Skip to main content
Download PDF

Comparison of presepsin and Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin in the diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Infectious Diseases volume 23, Article number: 288 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The early diagnosis of sepsis is hampered by the lack of reliable laboratory measures. There is growing evidence that presepsin and Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) are promising biomarkers in the diagnosis of sepsis. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the diagnostic value of MR-proADM and presepsin in sepsis patients.

Methods

We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, China national knowledge infrastructure, and Wanfang up to 22th July, 2022, for studies evaluating the diagnosis performance of presepsin and MR-proADM in adult sepsis patients. Risk of bias was assessed using quadas-2. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated using bivariate meta-analysis. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to find source of heterogeneity.

Results

A total of 40 studies were eventually selected for inclusion in this meta-analysis, including 33 for presepsin and seven for MR-proADM. Presepsin had a sensitivity of 0.86 (0.82–0.90), a specificity of 0.79 (0.71–0.85), and an AUC of 0.90 (0.87–0.92). The sensitivity of MR-proADM was 0.84 (0.78–0.88), specificity was 0.86 (0.79–0.91), and AUC was 0.91 (0.88–0.93). The profile of control group, population, and standard reference may be potential sources of heterogeneity.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis demonstrated that presepsin and MR-proADM exhibited high accuracy (AUC ≥ 0.90) in the diagnosis of sepsis in adults, with MR-proADM showing significantly higher accuracy than presepsin.

Peer Review reports

Background

Sepsis, a complex disorder which progresses as a dysregulated host response to infections [1], is a major challenge in emergency departments and intensive care units. Despite progress in clinical support has been made through advances in antibacterial therapy, sepsis and its sequelae are still associated with a high risk of death [2, 3]. The accurate and rapid diagnosis of sepsis is often difficult in clinical practice as its clinical manifestation may be confused with other normal inflammatory response of uncomplicated infection [4], as well as the lack of diagnostic tools. A delayed diagnosis may result in a more serious condition, such as multiple system organ failure. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a reliable method to improve the diagnosis of sepsis.

Clinical decisions for sepsis treatment are usually based on the physician's experience due to the lack of rapid and accurate diagnosis tools. Although blood culture is commonly regarded as the "gold standard" for diagnosis of sepsis, it takes several days to obtain results and often produces false negative (FN) results due to the use of antibiotics. Moreover, false positive (FP) results may occur due to sample contamination [5]. The use of biomarkers can greatly improve a physician's ability to accurately diagnose sepsis and initiate appropriate treatment. C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) are among the most extensively studied biomarkers for sepsis diagnosis. However, the accuracy of sepsis prediction by CRP is limited by its low sensitivity [6], and the variation in reported cutoff values among studies greatly hinders the practical application of PCT in clinical settings [7]. An ideal biomarker with adequate clinical accuracy for the diagnosis of sepsis is still needed.

Presepsin, also named as soluble CD14 subtype, is a N-terminal fragment of soluble CD14, which is released from the surface of immune cell lines after stimulation by pathogens. Serum presepsin can be easily detected [8]. Level of presepsin increases within 2 h after the onset of infection and peaks at 3 h [8]. The quick detection makes it a potential candidate biomarker for sepsis. However, the interpretation of elevated presepsin level requires special caution in several clinical conditions. Age (newborns and the elderly), acute pancreatitis, and burns can influence presepsin levels [9,10,11]. Furthermore, since presepsin is filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed by the proximal tubules, any condition that affects kidney filtrating function will have an impact on plasmatic presepsin. Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), a peptide fragment of hormone adrenomedullin (ADM), has recently emerged as a promising diagnostic biomarker in the evaluation of sepsis. ADM is widely expressed in many organs and tissues. In healthy subjects, the plasma concentration of ADM is low, while during pathological events, the concentration is significantly increased. Changes in plasma concentration are proportional to the severity of the disease [12]. Since ADM is rapidly cleared from the circulation which makes it hard to be detected, more stable MR-proADM directly reflects the level of ADM and is therefore used as an alternative. Burns are also associated with increased levels of MR-proADM [13].

