them to transport via a soluble form to neighboring cells [3]. ADAM10 is involved in various physiological processes, such as in activation of the Notch signaling pathway during development [4,5] and in inflammation/immune response [6,7]. Dysregulation of ADAM10 activity is associated with pathological processes in some human diseases especially in brain disorders [8]. For example, the upregulation of ADAM10 causes the α-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and has been considered as a useful therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's Disease [9]. The cellular prion protein (PrPc) as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein is shed at the plasma membrane by ADAM10 [10], while a pathological and misfolded form of the prion protein (PrPsc) is formed in prion disease. Therefore, activation of ADAM10 aiming at increasing normal PrP breakdown and depleting PrPsc could be seen as putative therapeutic strategy for prion disease [11].
Meanwhile, ADAM10 has been implicated in several types of tumors in humans. ADAM10-mediated Notch1 cleavage and shedding in T-cells controls T-cell development [12], and also contributes to oncogenic Notch signaling by shedding Notch1 mutants in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) [13]. Constitutive activation of ADAM10 contributes to the growth of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells [14]. Therefore, inhibition of ADAM10 may be a useful strategy to counteract increased Notch1 signaling in T-ALL or to enhance the response of MCL to other therapeutic agents. ADAM10 overexpression in colon cancer cells induces liver metastasis by enhancing L1-CAM cleavage [15], and is correlated with a higher clinical stage in colorectal cancer patient samples [16]. Increase of ADAM10 expression is also found in oral squamous cell carcinoma [17] and pancreatic carcinoma [18]. N-cadherin cleavage is regulated by a protein kinase C-alpha-ADAM10 cascade in glioblastoma (GBM) cells and may mediate GBM cell migration [19].
Recently, ADAM10 has been investigated in breast cancer, particularly the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) enriched subtype. In vitro studies, ADAM10 is identified as one of the major proteases to cleave and shed the HER2 receptor ectodomain [20]. Additionally, ADAM10 contributes to HER receptor activation by shedding of HER ligands such as betacellulin, and it also mitigates Trastuzumab treatment resistance [21]. Zheng et al. has also demonstrated that HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) shedding is associated with α-secretase activity of ADAM10 in breast cancer tissues and cell lines [22]. The depletion of MEL-18 promoted trastuzumab resistance by increasing ADAM10/17 mediated ErbB ligand production and receptor heterodimerization in HER2 positive breast cancer patients [23]. These findings indicate that a combination treatment of ADAM10 inhibitor plus trastuzumab may overcome trastuzumab resistance. However, ADAM10 is rarely studied in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cases.
TNBC is defined by the expression of 1% or less of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in the tumor, along with the absence of HER2 amplification. TNBC accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers and occurs generally in younger women, characterized by higher rates of relapse, greater metastatic potential, and shorter overall survival compared with other breast cancer subtypes. Chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for TNBC patients in both the early and advanced-stages of the disease. Identification of biomarkers in TNBC becomes urgent for helping guide treatment decisions [24]. High levels of ADAM10 mRNA were correlated with a poor prognosis in the basal subtype of breast cancer, and knockdown of ADAM10 expression decreased migration in TNBC cell lines [25]. But the mechanism of ADAM10 functions in TNBC cells and its relationship with chemotherapy is still unknown.
In the present study, we have found that the active form of ADAM10 is highly expressed in TNBC cell lines compared with ER + cell line. Knockdown of ADAM10 expression significantly inhibits migration, invasion, and cell growth. It promotes drug susceptibility, and induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells via regulating the Notch1 signaling pathway, CD44 and PrPc. Moreover, a study of clinical breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (NACT) demonstrates that higher ADAM10 protein level before NACT was associated with poor response to NACT and shorter overall survival. In conclusion, our results suggest that ADAM10 is involved in the progression and drugresistance of TNBC, and may be used as a biomarker to develop strategies for treatment.

