Celastrol induces cell cycle arrest by MicroRNA-21-mTOR-mediated inhibition p27 protein degradation in gastric cancer

Celastrol has anti-cancer effects by increase of apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. However, its role in gastric cancer cell cycle is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of celastrol on gastric cancer cell cycle. The effects of celastrol on cell cycle in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells were assayed via flow cytometry analysis. The expression of p27 and mTOR was detected by real-time PCR and western blot. The activity of mTOR and mTORC2 was measured by mTOR and mTORC2 kinase assays. miR-21 mimic was used to up-regulate miR-21 expression and mTOR expression plasmid was used to increase mTOR level in gastric cancer cells. Celastrol caused G2/M cell-cycle arrest that was accompanied by the down-regulation of miR-21 expression. In particular, miR-21 overexpression reversed cell cycle arrest effects of celastrol. Further study showed that celastrol increased levels of the p27 protein by inhibiting its degradation. miR-21 and mTOR signaling pathway was involved in the increase of p27 protein expression in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells treated with celastrol. Significantly, miR-21 overexpression restored the decrease of mTOR activity in cells exposed celastrol. The effect of celastrol on cell cycle arrest of gastric cancer cells was due to an increase of p27 protein level via inhibiting miR-21-mTOR signaling pathway.


Background
There is increasing evidence demonstrating uncontrolled gastric cancer cell growth is due to disruption of the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints, which is involved in a series of positive and negative cell-cycle regulators [1,2]. As a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27 could negatively modulate cell cycle progression through inhibition of the G2/M phase [3]. Accumulating evidence suggests p27 was a useful predictive marker of prognosis of gastric cancer. The decrease of p27 expression facilitates tumor growth and correlates with clinical invasiveness of the tumors, while high expression of p27 was associated with a favorable prognosis [4,5]. Therefore, it is important to make clear the key molecular mechanism of regulating p27 in gastric cancer.
As an oncogene, microRNA-21 (miR-21) plays an important role in regulating gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration [6]. High miR-21 expression predicts poorer survival in patients with gastric cancer [7]. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-21 is correlated with worse tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage [8]. When the expression of miR-21 was down-regulated in human gastric cancer, it was showed to inhibit cell proliferation [9].
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a Ser/ Thr kinase, plays essential roles in the regulation of growth-related processes [10]. It has been reported that the mTOR signaling pathway is activated in gastric cancer [11]. Activated mTOR has been positively correlated with tumor progression and poor survival in patients Open Access *Correspondence: tzrmyy5211@163.com 2 Institute of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University of Medicine, 210 Yingchun, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article with gastric cancer [12,13]. The mTOR inhibitor has been confirmed to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line [14]. Available clinical trial data show that the mTOR inhibitor is effective to treat gastric cancer patients in combination with chemotherapeutic agents [15].
Celastrol is a plant triterpene derived from the root of Thunder of God Vine and has anti-cancer effects [16]. Celastrol has also been found to induce apoptosis and autophagy of gastric cancer cells [17]. Our previous studies revealed that celastrol is capable of inducing apoptosis and inhibiting growth of gastric cancer cells through down-regulation of miR-21 expression [18]. However, whether celastrol exerts a negative effect role on gastric cancer cell cycle is still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of celastrol on cell cycle regulation. We hypothesized that celastrol induces cell cycle arrest of gastric cancer cells by modulating miR-21 expression and mTOR signaling pathway in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells.

Celastrol induced G2/M cycle arrest of gastric cancer cells
Our previous study showed that celastrol increased apoptosis of gastric cancer cells to exert anti-gastric cancer effect [19]. The growth of gastric cancer cells was significantly decreased after treated with celastrol for 24 h. To analyze the effect of celastrol on cell cycle regulation, we treated BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells with 2 μM celastrol and evaluated the cell distribution through the cell cycle. Celastrol induced the accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase and decreased the cell population in the G0/ G1 phases (Fig. 1a, b).
Consistent to our previous study [18], we found that miR-21 expression was decreased in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells treated with celastrol (data not shown).

Up-regulation of miR-21 can reverse the effect of celastrol on cell cycle arrest
This assay was conducted to investigate whether miR-21 was involved in the effect of celastrol on cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells. In concordance with our prior findings, miR-21 mimic could reverse the increase of G2/M-phase and the decrease of the G0/G1-phase induced by celastrol in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells (Fig. 2a, b).