The performance of the two novel biomarkers were unclear. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to determine and compare the diagnostic performance of presepsin and MR-proADM in sepsis.

Methods

This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies (PRISMA-DTA) [14]. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD42022357335.

Search strategy

We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang up to 22th July, 2022. S1 table shows the complete search strategy. Briefly, population (adults with sepsis or septic shock), index test (MR-proADM and presepsin), comparison (adults not suffering from sepsis or septic shock), and outcome (diagnostic accuracy) were used.

Study selection

A study was selected if it satisfied the following criteria: (1) purpose of the study was to evaluate diagnosis performance of presepsin or MR-proADM in sepsis or septic shock. (2) adult patients with sepsis or septic shock were included in the experimental group and patients with non-sepsis or healthy participants were in the control group; (3) a gold standard was clearly defined for the diagnosis of sepsis. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) there is no enough data to calculate diagnostic accuracy estimates; (2) conference abstracts, reviews, and editorials. Two independent reviewers (JL and YC) completed the study screening with disagreement resolved by consensus.

Data extraction

We extracted the following data by two independent reviewers (JL and YC): first author, year of publication, study design, region, sample size, severity of patient, sample type, assay methodology, standard reference, cut-off value, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity. Disagreement was resolved by consensus.

Quality assessment

Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2 score) was used for quality assessment [15]. Risk of bias domains, including patient selection, index test, reference standard, flow and timing, and applicability concerns were evaluated. Two independent reviewers (YC and YS) completed the quality assessment with disagreement resolved by consensus.

Statistical analysis

The heterogeneity caused by non-threshold effects was measured using bivariate boxplot and I2. If I2 ≥ 50%, P values ≤ 0.05, or studies fall outside the bivariate boxplot, indicating significant heterogeneity due to non-threshold effects, then meta-regression or subgroup analysis is performed to identify the source of heterogeneity. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic ratio (DOR), AUC, and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a binary regression model of STATA 15.1 software using true positive (TP), FP, FN, and true negative (TN). Literature quality evaluation using Revman 5.4.1. Deek funnel diagrams were used to detect publication bias, with P < 0.05 indicating publication bias in the study.

Results

Characteristics of the included studies

A total of 419 studies were included after the database search. Of these, 295 studies were excluded by the abstract screening, and 85 were excluded by the full-text screening (Fig. 1). Finally, 40 studies were included in this meta-analysis, with 33 for the diagnosis of presepsin and seven for MR-proADM (Table 1) [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54].

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow diagram for study selection

Full size image
Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Full size table

In the 33 studies [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48] evaluating the diagnostic performance of presepsin, 28 studies [16, 18,19,20,21,22, 24, 26,27,28, 30,31,32,33,34,35, 37, 38, 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48] were prospective, three were retrospective, and two were unclear [29, 36]. Nineteen studies [16,17,18,19,20,21, 23,24,25, 28, 29, 36, 39, 41,42,43, 46,47,48] were conducted in Asia, nine in Europe [26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 38, 40, 44, 45], three in Africa [30, 33, 34], one in America [37], and one unclear [22]. Fifteen studies used Sepsis-3 as the standard reference for sepsis diagnosis [27, 29, 44,45,46,47].

In the seven studies [35, 49,50,51,52,53,54] evaluating the diagnostic performance of MR-proADM, five studies [35, 49, 51, 53, 54] were prospective, one [52] were respective, and one were unclear [50]. All the studies were conducted in Europe. Three studies [49, 53, 54] used Sepsis-3 as the standard reference for sepsis diagnosis.

Results of quality assessment

We assessed the quality of the literature using QADAS 2 and the results are shown in Additional file 5. Red, yellow, and green indicate high, medium, and low risk classifications, respectively. The graph shows the risk assessment for each of the 40 studies. In terms of risk of bias, four studies [28, 31, 33, 44] had unspecified bias in patient selection; 21 studies [17,18,19,20,21, 23, 25, 27,28,29,30, 36, 40,41,42, 44, 48, 50,51,52,53] had unspecified bias in index testing; one study [17] was assigned high bias in terms of reference standard; one study [53] was judged to be highly biased in terms of flow and timing. In terms of suitability, two studies [24, 47] had high bias in patient selection; three studies [24, 47, 52] were judged to have high bias relative to the index test; one study [33] had a high risk of suitability evaluation for the gold standard. Overall quality was good.

