Soluble EpCAM levels in ascites correlate with positive cytology and neutralize catumaxomab activity in vitro

EpCAM is highly expressed on membrane of epithelial tumor cells and has been detected as soluble/secreted (sEpCAM) in serum of cancer patients. In this study we established an ELISA for in vitro diagnostics to measure sEpCAM concentrations in ascites. Moreover, we evaluated the influence of sEpCAM levels on catumaxomab (antibody) - dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Ascites specimens from cancer patients with positive (C+, n = 49) and negative (C-, n = 22) cytology and ascites of patients with liver cirrhosis (LC, n = 31) were collected. All cell-free plasma samples were analyzed for sEpCAM levels with a sandwich ELISA system established and validated by a human recombinant EpCAM standard for measurements in ascites as biological matrix. In addition, we evaluated effects of different sEpCAM concentrations on catumaxomab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and human tumor cells. Our ELISA showed a high specificity for secreted EpCAM as determined by control HEK293FT cell lines stably expressing intracellular (EpICD), extracellular (EpEX) and the full-length protein (EpCAM) as fusion proteins. The lower limit of quantification was 200 pg/mL and the linear quantification range up to 5,000 pg/mL in ascites as biological matrix. Significant levels of sEpCAM were found in 39% of C+, 14% of C- and 13% of LC ascites samples. Higher concentrations of sEpCAM were detectable in C+ (mean: 1,015 pg/mL) than in C- (mean: 449 pg/mL; p = 0.04) or LC (mean: 326 pg/mL; p = 0.01). Soluble EpCAM concentration of 1 ng/mL significantly inhibited ADCC of PBMNCs on EpCAM overexpressing target cells. Elevated concentrations of sEpCAM can be found in a subgroup of C+ and also in a small group of C- patients. We consider that sEpCAM levels in different tumor entities and individual patients should be evaluated prior to applying anti-EpCAM antibody-based cancer therapies, since sEpCAM neutralizes catumaxomab activity, making therapy less efficient.


Background
In cancer patients, abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity results in ascites formation and is frequently accompanied by cancer cell accumulation. Such malignancy-related ascites accounts for 10% of all ascites cases [1]. A disturbed equilibrium between fluid production and drainage due to lymphatic vessel obstruction, hyperpermeability and fluid overproduction is the main reason for accumulation of ascites fluid [2,3]. There are different mechanisms how cancer cells can cause ascites. Some malignancies such as ovarian cancer tend to form peritoneal carcinomatosis [4]. In contrast, colon, gastric, breast and pancreatic cancer patients frequently form ascites due to massive liver metastases with or without peritoneal carcinomatosis [5,6]. In the clinical routine, cytological analysis and biochemical tests are used to confirm peritoneal carcinomatosis or portal hypertension as primary cause for ascites [7]. Malignant ascites caused by peritoneal carcinomatosis is associated with a poor outcome [8,9]. In the last decade, the understanding of the biology of malignant ascites has evolved. Markers, such as Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) have been described to play a role in the pathogenesis of malignancy-related ascites [10][11][12]. Frequently, these markers correlate with malignancy and increase the sensitivity of cytology analysis, which is approximately 58 to 75% to predict peritoneal carcinomatosis [13,14].
EpCAM is a tumor-associated membrane marker overexpressed in various epithelial malignancies and it has been reported to enhance tumor signaling and proliferation [15][16][17][18]. EpCAM can undergo regulated intramembranous proteolysis (RIP) thereby, translocating the intracellular domain to the nucleus and shedding the extracellular domain to the extracellular compartment [17]. Consequently, the soluble variant of the extracellular domain of EpCAM (EpEX) has been found in sera of cancer patients [19]. EpEX has been shown to support invasion processes of breast carcinoma cells by supporting c-jun signaling [20]. EpEX has been detected by different ELISA-systems in serum samples of healthy and cancer patients, but no accurate reference levels have been determined so far [21,22]. Due to its broad expression in most frequent epithelial cancers, EpCAM became an attractive antigen for targeted therapies. However, most EpCAM-targeting agents did not hold promise [23] and further studies on predictive biomarkers are necessary to privilege the right patient collectives for EpCAM-targeted therapies [24]. EpCAM gene expression has been observed in cancer cells of approximately 75% of patients with malignant ascites [25] and therefore, the EpCAM-targeting antibody catumaxomab was approved in 2009 by the European Union for the intraperitoneal treatment of patients suffering from malignant ascites. Catumaxomab is a trifunctional antibody binding to EpCAM on epitheliallike tumor cells and CD3+ T cells and can activate with its Fc part monocytes and NK cells. Catumaxomab can lower ascites level and prolong the puncture-free survival of cancer patients and increase their quality of life [26]. Actually, there are no reliable data on the levels of sEpCAM in patients with malignancy-related ascites. Therefore, we analyzed and quantified soluble EpCAM (sEpCAM) in a series of ascites samples. To guarantee specificity and accuracy we developed a sandwich ELISA system based on human recombinant EpCAM spiked into ascites as biological matrix. The ELISA system was validated according to "Guidance for Industry -Bioanalytic Method Validation" for measurement in ascites as biological matrix. Our data gave evidence that sEpCAM can be found in 39% of ascites samples with positive cytology in concentrations significantly higher than in ascites samples with negative cytology or specimens from patients with liver cirrhosis.
To study effects of sEpCAM on catumaxomab activity, we performed antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays in vitro. Our in vitro assay confirmed that sEpCAM concentrations found in the C+ cohort of patients are able to neutralize catumaxomabdependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Patients and specimens
Ascites specimens from 102 patients from the period between 2011 and 2013 were retrieved from the local bio-bank repository. Ascites samples without anticoagulants were centrifuged at 2,000 x g for 10 minutes to separate cellular components from the fluid and cell free supernatants (plasma) were stored at −20°C. This retrospective analysis was approved by the ethic committee of Merano (I) after oral and written informed consents of patients (ethics protocol Nr. 16/2011).