Western blot analysis and co-immunoprecipitation
Total protein was extracted from cells using RIPA lysis buffer. Cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins were extracted from cells using NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extracion Reagents (Thermo, USA). For Western blots, 30 μg protein extracts were electrophoresed, transferred to PVDF (Millipore, USA) membranes, blocked in 5% non-fat milk for 2 h, and incubated overnight with antibodies against ADAM10 (ab1997, Abcam, USA), PrPc For co-immunoprecipitation, cells were collected, washed with PBS, and lysed in TNT buffer supplemented with 1 tablet/50 mL of Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche Molecular Biochemical). Lysates were cleared by centrifugation (10,000 × g for 15 min at 4 °C) and incubated on ice for 2 h with 10 μg anti-ADAM10, anti-CD44 or anti-PrPc. The antigen sample/antibody mixture was added to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube containing pre-washed Protein G Magnetic Beads (Pierce, Germany) and incubated at room temperature for 1 h with mixing. The beads were retrieved by centrifugation and washed (by vortex and short spin) three times with Wash Buffer. Proteins bound to the beads were eluted by boiling in 2 × electrophoresis sample buffer. Then Western blots were performed as described above.

Inhibition of ADAM10 expression by RNA interference
2 × 10 5 cells per well in 2 ml antibiotic-free normal growth medium supplemented with FBS, were seeded in 6-well plates in triplicates. After an overnight incubation, the cells were transfected with different dilutions of siRNA using transfection Reagent (sc-29528, Santa Cruz, USA) as suggested by the manufacturer's instructions. The small interference RNA (sc-41410, Santa Cruz, USA) was used to target ADAM10 mRNA sequence, while control siRNA (sc-37007, Santa Cruz, USA) was used as negative control. After 24, 48 or 72 h, total RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed. Real-time PCR was carried out to detect the mRNA of ADAM10. At 48 or 72 h after transfection, total protein was extracted and protein expression was determined by Western blot.

Cell migration and invasion assays
The migration and invasion assays of cells were performed as previously described [26], using transwell chambers with 8-μm pore size membranes (Corning Costar, USA) without or with Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA).

Cell proliferation assay and drug sensitivity assay
Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK8 (Dojindo, Tokyo, Japan). The cells were seeded on 96-well microplates at a density of 5 × 10 3 cells per well. At 0-4 days after transfection with ADAM10 siRNA, the cells were incubated with 10 μl of CCK8 for 3 h. Then the OD of each sample was measured at a 450 nm test wavelength with an ELISA multi-well spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices Corp., Sunnyvale, CA, USA).
For drug sensitivity assay, cells transfected with ADAM10 siRNA or negative control siRNA were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 3 × 10 4 cells per well and incubated with serially diluted paclitaxel (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 μg/ml), or adriamycin (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 μg/ml) for 24 h followed by 2 h incubation with CCK-8 solution. The OD of each well was measured at a 450 nm test wavelength. The cell survival rate was calculated based on the OD of the negative control cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined as the drug concentration causing 50% cell growth inhibition.

Flow cytometry analysis
For cell cycle analysis, cells were harvested, washed with PBS, and fixed. Prior to the analysis, the cells were incubated with fresh propidium iodide containing RNase for 30 min at 37 °C. DNA content was determined by fluorescence-activated cytometry (FACS) analysis of the propidium iodide-stained cells using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA).
Apoptosis analysis was carried out by dual dye staining using Annexin V and 7-AAD. Cells were harvested, washed twice with PBS, and stained with PE Annexin V apoptosis detection kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. The stained cells were subjected to a FAC-SCalibur flow cytometer and the results were analyzed using the Flow Jo 7.6.1 software (Tree Star Inc., USA).