Diagnostic value of presepsin and MR-proADM

The forest plots and summary receiver operator characteristic curves (SROC) showing the diagnostic performance of biomarkers are illustrated in Fig. 2 for presepsin and Fig. 3 for MR-proADM. In the diagnosis of sepsis, presepsin achieved a pooled AUC of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.87–0.92), sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.82–0.90), and specificity of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.71–0.85). For MR-proADM, the pooled AUC was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88–0.93), sensitivity was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78–0.88), and specificity was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.79–0.91).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Forest plots (A) and ROC curve (B) for presepsin in the diagnosis of sepsis

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Forest plots (A) and ROC curve (B) for MR-pro-ADM in the diagnosis of sepsis

Full size image

Meanwhile, we compared presepsin with MR-proADM, and the results showed that the performance of the two biomarkers were statistically significant in terms of sensitivity, specificity and AUC (Table 2). The sensitivity of Presepsin was higher than MR-proADM (0.86 vs 0.84, P < 0.001), whereas the specificity of MR-proADM was higher than Presepsin (0.79 vs 0.86, P < 0.001). The AUC of MR-proADM was significantly higher than that of presepsin.

Table 2 Comparison of the diagnostic performance of presepsin with MR-proADM
Full size table

Subgroup analysis of presepsin

For Presepsin, we performed subgroup analyses (Table 3) and meta-regression analyses (Figure S1). It was found that population characteristics of control group, region of the dataset, reference standard of sepsis, and cutoff value influenced the pooled sensitivity of the included studies and were the possible sources of heterogeneity. The sensitivity of presepsin was significantly higher in non-Asian populations than in Asian populations (0.90 vs. 0.84), and was significantly higher in studies using patients with non-sepsis disease as control group than healthy subjects as control group. Furthermore, studies using cutoff value < 445 ng/L showed slightly higher sensitivity than the studies with cutoff value greater than 445, while the difference in specificity between the two groups was not statistically significant.

Table 3 The result of meta-regression and Subgroup analysis for Presepsin
Full size table

The sensitivity analysis in Figure S2 was performed to investigate the robust of our study. When seven outlier studies were excluded, the overall results were only minimally changed, suggesting that our results were not driven by these outlying points, which indicated that our study is robust. The bivariate box plot with most studies clustering within the median distribution suggested an acceptable degree of heterogeneity (Figure S3).

Risk of publication bias

We performed published bias analysis and the results (Fig. 4) showed no published bias.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Publication bias for presepsin (A) and MR-pro-ADM (B)

Full size image

Discussion

This meta-analysis compared the performance of two novel biomarkers, presepsin and MR-proADM, in the diagnosis of sepsis. Both biomarkers showed good diagnostic performance, with AUC being 0.90 for presepssin and 0.91 for MR-proADM, proving their potential value in the assistance of sepsis diagnosis.

Clinically, early and accurate diagnosis of sepsis may be challenging. Conventional inflammatory biomarkers, such as CRP and PCT, have been extensively studied and applied in patients with sepsis. In several clinical studies, PCT was found to be more accurate than CRP in differentiating sepsis and SIRS [55, 56]. In a previous meta-analysis [57], the sensitivity and specificity were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.63–0.90) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.50–0.72), respectively, for the diagnosis of sepsis using CRP, and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69–0.87) and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.60–0.88), respectively, using PCT. In this study, sensitivity is 0.86 for presepsin and 0.84 for MR-proADM, and specificity is 0.79 and 0.86, respectively. Compared to PCT, the two novel biomarkers showed higher diagnostic accuracy. In addition, presepsin levels rise earlier than CRP or PCT in response to sepsis [58], which indicated their potential values as biomarkers for early diagnosis of sepsis. In addition, it has been reported that MR-proADM levels are not affected by the type of pathogen involved compared with PCT, but instead reflect the degree of organ failure and disease severity [59]. In contrast, previous studies have demonstrated that levels of PCT in patients with sepsis vary depending on the type of pathogen, with the highest levels observed in cases of gram-negative infections and lower levels seen in cases of yeast and intracellular germs [60, 61]. MR-proADM could provide broader and more reliable diagnostic and prognostic information.

