Circ_100565 promotes proliferation, migration and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer through upregulating HMGA2 via sponging miR-506-3p

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a vital role in the development of various cancers. Circ_100565 was found to be a highly expressed circRNA in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues screened by microarray profiles of circRNAs. However, the role of circ_100565 in NSCLC still remains unknown. Microarray analysis was used to screen for differentially expressed circRNAs in NSCLC tissues. The expression levels of circ_100565, microRNA-506-3p (miR-506-3p) and high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. Transwell assay was used to determine the migration and invasion of cells. Besides, Western blot (WB) analysis was performed to assess the levels of proliferation and metastasis-related proteins and HMGA2 protein. Moreover, animal experiments were used to confirm the effect of circ_100565 on NSCLC tumor growth in vivo. In addition, the interaction between miR-506-3p and circ_100565 or HMGA2 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay or biotin-labeled pull-down assay. Circ_100565 was upregulated in NSCLC, and its high expression was positively associated with the poor overall survival of NSCLC patients. Silencing of circ_100565 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro and reduced the tumor growth of NSCLC in vivo. Circ_100565 could sponge miR-506-3p, and miR-506-3p could target HMGA2. Moreover, miR-506-3p inhibitor or HMGA2 overexpression could reverse the inhibition effect of circ_100565 knockdown on NSCLC progression. Circ_100565 increased HMGA2 expression to promote proliferation, migration and invasion in NSCLC via absorbing miR-506-3p. Our findings provided a new biomarker for NSCLC therapy.


Background
Lung cancer (LC) is a common primary lung malignancy with a high incidence of all malignancies [1]. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common subtype of LC, accounting for about 80-85% of the total number of LC [2]. NSCLC begins to spread at an early stage, often metastasizes quickly and is prone to recurrence [3,4]. At present, the prognosis of NSCLC patients is often poor, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 20% [5]. Therefore, finding new molecular targets for NSCLC may provide a new idea for the treatment of NSCLC.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNAs with a covalently closed ring structure [6]. More and more studies have shown that circRNAs play a crucial function in the progression of various cancers, including NSCLC [7]. For example, hsa_circ_0023404 facilitated proliferation and metastasis in NSCLC [8], and circ_PRMT5 could promote the progression of NSCLC [9]. In our study, the microarray profiles of circRNAs identified that circ_100565 was elevated in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Therefore, circ_100565 was selected to explore its role in the progression of NSCLC.
Current studies have found that circRNAs play a role in a variety of mechanisms, among which the most proven one is as a sponge of microRNA (miRNA) to promote the expression of the downstream target gene [10,11]. For instance, circ_0000218 could sponge miR-139-3p to promote RAB1A expression, thus regulating the proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer [12]. Also, circ_0005576 upregulated KIF20A to promote the progression of cervical cancer through sponging miR-153 [13]. In NSCLC, miR-217, miR-600 and miR-488-3p have also been shown to be involved in the regulation of cir-cRNAs on NSCLC progression [8,14,15]. MiR-506-3p has been shown to be under-expressed in a variety of cancers, and can act as a tumor inhibitor to participate in the regulatory process of cancer, such as prostate cancer, retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma [16][17][18]. However, its function in NSCLC is still unclear. High mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is a member of HMGA family, and previous studies have shown that HMGA overexpression is often found in malignant tumors, which is often associated with the transformation of tumor cells [19].
Therefore, HMGA2 often functions as an oncogene to involve in the regulation of cancer progression [20,21].
In our study, we aimed to explore the function of circ_100565 in NSCLC, and determine its underlying mechanism, so as to provide new therapeutic targets or prognostic markers for NSCLC.

Samples collection
NSCLC tissues (NSCLC) and adjacent normal tissues (Normal) were collected from 50 NSCLC patients who recruited from Huaihe Hospital of Henan University. All patients did not receive any treatment and signed informed consent. This study was authorized by the Ethics Committee of Huaihe Hospital of Henan University.