Patient characteristics and immunohistochemistry
Paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 94 primary breast cancer patients, which were diagnosed as "invasive carcinoma of no special type" at the Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University between 2011 and 2013, were collected. Prior to radical mastectomy, the patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (NACT) with cyclophosphamide, epirubicin/epidoxorubicin and taxol combination therapy at the Department of Breast Surgery in Huashan Hospital. These patients were graded into G1-G5 based on the Miller-Payne grading system [27] according to their response to NACT, which were evaluated by two pathologists (Tang F and Bao Y). Then the 94 cases were divided into two cohorts, including Cohort 1 (G1 and G2) with poor response to NACT and Cohort 2 (G3, G4 and G5) with good response to NACT. From each patient, a core-needle biopsy of the tumor was taken before NACT and a post-NACT radical mastectomy was excised. The specimens were paraffin-embedded for subsequent immunohistochemical staining. Slides were dehydrated in xylene and graded alcohols. Antigen retrieval was performed with 0.01 M citrate buffer at pH 6.0 at 95 °C for 10 min. Then slides were incubated with diluted primary antibody anti-ADAM10 (sc-48400, Santa Cruz, USA) in 1:100 dilution for 12 h followed by incubations with biotinylated secondary antibody for 1 h, and diaminobenzidine (DAKO, Denmark) for 10 min. Slides were again counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin.
The saturation and intensity of the immunostained cells were evaluated over three visual fields, at a power of × 200 under a light microscope (Nikon, Japan).
ADAM10 immunoreactivity was detected mainly in the cytoplasm and cytomembrane. According to H scoring system [28], the total staining of ADAM10 was based on the intensity score (0, 1, 2, 3) multiplying the percentage of positive cells, giving a possible range of 0-300 (%). Then ADAM10 low expression group ranged from 0 to 200 (including 200), and the high expression group ranged from 200 to 300.

Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS, version 21.0. All experiments were repeated at least three times and the results are presented with mean ± standarderrors (SEM). The differences were analyzed by using the Student's t-test. To correlate ADAM10 expression with clinicopatholgical factors, we used Chi-Square or Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively, for categorical and non-categorical variables. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. In multivariate analyses, all the data sets were pooled and the odds ratios and P values were estimated with logistic regression model stratified by study. Overall survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis and differences between groups were assessed using log-rank tests. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate differences of clinicopatholgical factors in the risk of death. For all tests, a p < 0.05 (twotailed) was defined as statistically significant.

Results
The active form of ADAM10 is highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines  (Fig. 1a). The mRNA expression level of ADAM10 was also higher in triple-negative cell lines and HER2 amplified cell line compared to ER + cell lines using qRT-PCR assay (Fig. 1b). These results suggest that ADAM10 in its active form is highly expressed in triple-negative cell lines.

Down-regulation of ADAM10 affects the functions of triple-negative breast cancer cells
To examine the function of ADAM10 in triple-negative breast cancer, we chose the triple-negative cell line MDA-MB-231 for further study. After siRNA knockdown of ADAM10 in MDA-MB-231 cells, both ADAM10 mRNA and the active form of ADAM10 protein were significantly reduced in comparison to the siControl ( Fig. 2a and b). Then we performed a transwell chamber assay without or with matrigel in ADAM10 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells, and the migration and invasion ability was dramatically decreased ( Fig. 3a and b). The knockdown of ADAM10 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells also suppressed cell proliferation compared with the siControl using CCK8 assay (Fig. 3c). Similar to the results in MDA-MB-231, knockdown of ADAM10 expression in a different TNBC cell line BT-549, noticeably attenuated cell migration, invasion and proliferation abilities (Additional file 1: Figure S1). On the other hand, the IC 50 value of paclitaxel and adriamycin in MDA-MB-231 cells with siADAM10 was significantly lower than the siControl (Fig. 3d).
Knockdown of ADAM10 using siRNA in mantle cell lymphoma cells induces cell-cycle arrest but not apoptosis [14]. In order to verify whether ADAM10 is involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis of TNBC cells, we performed cell-cycle analysis on MDA-MB-231 cells. Compared with cells transfected with the negative control siRNA, transfection of ADAM10 siRNA in MDA-MB-231 induced a significant cell-cycle arrest at the G1/G2 phase and reduced the proportion of cells in the S phase (Fig. 3e). The apoptotic cells were detected by PE Annexin V and 7-AAD. The proportion of apoptotic cells in the siADAM10 group was higher than that of the siControl group (p < 0.01) (Fig. 3f ). As a result, knockdown of ADAM10 by siRNA in TNBC cells significantly reduces cell migration, invasion and cell growth. It also induces cell-cycle arrest, causes cell apoptosis, and promotes drug susceptibility.