The cause of sepsis should be considered for better diagnosis and management. Presepsin and MR-proADM are biomarkers that have been shown to be elevated in patients with sepsis triggered by bacterial infections. However, bacteria are not the only causative microbial pathogens. The diagnostic accuracy for sepsis caused by viruses, parasites, and fungi has not been well established yet. Angeletti et al. [51] conducted a study on a cohort of 200 patients with sepsis, categorized based on the source of the infection (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, or multiple microorganisms). The results showed that the MR-proADM had high diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.96 (p < 0.01), 0.94 (p < 0.001), 0.99 (p < 0.001), and 0.98 (p < 0.001) for the respective group. This study proved the potential value of MR-proADM in the diagnosis of sepsis caused by fungus. Additionally, presepsin levels were found to be elevated in patients with fungemia [62] and viral meningitis [63]. MR-proADM levels were found to be elevated in diseases caused by viral and fungal infections, such as invasive fungal diseases [64], COVID-19 [65], dengue hemorrhagic fever [66], and influenza A pneumonia [67]. Therefore, we recommended more studies investigate the value of presepsin and MR-proADM on the diagnosis of sepsis caused by pathogens other than bacteria, such as viruses, fungus and parasites.

Cut off values of presepsin for diagnosing sepsis are not always consistent among studies despite using the same assay, which hinders greatly in the clinical application of these biomarkers. In our study, the cut-off values reported range from 89.26 to 1,315 pg/mL for presepsin and 0.8 to 1.165 pg/mL for MR-proADM. Reasons for the wide range of cut off values may be differences in sepsis severity, study design, clinical settings, and type of samples. Specifically, patient inclusion criteria may be one of the main reason accounting for this discrepancy. It has been reported that in cases of chronic renal failure, resuscitations and trauma, presepsin levels may be falsely elevated [68]. Therefore, the effects of comorbidities on presepsin levels should be considered in future study to confirm a clinically useful cutoff value.

We observed heterogeneity among the included studies for the following possible reasons: First, the standard definition of sepsis has been updated thrice over the past decades, which results in the different reference standards used across studies. The latest international consensus on sepsis, sepsis-3, was developed to further refine sepsis, with a greater focus on identifying organ dysfunction in infection-related situations [69]. The broad definition of sepsis is a common limitation in all studies regarding the diagnosis of sepsis. Second, non-sepsis patients and healthy volunteers were evaluated as control groups, which may contribute to higher pooled outcomes than the real results [70]. Furthermore, some studies identify sepsis only through blood culture, microscopy or positive PCR, while others comprehensively assess patients and combine clinical, radiological and laboratory data. Taken together, individual patient differences, criteria for sepsis diagnosis, methods for testing samples, laboratory levels of testing, and differences in the instruments used are possible sources of heterogeneity. Under this consequence, it is recommended that the more rigorous study design, including but not limited to the procedure of patient selection, and timing of measurement, be applied in future work investigating the diagnostic value of biomarkers for sepsis to improve their validity.