Authenticity identification of circRNA
The extracted RNAs were incubated with Ribonuclease R (RNase R; Duma, Shanghai, China) for 20 min. Also, part of the RNA (not added RNase R) served as a blank control (mock). Then, the circ_100565 expression was detected by qRT-PCR analysis, and GAPDH was used as an endogenous control.

Subcellular fractionation and localization
Cytoplasmic and Nuclear RNA Purification Kit (Amyjet, Wuhan, USA) was used to isolate and extract the cytoplasm and nuclear RNA of A549 and H1299 cells. Then, the expression of circ_100565 in the cytoplasm and nuclear of A549 and H1299 cells was measured by qRT-PCR. GAPDH and U6 served as the cytoplasm control and nuclear control, respectively.

Cell proliferation assay
The proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells was determined using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. For CCK-8 assay, A549 and H1299 cells were plated into 96-well plates. At the indicated time, CCK-8 reagent (Genomeditech, Shanghai, China) was added to each well and incubated for 4 h. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured to evaluate the viability of A549 and H1299 cells. For colony formation assay, A549 and H1299 cells were plated into 6-well plates. After transfection, cells were incubated for 2 weeks. Then, A549 and H1299 cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet. The number of colonies (> 50 cells) was counted under a microscope (Shoif, Shanghai, China).

Flow cytometry
This assay was used to measure the cell cycle distribution of cells. After transfection for 48 h, A549 and H1299 cells were harvested and collected into a centrifuge tube. Then, cells were fixed with 70% ethanol, incubated with RNase, and then stained with propidium iodide (PI; Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Finally, the cell cycle distribution was analyzed by a Flow Cytometer.

Transwell assay
Transwell chambers with an 8-µm pore size (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA) was used to perform cell migration and invasion assays. The upper chambers non-coated Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) were used to detect migration, while pre-coated Matrigel were applied to detect invasion. Briefly, A549 and H1299 cells were plated into the upper chambers (without FBS), while the lower chambers were added medium (with FBS). After 24 h, cells were fixed and stained, and the number of migrated and invaded cells in lower chambers was counted under a microscope (Shoif ).

Mice xenograft models
Male BALB/c nude mice (6-week-old) were bought from Vital River (Beijing, China) and randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (n = 6 per/group). A549 cells were transfected with sh-circ_100565 or con and subcutaneously injected into nude mice. The tumor volume was calculated every 7 d using the formula: length × width 2 /2 method. After 35 d, the tumors were removed for further experiments. All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Committee of Huaihe Hospital of Henan University.

Dual-luciferase reporter assay
The sequences of circ_100565 and HMGA2 3′UTR containing predicated miR-506-3p binding sites or mutant binding sites were synthesized by Generalbio (Anhui, China) to form the wild-type or mutant-type reporter vectors (circ_100565-WT and HMGA2-WT or circ_100565-MUT and HMGA2-MUT). The above reporter vectors were co-transfected with miR-506-3p mimic or miR-NC into A549 and H1299 cells using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen). After 48 h, the luciferase activities were tested using a Dual-luciferase Reporter Gene Assay (Beyotime).

RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay
A549 and H1299 cells were lysed using RIP lysis buffer (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Then, cell lysate was incubated with magnetic beads (Millipore) conjugated with argonaute2 antibody (anti-ago2) or immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (anti-IgG). Part of cell lysates was not incubated with magnetic beads and served as a blank control (Input). The co-precipitated RNAs were purified and tested by qRT-PCR.

Biotin-labeled pull-down assay
Biotin-labeled miR-506-3p (Bio-miR-506-3p) and negative control (Bio-miR-NC) were synthesized from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). A549 and H1299 cells were transfected with the above probes and incubated for 48 h. After that, cells were lysed and incubated with magnetic beads at 4 °C for 3 h. Then, qRT-PCR was used to measure the enrichment of HMGA2 in Bio-miR-506-3p or Bio-miR-NC.