ADAM10 affects the functions of triple-negative breast cancer cells via regulating Notch1 signaling pathway
Notch signaling plays important roles in sustaining proliferative signaling, protecting from apoptosis, reducing the chemoresistance and controlling the cancer stemness [29]. Among the four Notch receptors (Notch1-4), the Notch1 receptor has been reported as one potential oncogenic activator and over-expressed in TNBC [30]. ADAM-mediated proteolysis is required for Notch receptor activation [31]. To demonstrate whether ADAM10 affects TNBC functions by regulating the Notch1 signaling, we first detected the expression level of Notch1 in different breast cancer cell lines using the western blot and qRT-PCR assays. The cleaved transmembrane/intracellular form of Notch1 was highly expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells ( Fig. 1a and b). After siRNA knockdown of ADAM10 in MDA-MB-231 cells, Notch1, cleaved Notch1 and its activated targets Cyclin D3, HES1 and c-Myc were down-regulated, whereas p21 Waf1/Cip1 was up-regulated (Fig. 4a). These results indicate that knockdown of ADAM10 by siRNA in TNBC cells inhibits cell proliferation by regulating Notch1, HES1 and c-Myc, and induces cell-cycle arrest by regulating Cyclin D3 and p21 Waf1/Cip1.

ADAM10 interacts with CD44 and PrPc and promotes their nuclear transportation
ADAM10 is a major protease acting on CD44 intracellular domain phosphorylation [32], and contributes to the cleavage of PrPc in human HEK293 cells [10]. In TNBC, CD44 + /CD24-phenotypes are associated with cancer stem cells [33]. In our previous study, PrPc was demonstrated to interact with P-gp [34] and CD44 [26] to promote multidrug resistance in adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cell line MCF7/ADR. In the present study, knockdown of ADAM10 in MDA-MB-231 cells could significantly reduce the IC 50 value of paclitaxel and adriamycin (Fig. 3d). Then, we speculate that ADAM10 may promote drug resistance by regulating CD44 and PrPc in TNBC cells. We first tested CD44 and PrPc expression level in different breast cancer cell lines using the western blot and qRT-PCR assays. In comparison to MCF7, CD44 and PrPc were highly expressed in TNBC cell lines ( Fig. 1a and b). Then we performed a co-immunoprecipitation assay using cell lysates from MDA-MB-231 cells. The immunoprecipitation with anti-ADAM10 coprecipitated CD44 and PrPc, and the immunoprecipitation with anti-CD44 or anti-PrPc also coprecipitated ADAM10 in the cell lysates (Fig. 4b). Furthermore, both cytoplasmic and nuclear CD44 and PrPc protein levels in ADAM10 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells were decreased (Fig. 4c). Together, these data show that ADAM10 interacts with CD44 and PrPc, and initiates CD44 and PrPc intramembrane proteolysis followed by nuclear transport and signaling of the cytoplasmic domain.

High ADAM10 expression level is associated with poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment in breast cancer patients
As described in Fig. 3d, knockdown ADAM10 could reduce the IC 50 value of paclitaxel and adriamycin in MDA-MB-231 cells. We speculate that ADAM10 is correlated with chemotherapeutic effects in breast cancer. So we selected tissue samples from two cohorts of breast cancer patients who had distinctly different responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (NACT) (Fig. 5a). The patients' characteristics are described in the "Materials and Methods" section. Immunohistochemical staining of ADAM10 was performed on the tissues from a core-needle biopsy of the tumor before NACT and a post-NACT radical mastectomy in these two cohorts of breast cancer patients. The ADAM10 immunoreactivity was detected mainly in the cytoplasm and cytomembrane (Fig. 5b).
In Cohort 1 patients with poor response to NACT, the ADAM10 expression of pre-NACT samples was higher than that of post-NACT samples (p = 0.039). Conversely, patients in Cohort 2 who had a good response to NACT, the ADAM10 expression of pre-NACT samples was lower than that of post-NACT samples (p = 0.030). Moreover, we observed that ADAM10 protein level of pre-NACT samples was higher in Cohort 1 than that of Cohort 2 (p = 0.023), and the ADAM10 protein level of post-NACT samples was lower in Cohort 1 than that of in Cohort 2 (p = 0.020) ( Table 1).
Afterwards we examined the clinical value of pre-NACT ADAM10 expression in the 94 breast cancer cases using univariate and multivariate analyses ( Table 2). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, high ADAM10 expression was correlated with poor responses to NACT (OR = 0.29, p = 0.042), and lower BMI (OR = 0.17, p = 0.002). Then we analyzed the correlation between  (Table 3). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the response to NACT only significantly correlated with pre-NACT ADAM10 expression level (OR = 0.25, p = 0.028). It showed that poor response to NACT correlated with high ADAM10 expression. These results suggest that the high expression level of ADAM10 in breast cancer is linked to poor response to clinical chemotherapies.