Considering the good performance observed in this study, presepsin and MR-proADM can serve as candidate biomarkers for sepsis. However, several aspects need to be further explored to fully verify their utility in clinical practice. First, prospective studies with large sample size is needed. Second, antibiotic treatment lowers the serum level of presepsin [71,72,73]. It is necessary to consider this factor and perform sequential measurements of serum presepsin during the period of treatment as limited medicine information of patients is recorded in previous studies. Additionally, previous studies have proved the potential valued of presepsin as a reliable biomarker for antibiotic stewardship. A study conducted by Masson et al. [74] indicated that monitoring presepsin levels during the initial week of treatment could serve as a reliable indicator of the effectiveness of the antimicrobial treatment. A recent multicenter, prospective cohort trial revealed that the use of presepsin to guide antibiotic prescriptions in sepsis patients resulted in significant reductions in the duration of antibiotic treatment, ICU or hospital stay, and hospitalization costs, without increasing mortality rates, recurrent infections, or the risk of worsening organ failure [75]. Therefore, presepsin may not only be a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of sepsis, but also the management of antibiotic therapy. Finally, combination of the two biomarkers may be considered in future researches to achieve better diagnosis performance.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis comparing the diagnostic performance of presepsin and MR-proADM in sepsis. The effects of several possible confounders on the outcome were evaluated by subgroup analysis. Nevertheless, several limitations exist. Firstly, only 7 studies evaluating the diagnostic value of MR-proADM were included in this study, as there was relatively little data available. Secondly, inclusion and exclusion criteria vary largely among the included studies. The above factors may cause risk of bias to the results of the present study.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis indicated that both presepsin and MR-proADM exhibited high accuracy for the diagnosis of sepsis in adults. MR-proADM is significantly more accurate than presepsin. Future clinical trials are necessary to further verify their utility in clinical practice.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

MR-proADM:

Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin

ADM:

Adrenomedullin

PLR:

Positive likelihood ratio

NLR:

Negative likelihood ratio

DOR:

Diagnostic ratio

CI:

Confidence interval

SROC:

Summary receiver operator characteristic curves

CRP:

C reactive protein

PCT:

Procalcitonin

References

  1. Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:840–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1303–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1546–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wacker C, Prkno A, Brunkhorst FM, Schlattmann P. Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:426–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Rangel-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M, Hwang T, Davis CS, Wenzel RP. The natural history of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Aprospect Study Jama. 1995;273:117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Standage SW, Wong HR. Biomarkers for pediatric sepsis and septic shock. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9:71–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. van Rossum AM, Wulkan RW, Oudesluys-Murphy AM. Procalcitonin as an early marker of infection in neonates and children. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:620–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Borderie D, Weiss N, Mallet-Coste T, Claessens YE. Presepsin (sCD14-ST), an innate immune response marker in sepsis. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;450:97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Piccioni A, Santoro MC, de Cunzo T, Tullo G, Cicchinelli S, Saviano A, et al. Presepsin as early marker of sepsis in emergency department: a narrative review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57:770.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Xiao HL, Wang GX, Wang Y, Tan ZM, Zhou J, Yu H, et al. Dynamic blood presepsin levels are associated with severity and outcome of acute pancreatitis: A prospective cohort study. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28:5203–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Hayashi M, Yaguchi Y, Okamura K, Goto E, Onodera Y, Sugiura A, et al. A case of extensive burn without sepsis showing high level of plasma presepsin (sCD14-ST). Burns Open. 2017;1:33–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Saeed K, Legramante JM, Angeletti S, Curcio F, Miguens I, Poole S, et al. Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as a supplementary tool to clinical parameters in cases of suspicion of infection in the emergency department. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2021;21:397–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gille J, Ostermann H, Dragu A, Sablotzki A. MR-proADM: a new biomarker for early diagnosis of sepsis in burned patients. J Burn Care Res. 2017;38:290–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. McInnes MDF, Moher D, Thombs BD, McGrath TA, Bossuyt PM, and the P-DTAG, et al. Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies: the PRISMA-DTA statement. JAMA. 2018;319:388–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:529–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lee S, Song J, Park DW, Seok H, Ahn S, Kim J, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin and procalcitonin in non-infectious organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock: a prospective observational study according to the Sepsis-3 definitions. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Kang ES, Lee JH. Diagnostic value of presepsin in odontogenic infection: a retrospective study. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022;44:22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Jeong YK, Kim EY. Predictive role of changes in presepsin and early sepsis in ICU Patients after abdominal surgery. J Surg Res. 2022;278:207–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tahmaz A, ÖZtoprak N, Kizilates F. Investigation of Plasma Preseptin (sCD14-ST) Levels in Sepsis. Mediterranean Journal of Infection Microbes and Antimicrobials. 2022;11:11.