Celastrol increased p27 protein level in gastric cancer cells through miR-21
It has been reported that cell cycle regulators such as p21 and p27 have a particularly important role in antiproliferative effect on gastric cancer cells [20]. Therefore, to further explore the mechanism involved in cell cycle arrest by celastrol in gastric cancer cells, the effect of celastrol on p21 and p27 expression was determined. As shown in Fig. 3a, b, celastrol increased the p27 protein levels but had no effect on P27 mRNA levels in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells, indicating that celastrol upregulated the cellular level of p27 via a post-translational mechanism. To confirm this hypothesis, we measured the stability of the p27 protein after celastrol (2 μM) treatment using cycloheximide (50 μg/mL) to block de novo protein synthesis. As expected, the rate of p27 protein degradation was significantly inhibited in gastric cancer cells treated with celastrol ( Fig. 3c). However, the p21 protein expression was not altered by celastrol (Fig. 3a).
Next, we explored whether miR-21 was implicated in p27 protein degradation induced by celastrol. The results showed that transfection of miR-21 mimic could decrease p27 protein level in gastric cancer cells exposed to celastrol (Fig. 3d).

Celastrol inhibited mTOR activity through miR-21
Increasing evidences suggested that mTOR can be activated by Akt signaling pathway in gastric cancer [21,22]. Because celastrol inhibited PI3 K/Akt activation in our previous study [18], we hypothesized that celastrol might interrupt mTOR activity in gastric cancer cells. Treatment of gastric cancer cells with celastrol significantly inhibited phosphorylation of mTOR, but did not affect total mTOR expression when compared with the control (Fig. 4a). In addition, we measured the mTOR activity by an mTOR kinase assay using recombinant protein.
We observed that celastrol significantly decreased mTOR kinase activity, which could be reversed by miR-21 mimic (Fig. 4b). We also determined the effect of celastrol on mTORC2 immunoprecipitated from BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells lysates using a specific antibody against Rictor. The result also showed that mTORC2 kinase activity in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells was significantly attenuated by celastrol administration (Fig. 4c). Similar to mTOR kinase activity, miR-21 mimic could restore the decrease of mTORC2 activity induced by celastrol.

Down-regulation of miR-21 expression can inhibit mTOR activity
To determine whether miR-21 can regulate mTOR signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells, we investigated mTOR and mTORC2 kinase activity in cells transfected miR-21 inhibitor. The result showed that transfection of miR-21 inhibitor decreased mTOR and mTORC2 kinase activity as shown in Fig. 5a, b

Celastrol increased p27 expression through mTOR
In renal cell carcinoma cells, mTOR signaling increased the reduction of nuclear p27 protein levels [23]. Since celastrol significantly inhibited mTOR activity, we wanted to investigate whether mTOR played a role in celastrol regulating p27 protein degradation. Therefore, we transfected the mTOR SL1+IT expression construct into BGC-823 and MGC-803 for 24 h, and then cultured the cells with or without celastrol for another 16 h. In gastric cancer cells treated with celastrol for 16 h, p27 was significantly reduced, while activation of mTOR rescued this protein level dramatically (Fig. 6a). Figure 6b shows that p27 mRNA level was not regulated by activation of mTOR and/or with celastrol treatment. These results suggested that inhibition of mTOR activity could maintain p27 protein levels.