ADAM10 expression is an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer
Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze overall survival among 94 cases. The first and last follow-ups were carried out in January 2011 and February 2019. Pre-NACT ADAM10 expression level (Fig. 6a), patients' response to NACT (Fig. 6b) and molecular classification (Fig. 6c) did not have a statistically significant effect on overall survival. Shorter overall survival was observed in patients with high ADAM10 expression in ER + /HER2-subtype (p = 0.043) (Fig. 6d), but was not observed in HER2-enriched subtype (Fig. 6e) or TNBC subtype (Fig. 6f ).
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of 94 cases was performed to evaluate differences in the clinicopathological factors for the risk of death (Table 4). In Cox proportional hazards model for multivariate

Discussion
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Clinically, this heterogeneous disease is categorized into three basic therapeutic groups: ER positive group, HER2 enriched group and triple-negative group. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks of ER, PR and HER2 expression and generally occurs in younger women. It is characterized by higher rates of relapse, greater metastatic potential, and shorter overall survival with only chemotherapy options. To date, the molecular mechanisms that drive TNBC occurrence have not been fully elucidated. Targeted therapies have not significantly improved survival in patients with TNBC [24,35]. Previous work has mainly focused on genetic and transcriptional changes in TNBC. Proteolytic cleavage represents a unique and irreversible posttranslational event to regulate the function and half-life of many intracellular and extracellular proteins. ADAM10 belongs to the ADAM family of metalloproteinases which cleave and shed the ectodomain of hundreds of transmembrane proteins, and it plays important roles in physiological and pathophysiologcial processes. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of human malignant tumors including breast cancer [36]. However, the studies on the roles of ADAM10 in breast cancer have only focused on the HER2 positive type [20][21][22][23] rather than on the triple-negative type [25,37]. Here, we have demonstrated that the higher level of ADAM10 in its active form is expressed not only in HER2 amplified cell line SK-BR-3 but also in TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and BT-549, compared with ER positive cell line MCF7. Our findings also suggest that ADAM10 is biologically significant in TNBC. ADAM10 promotes migration, invasion, cell growth, cell-cycle progression, and blocks cell apoptosis of TNBC cells, with the activation of the Notch signaling pathway. The Notch signaling system that contains four Notch receptors (Notch1-Notch4) and five canonical ligands (Dll1, Dll3, Dll4, Jagged1 and Jagged2), plays important roles including carcinogenesis, cancer stem cell renewal, angiogenesis, and chemotherapy resistance in the progression of breast cancer [38]. Notch1 is highly expressed in poorly differentiated breast tumors and associated with poor overall survival [39]. Specifically inhibiting human Notch1 in triple negative breast cancer enhances the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapy and decelerates tumor growth by reducing cancer stem cells [30]. The Notch receptor is activated by ligand binding, followed by ADAM10/ADAM17 mediated proteolytic cleavage at the Notch extracellular domain (NECD) site 2 (S2) [4,31] and a second γ-secretase proteolytic cleavage at the Notch transmembrane domain (NTM) site 3 (S3). These result in release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of downstream target genes [40].
Notably, regulation of the Notch signaling by ADAM10 in TNBC has not been reported before. Our study has  demonstrated that knockdown of ADAM10 using siRNA decreases the expression of Notch1. The expression level of Notch1 targets Cyclin D3, HES1 and c-Myc is reduced, while p21 Waf1/Cip1 is increased. Cyclin D3 regulates the cell cycle by controlling physiological progression from G1 to S phase [41], whereas the tumor suppressor p21 Waf1/Cip1 acts as an inhibitor of cell cycle progression [42]. HES1 and c-Myc have been implicated in cancer [43]. Hence, we speculate that ADAM10 promotes cell cycle progression, growth and metastasis of TNBC cells by regulation of Notch1and its targets Cyclin D3, p21 Waf1/Cip1, Hes1 and c-Myc. Due to lack of targeted therapies in TNBC, chemotherapy remains the standard of care. Chemotherapeutic drugs for breast cancer include epirubicin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and docetaxel, each aiming at blocking the proliferation of breast cancer cells. However, consequent chemo-resistance results in the failure of chemotherapy and tumor relapse. In our study, knockdown of ADAM10 could strengthen the sensitivity of chemotherapy drugs including paclitaxel and adriamycin in TNBC cells in vitro. It indicates that ADAM10 is associated with chemo-resistance in breast cancer especially in TNBC. But the underlying mechanism is still unknown.