Generation of lentiviral expression plasmids
The plasmids EpCAM-YFP, EpICD-YFP and YFP in the pEYFP-N1 vector backbone were a generous gift of Dr. Olivier Gires and are described by Maetzel et al. [17] The extracellular part of EpCAM with membrane anchor (EpEX-TM) was cloned by amplifying the fragment by the use of KOD polymerase (Novagen) and specific forward (5-TTA GTG AAC CGT CAG ATC CGC TAG C) and reverse primers (5-GGC GAC CGG TGA AAT AAC CAG CAC AAC). PCR fragments were digested with Nhe-I, Age-I (NEB) and ligated into the predigested p-EYFP-N1 vector (Nhe-I, Age-I, NEB) by the use of the Quick ligation Kit (NEB). Open reading frames were cut out by Nhe-I and Not-I (NEB), polished with Klenow (NEB) and ligated into the pENTR-11 Gateway vector (Invitrogen), predigested with Xmn-I and Eco RV (NEB) and polished with Klenow. All amplified and purified pENTR-11 vectors were sequenced for correct orientation and exclusion of incorporated mutations. pENTR-11 vectors were site-specifically recombined with the pLenti6-V5 DEST vector (Invitrogen) using the Gateway LR Clonase II Pus Enzyme Mix (Invitrogen). The resulting pLenti6 DEST vectors with the EpCAM-YFP, EpEX-YFP, EpICD-YFP and YFP open-reading frames (all amino acid sequences are provided in the Additional file 1: Figure S1) were transformed and propagated in One-Shot Stabl3 bacteria (Invitrogen).

Generation of HEK293FT cell lines with different EpCAM domains
Wild type HEK293FT cells were purchased from the ATCC and propagated in DMEM high glucose medium containing 10% bovine calf serum (Hyclone) and 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM glutamine (all PAA Laboratories GmbH). HEK293FT cell lines were lentivirally transfected (pDEST6) and stable cell lines selected with 2.5 μg/mL blasticidin (Invitrogen). Transgenic cell lines expressing the reporter YFP after 2 weeks of selection were named HEK EpCAM-YFP , HEK EpEX-YFP , HEK EpICD-YFP and HEK YFP .