Statistical analysis
All data were shown as the mean ± standard deviation. Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis in SPSS17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P < 0.05 was defined to be statistically significant.

Circ_100565 was higher expressed in NSCLC tissues and cells
We used microarray analysis to identify the differentially expressed circRNAs in NSCLC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. According to the cut-off criteria (log2 |fold change| > 1 and P < 0.05), we found that there were 103 differentially expressed circRNAs, of which 8 were upregulated and 95 were down-regulated in NSCLC. The 8 circRNAs that were most significantly up-regulated and the 8 circRNAs that were most significantly down-regulated in NSCLC tissues were taken for heat maps (Fig. 1a). Statistical analysis results showed that circ_100565 was 2.99 folds elevated in NSCLC tissues (Fig. 1b). Among the up-and down-regulated circRNAs, we selected the first 3 circRNAs to measure their expression levels in 10 pairs of NSCLC tissues. Among them, circ_100565 was most significantly up-regulated in NSCLC (Fig. 1c-h), so we chose circ_100565 for further research. In our results, we found that circ_100565 expression was markedly increased in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 1i). According to the median expression value of circ_100565 in NSCLC patients' tissues, we divided the NSCLC tissues into high-expression group and low-expression group. The correlation between circ_100565 expression and the clinical pathological features of NSCLC patients suggested that high circ_100565 expression was positively correlated with the lymph node metastasis and TNM stages of NSCLC patients (P < 0.05, Table 1). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high circ_100565 expression also was positively associated with poor overall survival of NSCLC patients (Fig. 1j). Moreover, we found that circ_100565 expression was higher in four NSCLC cell lines (especially A549 and H1299) than that in HBE1 cells (Fig. 1k). To further verify the circular property of circ_100565, we performed RNase R digestion assay in A549 and H1299 cells and the results showed that circ_100565 was resistant to the digestion of RNase R, whereas GAPDH mRNA was degraded by RNase R (Fig. 1l). In addition, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of circ_100565 and found that circ_100565 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of NSCLC cells (Fig. 1m), which indicated that circ_100565 mainly played a regulatory role in the posttranscriptional level. All data revealed that circ_100565 might have an important function in NSCLC.

Knockdown of circ_100565 inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion in NSCLC cells
To explore the biological function of circ_100565 in NSCLC, we transfected sh-circ_100565#1/2 into A549 and H1299 cells, and the results showed that two shR-NAs remarkably reduced the expression of circ_100565 in A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 2a), indicating that the transfection was successful and the next functional experiments could be carried out. CCK-8 results showed that silenced circ_100565 markedly decreased the viability of A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 2b, c), and colony formation assay revealed that the colonies of A549 and H1299 cells were also significantly reduced after circ_100565 silencing (Fig. 2d), indicating that circ_100565 knockdown significantly suppressed the proliferation of NSCLC cells. Moreover, through analyzing the cell cycle of A549 and H1299 cells, we confirmed that circ_100565 knockdown could induce cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase to reduce the percentage of cells in S phase (Fig. 2e). Furthermore, transwell assay results determined that the number of migrated and invaded A549 and H1299 cells was obviously repressed by circ_100565 depletion (Fig. 2f, g), suggesting that silenced circ_100565 restrained the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. At the same time, the decreasing of proliferation marker protein PCNA and metastasis marker protein MMP9 levels further confirmed the inhibition of circ_100565 silencing on the proliferation, migration and invasion in A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 2h, i). In addition, we also found that silenced circ_100565 could increase E-cadherin protein level and inhibit Vimentin protein level, showing that the EMT process of A549 and H1299 cells also could be suppressed by circ_100565 silencing (Fig. 2j). Therefore, these results revealed that circ_100565 might play an oncogenic role in NSCLC cells. Fig. 1 The expression of circ_100565 in NSCLC tissues and cells. a Heat map: differential expression of circRNAs in NSCLC tissues (NSCLC) and adjacent normal tissues (Normal). b Circ_100565 was markedly upregulated by more than 2.99-fold in NSCLC compared with that in Normal. c-h QRT-PCR was used to measure the first 3 up-regulated circRNAs and first 3 down-regulated circRNAs in 10 pairs of NSCLC tissues and normal tissues (NC). i The expression of circ_100565 in NSCLC and Normal was detected by qRT-PCR. j Kaplan-Meier analysis examined the correlation between circ_100565 expression and overall survival of NSCLC patients. k Circ_100565 expression in NSCLC cell lines (Calu-3, Calu-6, A549 and H1299) and HBE1 cells was determined by qRT-PCR. l The expression levels of circ_100565 and GAPD in A549 and H1299 cells were assessed by qRT-PCR to evaluate the authenticity of circ_100565. m Subcellular fractionation assay was used to measure the expression levels of circ_100565, U6 and GAPDH in the nuclear and cytoplasm of A549 and H1299 cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