  20. Chen J, Huang ZB, Li H, Zheng X, Chen JJ, Wang XB, et al. Early diagnostic biomarkers of sepsis for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a multicenter study. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10:281–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Yonaha T, Maruta T, Otao G, Igarashi K, Nagata S, Yano T, et al. The diagnostic and prognostic value of mature and total adrenomedullin for sepsis: a prospective observational study. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2021;53:411–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Abdelshafey EE, Nasa P, Elgohary AE, Khalil MF, Rashwan MA, Ghezala HB, et al. Role of presepsin for the diagnosis of sepsis and ICU mortality: a prospective controlled study. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2021;25:153–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Liu C, Qiu Q. Diagnostic value of PCT, SAA and presepsin in acute sepsis patients. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2020;13:9607–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Yamamoto T, Nishimura T, Kaga S, Uchida K, Tachibana Y, Esaki M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of presepsin for sepsis by the new Sepsis-3 definitions. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37:1936–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nakamura Y, Hoshino K, Kiyomi F, Kawano Y, Mizunuma M, Tanaka J, et al. Comparison of accuracy of presepsin and procalcitonin concentrations in diagnosing sepsis in patients with and without acute kidney injury. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;490:200–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Juroš GF, Nikić MT, Šarić SD, Perić M, Rogić D. Contribution of presepsin, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein to the SOFA score in early sepsis diagnosis in emergency abdominal surgical patients. Signa Vitae: J Intesive Care Emerg Med. 2019;15:38–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Jereb M, Mavric M, Skvarc M, Drobnic A, Dolenc S, Strunjas NP, et al. Usefulness of presepsin as diagnostic and prognostic marker of sepsis in daily clinical practice. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2019;13:1038–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lu B, Zhang Y, Li C, Liu C, Yao Y, Su M, et al. The utility of presepsin in diagnosis and risk stratification for the emergency patients with sepsis. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36:1341–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Li H, Wu S. Prognostic value of soluble cluster differentiation antigen 14 subtype and platelet activating factor in patients with septic shock. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2018;11:8345–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. El-Shafie ME-S, Taema KM, El-Hallag MM, Kandeel AMA. Role of presepsin compared to C-reactive protein in sepsis diagnosis and prognostication. Egypt J Critical Care Med. 2017;5:1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. de Guadiana Romualdo LG, Torrella PE, Acebes SR, Otón MDA, Sánchez RJ, Holgado AH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of presepsin (sCD14-ST) as a biomarker of infection and sepsis in the emergency department. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;464:6–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Klouche K, Cristol JP, Devin J, Gilles V, Kuster N, Larcher R, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble CD14 subtype (Presepsin) for sepsis and community-acquired pneumonia in ICU patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2016;6:59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Ali FT, Ali MA, Elnakeeb MM, Bendary HN. Presepsin is an early monitoring biomarker for predicting clinical outcome in patients with sepsis. Clin Chim Acta. 2016;460:93–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Amer HA, Ghareeb H, Lotfy NM, El-Azizi NO, Mahmoud AM. Presepsin a diagnostic marker for sepsis in intensive care unit patients. Egypt J Immunol. 2016;23:109–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Enguix-Armada A, Escobar-Conesa R, García-De La Torre A, De La Torre-Prados MV. Usefulness of several biomarkers in the management of septic patients: C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, presepsin and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin. Clin Chem Lab Med (CCLM). 2016;54:163–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sato M, Takahashi G, Shibata S, Onodera M, Suzuki Y, Inoue Y, et al. Clinical performance of a new soluble CD14-subtype immunochromatographic test for whole blood compared with chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay: use of quantitative soluble CD14-subtype immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of sepsis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0143971.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Carpio R, Zapata J, Spanuth E, Hess G. Utility of presepsin (sCD14-ST) as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of sepsis in the emergency department. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;450:169–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sargentini V, Ceccarelli G, D’Alessandro M, Collepardo D, Morelli A, D’Egidio A, et al. Presepsin as a potential marker for bacterial infection relapse in critical care patients. a preliminary study. Clin Chem Lab Med (CCLM). 2015;53:567–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Popa TO, Cimpoesu D, Dorobat CM. Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin in the emergency department. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2015;119:69–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Behnes M, Bertsch T, Lepiorz D, Lang S, Trinkmann F, Brueckmann M, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of soluble CD 14 subtype (presepsin) for severe sepsis and septic shock during the first week of intensive care treatment. Crit Care. 2014;18:507.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Madenci ÖÇ, Yakupoğlu S, Benzonana N, Yücel N, Akbaba D, Kaptanağası AO. Evaluation of soluble CD14 subtype (presepsin) in burn sepsis. Burns. 2014;40:664–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kweon OJ, Choi J-H, Park SK, Park AJ. Usefulness of presepsin (sCD14 subtype) measurements as a new marker for the diagnosis and prediction of disease severity of sepsis in the Korean population. J Crit Care. 2014;29:965–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Liu B, Chen YX, Yin Q, Zhao YZ, Li CS. Diagnostic value and prognostic evaluation of Presepsin for sepsis in an emergency department. Crit Care. 2013;17:R244.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Vodnik T, Kaljevic G, Tadic T, Majkic-Singh N. Presepsin (sCD14-ST) in preoperative diagnosis of abdominal sepsis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013;51:2053–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ulla M, Pizzolato E, Lucchiari M, Loiacono M, Soardo F, Forno D, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin in the management of sepsis in the emergency department: a multicenter prospective study. Crit Care. 2013;17:R168.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Shozushima T, Takahashi G, Matsumoto N, Kojika M, Okamura Y, Endo S. Usefulness of presepsin (sCD14-ST) measurements as a marker for the diagnosis and severity of sepsis that satisfied diagnostic criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Infect Chemother. 2011;17:764–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Venugopalan DP, Pillai G, Krishnan S. Diagnostic value and prognostic use of presepsin versus procalcitonin in sepsis. Cureus. 2019;11:e5151.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhenyu L, Huajie Z, Jun Z, BIn C. Early diagnostic value and prognostic significance of serum presepsin (sCD14-ST) in sepsis. Chin J Emerg Med. 2016;25:896–902.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Martin-Fernandez M, Vaquero-Roncero LM, Almansa R, Gómez-Sánchez E, Martín S, Tamayo E, et al. Endothelial dysfunction is an early indicator of sepsis and neutrophil degranulation of septic shock in surgical patients. BJS open. 2020;4:524–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Angeletti S, Spoto S, Fogolari M, Cortigiani M, Fioravanti M, De Florio L, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic role of procalcitonin (PCT) and MR-pro Adrenomedullin (MR-pro ADM) in bacterial infectious. APMIS. 2015;123:740–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Angeletti S, Battistoni F, Fioravanti M, Bernardini S, Dicuonzo G. Procalcitonin and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin test combination in sepsis diagnosis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013;51:1059–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Angeletti S, Dicuonzo G, Fioravanti M, De Cesaris M, Fogolari M, Lo Presti A, et al. Procalcitonin, MR-proadrenomedullin, and cytokines measurement in sepsis diagnosis: advantages from test combination. Dis Markers. 2015;2015:951532.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Spoto S, Nobile E, Carna EPR, Fogolari M, Caputo D, De Florio L, et al. Best diagnostic accuracy of sepsis combining SIRS criteria or qSOFA score with Procalcitonin and Mid-Regional pro-Adrenomedullin outside ICU. Sci Rep. 2020;10:16605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Spoto S, Cella E, de Cesaris M, Locorriere L, Mazzaroppi S, Nobile E, et al. Procalcitonin and MR-proadrenomedullin combination with SOFA and qSOFA scores for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis: a diagnostic algorithm. Shock. 2018;50:44–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Simon L, Saint-Louis P, Amre DK, Lacroix J, Gauvin F. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as markers of bacterial infection in critically ill children at onset of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008;9:407–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Luzzani A, Polati E, Dorizzi R, Rungatscher A, Pavan R, Merlini A. Comparison of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as markers of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1737–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Tan M, Lu Y, Jiang H, Zhang L. The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:5852–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Okamura Y, Yokoi H. Development of a point-of-care assay system for measurement of presepsin (sCD14-ST). Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:2157–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Valenzuela-Sánchez F, Valenzuela-Méndez B, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez JF, Estella-García Á, González-García M. New role of biomarkers: mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, the biomarker of organ failure. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4:329.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Dou YH, Du JK, Liu HL, Shong XD. The role of procalcitonin in the identification of invasive fungal infection-a systemic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;76:464–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jeong S, Park Y, Cho Y, Kim HS. Diagnostic utilities of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for the prediction of bacteremia determined by blood culture. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413:1731–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bamba Y, Moro H, Aoki N, Koizumi T, Ohshima Y, Watanabe S, et al. Increased presepsin levels are associated with the severity of fungal bloodstream infections. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0206089.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Nockher WA, Wick M, Pfister HW. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble CD14 in inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of the CNS: upregulation during bacterial infections and viral meningitis. J Neuroimmunol. 1999;101:161–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Decker SO, Krüger A, Wilk H, Grumaz S, Vainshtein Y, Schmitt FCF, et al. New approaches for the detection of invasive fungal diseases in patients following liver transplantation-results of an observational clinical pilot study. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2019;404:309–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Sozio E, Tascini C, Fabris M, D’Aurizio F, De Carlo C, Graziano E, et al. MR-proADM as prognostic factor of outcome in COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2021;11:5121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Michels M, Djamiatun K, Faradz SM, Koenders MM, de Mast Q, van der Ven AJ. High plasma mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin levels in children with severe dengue virus infections. J Clin Virol. 2011;50:8–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Valenzuela Sanchez F, Valenzuela Mendez B, Rodríguez Gutierrez J, de Bohollo Austria R, Rubio Quiñones J, Puget Martínez L, et al. Initial levels of mr-proadrenomedullin: a predictor of severity in patients with influenza a virus pneumonia. Int Care Med Exp. 2015;3:1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Yang HS, Hur M, Yi A, Kim H, Lee S, Kim SN. Prognostic value of presepsin in adult patients with sepsis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0191486.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:801–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Wu J, Hu L, Zhang G, Wu F, He T. Accuracy of presepsin in sepsis diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0133057.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Ozdemir AA, Elgormus Y. Diagnostic value of presepsin in detection of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Am J Perinatol. 2017;34:550–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Poggi C, Bianconi T, Gozzini E, Generoso M, Dani C. Presepsin for the detection of late-onset sepsis in preterm newborns. Pediatrics. 2015;135:68–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Montaldo P, Rosso R, Santantonio A, Chello G, Giliberti P. Presepsin for the detection of early-onset sepsis in preterm newborns. Pediatr Res. 2017;81:329–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Masson S, Caironi P, Fanizza C, Thomae R, Bernasconi R, Noto A, et al. Circulating presepsin (soluble CD14 subtype) as a marker of host response in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: data from the multicenter, randomized ALBIOS trial. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:12–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Xiao H, Wang G, Wang Y, Tan Z, Sun X, Zhou J, et al. Potential value of presepsin guidance in shortening antibiotic therapy in septic patients: a multicenter prospective cohort Trial. Shock. 2022;57:63–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Emergency, the First People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing City, China

    Jun Liang & Yingli Cai

  2. Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China

    Yiming Shao

Authors
  1. Jun Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yingli Cai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yiming Shao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

J.L. contributed to conceptualization and methodology. Y.S. contributed to drafting of the manuscript and reviewing and editing of the manuscript. Y.C. and J.L. contributed to data collection. Y.S. and Y.C. contributed to statistical analysis. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yiming Shao.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study is a meta-analysis, which does not contain any human data, and the ethics approval and consent to participate are not applicable.

Consent for publication

This study is a meta-analysis, which does not contain any individual person’s data, and the consent for publication is not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Figure S1.

The result of meta-regression for presepsin.

Additional file 2: Figure S2.

Graphical depiction of residual-based goodness-of-fit, bivariate normality, influence and outlier detection analyses.

Additional file 3: Figure S3.

Bivariate boxplot for presepsin (A) and MR (B).

Additional file 4: Table S1.

Search strategy used in this study

Additional file 5:

Quality assessment of the included studies.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liang, J., Cai, Y. & Shao, Y. Comparison of presepsin and Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin in the diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 23, 288 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08262-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08262-4

Keywords

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us