Generation of recombinant human EpCAM
The EpCAM cDNA (NM_002354, Openbiosystems) was subcloned into the p3x FLAG CMV 14 expression vector (SIGMA Biochemicals) by the use of primers amplifying the extracellular domain of EpCAM (EpCAM-for: 5-TAA GAT ATC CGG CGC GCG CGC AGC; EpCAM-rev: 5-C CG TCT AGA TTT TAG ACC CTG CAT) and the KOD polymerase (Calbiochem). PCR products were purified (PCR-Wizard, Promega) and cloned into the expression vector by the use of Eco-RV, Xba-I and the Quick Ligase Kit (all NEB).
Thereafter, ligated constructs were transformed into chemocompetent Top10 cells (Invitrogen), and propagated for large scale production. Plasmids were purified by the Midi-Prep Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced for correct fusion to the C-terminal FLAG tag.
Plasmids were transfected into HEK293FT (Invitrogen) cells using Lipofectamin 2000 (Invitrogen). For recombinant protein production transfected HEK293FT cells were cultivated in serum-free Ex-cell ACF medium (SIGMA Biochemicals) for 4 days. Supernatants of HEK293FT were prepared by high speed centrifugation (10,000 x g, 20 min, 4°C) and sterile filtered by the use of a 0.2 μm filter (Millipore). Next, recombinant FLAG-fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography and FLAG-M2 agarose beads (SIGMA Biochemicals). The protein was eluted from column under native conditions by an excess of 3xFLAG peptide (SIGMA Biochemicals). Thereafter, protein was dialyzed against phosphate-buffered saline (Fresenius), purity analyzed by SDS-PAGE with Page Blue Protein staining (Thermo Scientific) and quantified by the QuanitPro TM BCA Assay kit (SIGMA Biochemicals).

Western/dot blot analysis
Twenty μg of protein extract were denatured, separated by a 4-15% SDS-PAGE (Criterion TGX, Bio-Rad) and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (Whatman). After blocking the membrane in 5% non-fat milk powder dissolved in PBS with 0.1% Tween, membranes were incubated in 0.5% non-fat milk powder at 4°C overnight with 0.1 μg/mL final concentration of detection antibody (BAF960), 0.1 μg/mL final concentration of capture antibody (MAB9601) or 0.1 μg/mL final concentration of mouse anti-human EpCAM (clone C-10, SCBT). Afterwards, membranes were incubated with a HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG (Dako Cytomation) for capture antibody and a HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-goat IgG (Dako Cytomation) for detection antibody, respectively. Next, a dilution of 1:1,000 for 1 hour at room temperature was prepared. After washing, a chemoluminescent substrate (LumiGLO Reagent and Peroxide, Cell Signaling Technology) was added to the membranes and protein was detected in the Chemidoc XRS station (Biorad Laboratories).

Real-time confocal microscopy
Confocal Microscopy was performed with a spinning disk confocal system (UltraVIEW VoX; Perkin Elmer) connected to a Zeiss AxioObserver Z1 microscope (Zeiss). Images were acquired with the Velocity software (Perkin Elmer) using a 63x oil immersion objective with a numerical aperture of 1.42. Images shown are z-stacks of 5 planes with a spacing of 1 μm.
EpCAM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 96-well plates were coated with mouse monoclonal antibody (R&D systems MAB9601) overnight at room temperature in PBS pH 7.2 -7.4. After wash steps with 0.05% Tween® 20 in PBS the plate was blocked with an assay buffer (1% BSA in PBS, pH 7.2 -7.4) for 1 hour at room temperature. Recombinant human EpCAM standard was used in a concentration range between 75 -5,000 pg/mL and ascites samples were measured in a dilution of 1:10 in an assay puffer and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. After repeated washing steps a biotin-labelled goat-detection antibody (R&D systems, BAF960) was added to each well and incubated for another 2 hours at room temperature. Thereafter, streptavidin-HRP was added and incubated in the dark for 20 minutes at room temperature. After final washing steps, a substrate solution (1:1 mixture of H 2 O 2 and tetramethylbenzidine) was added to each well and incubated in the dark for another 20 minutes at room temperature. As stop solution 2N H 2 SO 4 was used. Color development was detected at a wavelength of 450 nm and 570 nm using microplate reader (TECAN, Infinite F50). A seven point standard curve was used to calculate the amount of EpCAM (pg/mL) in ascites samples.

Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and flow cytometry
Catumaxomab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and EpCAM-YFP or EpICD-YFP transfected HEK293FT cell lines. PBMNCs were collected and isolated from healthy donors by Lymphoprep™ (LSM-separating solution, PAA) according to the manufacturer's instruction. EpCAM-YFP and EpICD-YFP HEK293FT cells were propagated in 6 well (5 × 10 5 cells/well). One day after, medium was changed and replaced with fresh culture medium, containing 10% serum and 1 ng/mL catumaxomab (Neovii, Fresenius Biotech) and increasing concentrations of sEpCAM (0.2 -5 ng/mL). To obtain a 1:10 ratio between target and effector cells 5 × 10 6 PBMNCs were added into each well and cell mixtures incubated for 24 h at 37°C. ADCC reaction was documented by a Fluorescence Microscope (Zeiss, Axiovert 200) by the use of the Axiovision Software. Thereafter, all cells were detached by accutase solution (Sigma Biochemicals), washed, resuspended in PBS and measured on the flow cytometer (BD FACSCanto™ II, BD Biosciences). YFP-positive HEK cells were detected at a wavelength of 488 nm, counted and analyzed by the BD FACS DIVA software.
Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) were purchased from Promocell and HRT-18 cells from ATCC. All used cells lines were authenticated by us (STR-profiling). All cell lines were cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma Biochemicals) with 10% bovine calf serum (Hyclone) and 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM glutamine (all PAA Laboratories GmbH). HDFs and HRT18 cells were seeded at a density of 50,000 cells/cm 2 and were propagated overnight for ADCC assays. Catumaxomab (1 ng/mL) was pre-incubated for 30 min with a pool of EpCAM high (5,000 pg/mL) and EpCAM low ascites (< 200 pg/mL) diluted 1:4 in culture medium, thereafter added to tumor cells. After 1h of incubation freshly isolated PBMNCs were added in a 1:10 target to effector cell ratio. Cells were detached after 24 h and collected for staining with Fluorescein-labeled mouse anti-human EpCAM (R&D Systems) and Annexin V apoptosis detection kit PerCp-eFluor 710 (E-Biosciences). After 20 min of staining, cells were washed and measured on the flow cytometer (BD FACS-Canto™ II, BD Biosciences). Percentages of apoptotic cells were determined after gating for EpCAM + /Annexin V + cells.

Statistical analysis
For statistical analysis of data the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) version 11.5 and Graph Pad Prism 5 (Graph Pad Software Inc.) were used. Chi-square, student t-test and Mann-Whitney-test were used. P-values below 0.05 were defined as statistically significant.

Development of the EpCAM ELISA system with recombinant EpCAM
We produced recombinant human EpCAM protein in human HEK293FT cell line to ensure correct folding and glycosylation patterns similar to that found in human tumor cells (protein sequence can be found in Additional file 1: Figure S1). Recombinant EpCAM showed a purity of approximately 93% as shown by Page blue staining and densitrometric analyses ( Figure 1A).
To analyse specificities of the antibodies used, we generated HEK293FT cell line stably expressing different domains of EpCAM in fusion with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and named them HEK EpCAM-YFP , HEK EpEX-YFP , HEK EpICD-YFP and HEK YFP . This enables us to localize all protein isoforms in living cells by confocal microscopy ( Figure 1B).
For the detection of sEpCAM we used two antibodies to establish a sandwich ELISA system. To analyze their specificities for native 3D-EpCAM, we spiked our recombinant EpCAM protein in EpCAM negative ascites and serum samples as biological matrices and tested them in Dot Blot analysis (Figure 2A). Both capture and the detection antibodies are recognizing recombinant human EpCAM protein (10 ng) in EpCAM free assay puffer, ascites and serum specimens. Furthermore, specificities of detection antibodies were tested under reducing conditions by Western Blot analysis ( Figure 2B). Detection antibodies are recognizing specifically HEK EpCAM-YFP and HEK EpEX-YFP , but not HEK EpICD-YFP or HEK YFP . High amounts of EpCAM were monitored only in HEK EpCAM-YFP and HEK EpEX-YFP cytosolic extracts and the respective supernatants ( Figure 2B). Moreover, we were able to detect sEpCAM in supernatants of human epithelial-like  Figure 2D).