Interference of circ_100565 reduced NSCLC tumor growth in vivo
To further confirm our conclusion, we performed in vivo experiments using the mice xenograft models. By measuring tumor volume, we found that the growth rate of tumor volume in the circ_100565 knockdown group was significantly inhibited compared with the control group (Fig. 3a). Besides, we also discovered that the tumor weight was markedly decreased in the circ_100565 knockdown group (Fig. 3b). QRT-PCR results showed that circ_100565 interference was successful in the sh-circ_100565#2 group (Fig. 3c). Moreover, we also detected the protein levels of PCNA and MMP9 in tumors and found that silenced circ_100565 obviously suppressed the protein levels of PCNA and MMP9 in tumors (Fig. 3d), indicating that circ_100565 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC tumor, thereby reducing the tumor growth of NSCLC. These data again confirmed that circ_100565 played an active function in NSCLC.

MiR-506-3p could target HMGA2
At the same time, we also used the StarBase tool to predict the target genes of miR-506-3p. The tool predicted that miR-506-3p could target many genes. Through literature review, we selected 10 genes (MAPK1, GSK3B, ADAM10, WNT5B, AKT3, AKT2, HMGA2, HMGB3, FZD4 and E2F3) that played an important role in NSCLC for further verification. In our experiments, we found that overexpression of miR-506-3p significantly reduced the mRNA level of HMGA2 (Fig. 5a). Therefore, HMGA2 was selected for this study. The binding sites between HMGA2 3′UTR and miR-506-3p were presented in Fig. 5b. Dual-luciferase reporter assay results revealed that miR-506-3p overexpression remarkably suppressed the luciferase activity of HMGA2-WT in A549 cells, while had no effect on the luciferase activity of HMGA2-MUT (Fig. 5c). The results of biotin-labeled pull-down assay indicated that HMGA2 could be pulled down by Bio-miR-506-3p compared to Bio-miR-NC, confirming the interaction between HMGA2 and miR-506-5p in NSCLC cells (Fig. 5d). Moreover, we explored the effect of miR-506-3p expression on HMGA2 expression in A549 and H1299 cells. Through detecting the expression of miR-506-3p, we found that the transfection efficiency of miR-506-3p mimic was better (Fig. 5e). QRT-PCR and  . 2 Effects of circ_100565 on the progression of NSCLC cells. A549 and H1299 cells were transfected with sh-circ_100565#1/2 or con. a The expression of circ_100565 was detected by qRT-PCR to evaluate transfection efficiency. b, c CCK-8 assay was performed to assess the viability of A549 and H1299 cells. d Colony formation assay was used to measure the number of colonies in A549 and H1299 cells. e The cell cycle distribution of A549 and H1299 cells was evaluated using flow cytometry. f, g The numbers of migrated and invaded A549 and H1299 cells were determined by transwell assay. h, i The protein levels of PCNA and MMP9 in A549 and H1299 cells were detected by WB analysis. j WB analysis was performed to measure the protein level of E-cadherin and Vimentin in A549 and H1299 cells. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 WB analysis results showed that miR-506-3p overexpression obviously suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of HMGA2 in A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 5f, g). Also, we detected the expression of HMGA2 in NSCLC tissues and adjacent normal tissues and discovered that the mRNA and protein expression levels of HMGA2 were upregulated in NSCLC tissues (Fig. 5h, i). In addition, correlation analysis indicated that HMGA2 expression was negatively correlated with miR-506-3p and positively correlated with circ_100565 in NSCLC tissues (Fig. 5j). Therefore, these results suggested that HMGA2 was a target of miR-506-3p in NSCLC.