Discussion
The present report describes the molecular mechanism of cell cycle arrest induced by celastrol in human gastric cancer cells. Celastrol induced G2/M cycle arrest of BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells and caused the decrease of mTOR activity and the increase of p27 protein expression. Furthermore, up-regulation of miR-21 expression can reverse G2/M cycle arrest gastric cancer cells induced by celastrol. We also found that celastrol inhibited mTOR activity and enhanced p27 protein expression could be restored by up-regulation of miR-21 expression.
miR-21 is one of the most widely upregulated in a number of solid tumours, including gastric cancer [24]. The  [25]. In gastric cancer cells, miR-21 not only inhibits apoptosis but also regulates cell cycle [8]. Thus, miR-21 is a therapeutic potential target for gastric cancer. Our previous study has demonstrated that celastrol can inhibit miR-21 expression and induce apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through miR-21 [18]. In the present study, our data showed that overexpression of miR-21 reversed a cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase induced by celastrol. These results suggest that celastrol induces cycle arrest of gastric cancer cell by inhibition of miR-21 expression.
We observed a strong upregulation of p27 but not p21 in celastrol-treated gastric cancer cells, indicating that promotion of p27 is important for celastrol regulation of cell cycle. Celastrol induced the increase of p27 protein levels but had no effect on p27 mRNA levels. In addition, the rate of p27 protein degradation was significantly decreased in BGC-823 and MGC-803 treated with celastrol. These results indicated that celastrol treatment inhibits p27 expression primarily through a post-translational mechanism. Overexpression of miR-21 almost completely prevented the effect of celastrol on p27 upregulation. According to these results, we draw Inhibition of the mTOR pathway suppressed the growth of gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo [26,27]. In the present study, we demonstrated that celastrol markedly suppressed mTOR activity through inhibition of miR-21 expression. Moreover, the finding that down-regulation of miR-21 expression can inhibit mTOR activity provides further evidence that inactivation of mTOR is mediated by miR-21 in gastric cancer cells treated with celastrol. Inactivation of mTOR can promote p27 expression in various tumor tissues [28][29][30]. We also found that rapamycin, the inhibitor of mTOR, increased p27 expression in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells (data not shown). Activation of mTOR rescued the increase of p27 protein level induced by celastrol (Fig. 6a). Therefore, we Fig. 3 Celastrol increased p27 protein level in gastric cancer cells through miR-21. Western blot showed that celastrol significantly increased p27 protein level in BGC-823and MGC-803 cells (a). The real-time PCR revealed that celastrol had no effect on p27 mRNA level in BGC-823and MGC-803 cells (b). BGC-823and MGC-803 cells were treated without (control) or with celastrol for 24 h, at which time cycloheximide (50 μg/ml) was added for the indicated periods of time. All the treated cells were then harvested and lysed for western blot analyses to determine the protein levels of p27 and β-actin (as a loading control). Representative immunoblots and a graph showing protein levels of p27 relative to β-actin are shown (c). Western blot analyses revealed that miR-21 mimic reversed the increase of p27 protein level in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells treated with celastrol (d). **P < 0.01, indicate significant differences from the respective control groups concluded that inhibition of mTOR contributes to the effects of celastrol on increased p27 expression.

Conclusion
In this study, we established a primary relationship between celastrol and G2/M cycle arrest in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells here. Furthermore, we explored celastrol-induced cycle arrest by miR-21-mTOR-p27 signaling pathways in gastric cancer cells. These results suggest that celastrol might be an effective drug to treat human gastric cancer.

Cell culture
Human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line BGC-823 and gastric mucinous adenocarcinoma cell line MGC-803 were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Cytobiology in the Chinese Academy of Sciences. BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells were cultured as described previously [18,19]. All cell lines were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5 % CO 2 and treated with celastrol [dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)] in complete DMEM medium. To obtain reliable results, the final concentration of DMSO in the culture medium was kept less than 0.1 %.

Flow cytometry analysis
Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. Before treatment, serum was deprived for 24 h to synchronize cell cycle. Then, serum was added back, and 2 μM of celastrol was added. After treatment with celastrol for 24 h, the cells were fixed with 80 % cooled ethanol, and incubated with 0.5 % Triton X-100 solution containing 1 mg ⁄ mL RNase A at 37 °C for 30 min. Next, propidium iodide (PI) was added into the wells at a final concentration of 50 μg ⁄ mL. Cellular DNA content was analyzed by a FACS (Becton Dickinson). Data were processed using Cell-Quest software (Becton-Dickinson).

Cell transfection
miR-21 was knocked down or overexpressed by transfection with miRNA inhibitor or miRNA mimic using siPort Neo-FX (Ambion) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The sequence of miR-21 mimics and miR-21 inhibitor were described as our previous report [18]. All of the oligonucleotides were synthesized The expression plasmid for pcDNA3.1-FLAG-mTOR SL1+IT plasmid (pYO293) was constructed as described previously [31]. Transient transfection was performed with LipofectAmine2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

mTOR and mTORC2 kinase assays
The in vitro mTOR kinase assay was measured using K-LISA ™ mTOR activity kit, which utilizes a p70S6k GST fusion protein as a specific mTOR substrate. The assay was performed in accordance with instructions provided by the manufacturers. mTORC2 kinase assays using immunoprecipitated rictor complex proteins from BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells were performed as described previously. Briefly, mTORC2 kinase assays were carried out at 37 °C for 30 min in 25 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 100 mM potassium acetate, 1 mM MgCl 2 , and 500 μM ATP, with rictor complex proteins as the substrate [32].

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with statistical analysis software SPSS 13.0 software. Statistical analyses were performed using either an analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student's t test. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P < 0.05 was considered to be significant.