Validation of the EpCAM ELISA system
Recombinant human EpEX protein produced in HEK293FT cells was used as standard in this EpCAM ELISA system. A standard calibration curve was drawn to permit quantification of soluble EpCAM in ascites ( Figure 3A). Regarding recovery rates of spiked recombinant EpCAM we got a mean recovery rate of 93% in ascites samples (Additional file 2: Material 1). We achieved a linear quantification range of 200 to 5,000 pg/mL for ascites samples ( Figure 3A).
To validate the accuracy of our results, we analysed intraand interassay coefficient of variation (CV). We obtained an intra-and interassay CV of 3.2% and 4.5%, respectively (Additional file 2: Material 2 and 3) .Moreover, we evaluated short-, long-term and the freeze-and-thaw stabilities of ascites samples (Additional file 2: Material 4). Repeated freezing-and-thawing cycles resulted in a mean sample degradation of 5.3% (Additional file 2: Material 5). Evaluation of long term-stability at −20°C resulted in a mean degradation of 11.2% (Additional file 2: Material 6).

Soluble EpCAM concentrations in ascites samples
In this study we collected 102 ascites samples deriving from patients suffering from cancer (n = 71) or liver cirrhosis (n = 31). Hence, we obtained 49 patients (69.0%) with positive cytology (C+) and 22 (31.0%) patients with negative cytology (C-). Table 1 shows the cancer entities that produced ascites with positive and negative cytology.
We analyzed all 102 cell-free ascites samples with our validated EpCAM ELISA system. Twenty-six (25.5%) samples were found to be sEpCAM positive ( Table 2).
We compared than sEpCAM status between the three ascites cohorts (Table 3, Figure 3B). Soluble EpCAM expression correlated significantly with positive cytology (p = 0.034). In the C+ cohort sEpCAM was positive in 38.8% (n = 19). In contrast, sEpCAM showed a positivity of only 13.6% (n = 3) in the C-cohort. The difference   was even higher when we compared C+ with ascites from liver cirrhosis (p = 0.013). Moreover, we observed a strong correlation of positivity in ascites and the respective serum samples (Table 4).

Analysis of neutralizing effect of sEpCAM on catumaxomab
We hypothesized that sEpCAM in ascites could interfere with the anti-EpCAM antibody catumaxomab used for treatment of patients. To investigate these interactions we conducted a catumaxomab-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity assay (ADCC) in vitro with concentrations of antibody used in patients (1 ng/mL) and tested increasing concentrations of sEpCAM (up to 5 ng/mL as observed in a collective of C+ patients). HEK EpCAM-YFP and HEK EpICD-YFP were used as target cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) as effector cells. Soluble EpCAM at concentrations of 1 ng/mL was  neutralizing catumaxomab-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity in HEK EpCAM-YFP cells ( Figure 4A). HEK EpICD-YFP cells served as negative control and these cells were not lysed by catumaxomab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, showing that catumaxomab is binding specifically to EpEX and not other surface molecules ( Figure 4A). A more detailed analysis of ADCC by counting YFP+ cells by flow cytometry revealed that approx. 90% of HEK EpCAM-YFP cells were lysed without sEpCAM. ( Figure 4B, left image). HEK EpICD-YFP control cells were protected from ADCC even without EpEX ( Figure 4B, right image). In the presence of 1 ng/mL or 5 ng/mL EpEX protein nearly 50% or 95% of cells were protected from ADCC ( Figure 4B, left image). ADCC experiments were repeated with EpCAM high HRT-18 and human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) having no detectable EpCAM expression on Western Blot or flow cytometry analysis ( Figure 5A/B). HDFs were protected from catumaxomab-mediated ADCC (data not shown). Catumaxomab mediated ADCC in HRT-18 cells was significantly inhibited by 5 ng/mL recombinant EpEX in standard culture medium ( Figure 5C, upper panel). The same significant inhibition could also be observed with ascites having 5 ng/mL sEpCAM, whereas catumaxomab-mediated ADCC of tumor cells was efficient in sEpCAM negative ascites ( Figure 5C, lower panel). Flow cytometry analysis of viable HRT-18 cells (EpCAM positive /Annexin negative ) revealed that the fraction of viable tumor cells significantly increased in ascites samples with high concentrations of sEpCAM and after addition of recombinant EpEX ( Figure 5D).