Circ_100565 regulated the progression of NSCLC cells through the miR-506-3p/HMGA2 axis
For further testing, we first detected the transfection efficiency of HMGA2 overexpression plasmid and anti-miR-506-3p through qRT-PCR and WB analysis, and found that HMGA2 overexpression plasmid had a better promotion effect on HMGA2 expression (Fig. 6a), and anti-miR-506-3p had a good inhibition effect on miR-506-3p expression in A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 6b), indicating that the transfection of both was successful. To further verify that the function of circ_100565 on NSCLC through miR-506-3p and HMGA2, we co-transfected sh-circ_100565#2 and anti-miR-506-3p or HMGA2 overexpression plasmid into A549 and H1299 cells. CCK-8 and colony formation assays results revealed that the viability and colonies of A549 and H1299 cells were promoted in the sh-circ_100565 and anti-miR-506-3p or HMGA2 overexpression plasmid co-transfected groups compared with the sh-circ_100565 group, suggesting that miR-506-3p silencing or HMGA2 overexpression reversed the suppression effect of circ_100565 knockdown on proliferation in A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 6c-e). Besides, transwell assay results determined that the addition of anti-miR-506-3p or HMGA2 overexpression plasmid also enhanced the number of migrated and invaded cells compared to the sh-circ_100565 group, showing that silenced-miR-506-3p or overexpressed-HMGA2 could invert the inhibition effects of circ_100565 knockdown on migration and invasion in A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 6f, g). Furthermore, the promotion effects of anti-miR-506-3p or HMGA2 on the protein levels of PCNA and MMP9 also confirmed that miR-506-3p inhibition or HMGA2 overexpression could reverse the inhibition function of circ_100565 silencing on proliferation and metastasis in NSCLC cells (Fig. 6h, i). All results demonstrated that the miR-506-3p/HMGA2 axis was crucial to maintaining the function of circ_100565 in NSCLC cells.