The mechanisms of chemo-resistance in breast cancer include ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as P-gp transporting a variety of drugs outside the cell membrane, and formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) which carry CD44 [44]. We previously reported that PrPc promotes multidrug resistance in ER + breast cancer cell line MCF7/ADR by interacting with P-gp [34] and CD44 [26]. On the other hand, ADAM10 proteolytically cleaves and releases many important biologically active substrates including Notch receptors, PrPc [10] and CD44 [45]. In HER2 + breast cancer, ADAM10 cleaves and sheds HER2 fragment p95HER2. Then anti-HER2 antibodies such as trastuzumab cannot bind to p95HER2 which has been proteolytically shed. Therefore, ADAM10 induces HER2 shedding and causes trastuzumab resistance [46]. Based on these investigations, it is hypothesized that ADAM10 may be involved in the drug resistance of TNBC by regulating its substrates associated with chemo-resistance. In TNBC cells, we find that ADAM10 interacts with CD44 and PrPc and initiates their intramembrane proteolysis followed by nuclear transport and signaling of the cytoplasmic domain. These findings confirm our speculation that ADAM10 promotes drug resistance via regulating CD44 and PrPc in TNBC.
In clinical breast cancer patients receiving NACT, we divide them into two cohorts including Cohort 1 with poor response to NACT and Cohort 2 with good response to NACT, based on the effects of NACT. We found that the ADAM10 expression level of pre-NACT tissue samples is significantly higher in Cohort 1 than in Cohort 2. Inversely, after these patients received NACT, ADAM10 protein level of post-NACT samples is distinctly lower in Cohort 1 than in Cohort 2. Also, compared with the pre-NACT samples, the ADAM10 expression level of the post-NACT samples is decreased in Cohort 1 but increased in Cohort 2. We speculate that high ADAM10 protein levels of pre-NACT samples accompanied by overexpression of its substrates, such as PrPc and CD44 in Cohort 1 cases. High substrates levels may impact ADAM10 activity by negative feedback regulation [47]. Consequently, ADAM10 expression is decreased after NACT in Cohort 1 cases. These results suggest that high ADAM10 expression before NACT indicates weak chemotherapy effect. Using an ADAM10 inhibitor in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs may reduce drug resistance and improve therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, our data showed that high ADAM10 expression is an independent predictor of poor 5-year overall survival in breast cancer patients. However, due to the small number of TNBC cases we collected, the relationship between ADAM10 and the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and overall survival in patients with TNBC could not be determined.
Taking all data together, ADAM10 is involved in the oncogenic process of TNBC and may be provided as a biomarker and therapeutic target in TNBC. In fact, some ADAM10 inhibitors were tested in clinical trials including HER2 + breast cancer [47,48], but ultimately failed and discontinued due to their ambiguous value. Nevertheless, there is no report on the application of ADAM10 inhibitors in TNBC. In our experiments, ADAM10 affects functions of TNBC by regulating its substrates Notch1 receptor, CD44 and PrPc. Most likely, it will be necessary to first analyze expression of ADAM10 substrates such as Notch receptors, CD44 and PrPc, when selecting patient populations for future ADAM10 inhibitors trials.

Conclusion
Our study finds that the active form of ADAM10 is highly expressed in TNBC cells, along with the elevated expression of its substrates Notch1, CD44 and PrPc. We have provided evidence that ADAM10 contributes to the pathogenesis of TNBC and promotes drug resistance by activating the Notch signaling pathway and proteolytically regulating CD44 and PrPc. Therefore, ADAM10 may be provided as a helpful biomarker and therapeutic target in TNBC, and the inhibition of ADAM10 could reduce tumor growth, metastasis and chemo-resistance. On the other hand, high ADAM10