Discussion
The detection of the soluble EpCAM protein in body fluids might be used for the estimation of EpCAM high tumor cells in malignant ascites. Catumaxomab, a bispecific (anti-EpCAM x anti-CD3) trifunctional monoclonal antibody, was approved by the EMA for the intraperitoneal treatment of malignant ascites. However, the selection of patients for this treatment is challenging. The life expectancy is often very short and there is a need for verification of additional parameters, like EpCAM expressing tumor cells that may help to identify patients who benefit most from catumaxomab treatment. Cytology and biochemical analysis are indispensable exams to distinguish peritoneal carcinomatosis from portal hypertension [3,27]. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of cytology testing is estimated to detect only 58-75% of the real cases of peritoneal carcinomatosis cases [13,14]. Furthermore, due to the low sensitivity of cytology it could be possible that our sEpCAM positive samples of patients with negative cytology (n = 4), are in reality patients suffering of peritoneal carcinomatosis having no detectable amounts of tumor cells (false-negative cases). In line with this hypothesis, we observed a broad difference in samples with positive cytology compared to those with a negative cytology. (p = 0.04). Thus, we believe that sEpCAM levels reflect the EpCAM high tumor cell load in ascites, but our sEpCAM ELISA fails to detect EpCAM low tumor cells. Noteworthy, higher sEpCAM levels were found only in 39% of patients with tumor cells in ascites. This is by far lower than EpCAM gene expression rates described for tumor cells of malignant effusions [25] and for cell surface protein studies using microfluidic chips [28]. This may implicate that many tumor cells in ascites have probably lost EpCAM expression because they underwent epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT, such as MDA231 cells) and tumor cell types releasing only low amounts of sEp-CAM into their microenvironment. Noteworthy, we found sEpCAM also in some patients with liver cirrhosis and in these cases (n = 4) may be a surrogate marker for liver regeneration [29,30]. Interestingly, the Oncomine data base search revealed a 28.7 fold-higher EpCAM gene expression in cirrhotic than normal liver tissue (data not shown).
Actually, we have evidence that soluble EpCAM can exist in two different forms: first as variant cleaved on the membrane of EpCAM positive tumor cells (EpEX), second, as full-length protein (EpCAM) expressed on tumor-derived exosomes [31]. Our measurements were done without removal of exosomes from plasma. Therefore, our assay is not able to distinguish between soluble EpCAM and full-length EpCAM found in membranes of exosome vesicles.
It should be critically mentioned, that our population was very heterogeneous and retrospective. More patients with ovarian cancer were in the cytology positive cohort, whereas in the cytology negative group more patients with colorectal cancer were analyzed. So the interpretation of these data should be used with caution and further prospective studies will focus on different tumor entities. In addition, no data about therapies and survival were obtained from these patients. In fact, our scope was to test the diagnostic value of sEpCAM in ascites for peritoneal carcinomatosis. Based on our findings, future studies are on the way to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of high sEpCAM levels in cancer patients, especially in catumaxomab-treated patients.
In fact, our in vitro experiments demonstrated that sEpCAM is neutralizing the activity of catumaxomab in concentrations that we found in a cohort of our patients. Thus, soluble EpCAM is binding to the EpCAM-binding Fab domain of catumaxomab and is blocking this part of the antibody for interaction with the cell membrane of the tumor cell.

Conclusions
Elevated concentrations of sEpCAM can be found in a subgroup of C+ and also in a small group of C-patients. We consider that sEpCAM levels in different tumor entities and individual patients should be evaluated prior to applying anti-EpCAM antibody-based cancer therapies, since sEpCAM neutralizes catumaxomab activity, making therapy less efficient.

Additional files
Additional file 1: Figure S1. Amino acid sequences of EpCAM variants.