Discussion
At present, the pathogenic factors of NSCLC are not completely clear, but there are many risk factors, including smoking and occupational diseases [22]. Cancer development is accompanied by many gene interactions, including circRNA regulation [23]. The development of bioinformatics has contributed to the discovery of new circRNAs [24,25]. In this study, we uncovered the role of circ_100565 in NSCLC. Our study revealed that and high expression of circ_100565 was closely related to the poor overall survival of NSCLC patients. Circ_100565 knockdown reduced the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Further studies had shown that circ_100565 could absorb miR-506-3p to promote oncogene HMGA2 expression, thus promoting NSCLC progression. Hence, our studies revealed the importance of circ_100565 in the progression of NSCLC.
Although the roles of many circRNAs have been demonstrated in cancer, the importance of new circRNA discoveries cannot be ignored [26]. This study is the first to confirm the effect of circ_100565 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells and verify the function of it on NSCLC tumor growth, which identifies the important role of circRNAs in cancer and adds a new member for the development of circRNAs.
MiRNAs mainly bind to target genes to regulate gene expression, and circRNA functions as a miRNA sponge have been well documented [27,28]. To further perfect the mechanism of circ_100565, we predicted the adsorbed miRNA and found that miR-506-3p could be sponged by circ_100565, as demonstrated by dualluciferase reporter and RIP assays. The function of miR-506-3p had been demonstrated in many cancers, and we Fig. 4 MiR-506-3p could be sponged by circ_100565. a The expression changes of 11 targeted miRNAs in A549 cells transfected with sh-circ_100565 or sh-NC were detected by qRT-PCR. b The sequences of circ_100565 contained the miR-506-3p binding sites or mutant binding sites were shown. c, d Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the interaction between miR-506-3p and circ_100565 in A549 and H1299 cells. e RIP assay was performed to determine the enrichment of circ_100565 and miR-506-3p in anti-ago2 or anti-IgG. f The effect of sh-circ_100565#2 on the expression of miR-506-3p in A549 and H1299 cells was detected by qRT-PCR. g The expression of miR-506-3p in NSCLC cell lines (Calu-3, Calu-6, A549 and H1299) and HBE1 cells was determined by qRT-PCR. h QRT-PCR was performed to assess the expression of circ_100565 in NSCLC tissues (NSCLC) and adjacent normal tissues (Normal). i The correlation between miR-506-3p and circ_100565 expression was measured by Pearson correlation analysis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 discovered that it was also lower expressed in NSCLC, which was consistent with its expression in other cancers [16][17][18]. Besides, HMGA2, a well-known oncogene, could be targeted by miR-506-3p. The function of HMGA2 in the progression of NSCLC was also verified by Dai et al. and Li et al. [29,30]. HMGA2 expression was correlated with miR-506-3p and circ_100565, implying that the circ_100565/miR-506-3p/HMGA2 axis was existed in NSCLC. This idea was also confirmed by further experiments that miR-506-3p inhibitor or HMGA2 overexpression obviously reversed the inhibition effects of circ_100565 knockdown on the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. The elucidation of the circ_100565 mechanism also provided references for studying the role of circ_100565 in other cancers.
Of course, the current research results also have some limitations. Our verification of the circ_100565/ miR-506-3p/HMGA2 axis only remained at the cell level, and whether miR-506-3p inhibitor or HMGA2 overexpression can also invert the regulation of circ_100565 on NSCLC tumor growth in vivo is still unknown. Therefore, future experiments will further verify the circ_100565/ miR-506-3p/HMGA2 axis in vivo.

Conclusion
In conclusion, our results suggested that circ_100565 might function as an oncogene to promote NSCLC progression by regulating the miR-506-3p/HMGA2 axis. The discovery of circ_100565 might provide a new approach for targeted therapy of NSCLC. The sequences of miR-506-3p contained the HMGA2 3′UTR binding sites or mutant binding sites were shown. The interaction between miR-506-3p and HMGA2 in A549 or H1299 cells was assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assay (c) and biotin-labeled pull down (d). e The expression of miR-506-3p was detected by qRT-PCR to evaluate the transfection efficiency of miR-506-3p mimic. f The effect of miR-506-3p mimic on the mRNA expression of HMGA2 was measured by qRT-PCR in A549 and H1299 cells. g The effect of miR-506-3p mimic on the protein level of HMGA2 was detected by WB analysis in A549 and H1299 cells. h, i The mRNA and protein expression levels of HMGA2 in NSCLC tissues (NSCLC) and adjacent normal tissues (Normal) were determined by qRT-PCR and WB analysis. j The correlation between HMGA2 and miR-506-3p or circ_100565 expression was detected by Pearson correlation analysis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 Fig. 6 Effects of miR-506-3p and HMGA2 on the progression of NSCLC cells. A549 and H1299 cells were transfected with sh-circ_100565#2 and anti-miR-506-3p or HMGA2 overexpression plasmid. a The protein level of HMGA2 was measured by WB analysis to evaluate the transfection efficiency of HMGA2 overexpression plasmid. b The expression of miR-506-3p was detected by qRT-PCR to evaluate the transfection efficiency of anti-miR-506-3p. c, d The viability of A549 and H1299 cells was determined by CCK-8 assay. e Colony formation assay was performed to detect the number of colonies in A549 and H1299 cells. f, g Transwell assay was used to assess the numbers of migrated and invaded A549 and H1299 cells. h, i WB analysis was carried out to measure the protein levels of PCNA and MMP9 in A549 and H1299 cells. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01