Bacillus species (BT42) isolated from Coffea arabica L. rhizosphere antagonizes Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum and also exhibits multiple plant growth promoting activity

Colletotrichum and Fusarium species are among pathogenic fungi widely affecting Coffea arabica L., resulting in major yield loss. In the present study, we aimed to isolate bacteria from root rhizosphere of the same plant that is capable of antagonizing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum as well as promotes plant growth. A total of 42 Bacillus species were isolated, one of the isolates named BT42 showed maximum radial mycelial growth inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (78%) and Fusarium oxysporum (86%). BT42 increased germination of Coffee arabica L. seeds by 38.89%, decreased disease incidence due to infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to 2.77% and due to infection of Fusarium oxysporum to 0 (p < 0.001). The isolate BT42 showed multiple growth-promoting traits. The isolate showed maximum similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Bacillus species (BT42), isolated in the present work was found to be capable of antagonizing the pathogenic effects of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum. The mechanism of action of inhibition of the pathogenic fungi found to be synergistic effects of secondary metabolites, lytic enzymes, and siderophores. The major inhibitory secondary metabolite identified as harmine (β-carboline alkaloids).


Background
The word coffee comes from the name of the place in Ethiopia called "Kaffa". "Kaffa" means the plants of God [1]. Coffee classified under the family of Rubiaceae in the genus Coffea. There are many species of coffee, but the two most widely cultivated are C. arabica L. and C. canephora (robusta). Southwestern and southeastern Ethiopia considered as the origin of C. arabica L.
(Arabica coffee) [2]. Of the total world production of coffee, C. arabica L. takes the lion's share, which is 66% and C. canephora only of 34%. Although coffee produced in few countries, it is the most traded agricultural products around the globe after oil. According to a 2014 report by the International Coffee Organization, the top six coffee producing countries in our globe are Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and India. In Ethiopia, it is mostly exported cash crop that accounts for 69% of all agriculturally export commodities and it was estimated that at least 15 million of Ethiopian population depend directly or indirectly on coffee production [1]. Similarly, there are around 250,000 coffee growers in India; 98% of them are small-scale growers.
One of the challenges in coffee production industry is the impact of the coffee pathogen, especially pathogenic fungi, which results in reduced production and low quality of coffee seeds [3]. The yield loss due to the fungal pathogens, especially Colletotrichum species, and Fusarium species have been repeatedly reported from coffee growing areas [4][5][6][7]. Coffee berry disease caused by Colletotrichum khawae is causing a major yield loss in coffee growing areas of Ethiopia [8,9]. C. khawae and C. gloeosporioides are the most abundantly found pathogens in diseased coffee seeds [9]. C. gloeosporioides also listed as one of important coffee pathogens by the coffee board of India. Apart from the coffee plant, C. gloeosporioides Penz possesses a broad host range (470 genera of plants) and ranked as the most devastating plant pathogen in the genus Colletotrichum [10,11]. Fusarium species also cause serious impact on the coffee production industry. Coffee wilt disease caused by Gibberella xylarioides (anamorph: Fusarium xylarioides) causes approximately 3360 t of coffee yield losses each year in Ethiopia [12]. This production loss causes a great economic loss around the world, for example, Ethiopia loses an estimated 3.7 million American dollars every year.
Chemical pesticides used currently to control coffee pathogens needed to spray 7-8 times annually which is laborious and expensive. Furthermore, the extensive use of chemical pesticides also contributes to emerging pesticide resistant pathogens. The uses of chemical pesticides and fertilizers have also a negative impact on the indigenous microbial community by disturbing the natural distribution of microbial niche. The coffee cultivated with no or less application of chemical pesticides have more consumer acceptance. In addition, the use of environmentally friendly and sustainable way of disease controlling system gained major attention in recent years. In this view, rhizosphere is the ideal place to search potential rhizobacteria that are capable of promoting plant growth and suppressing the phytopathogens.
Extensive studies of the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for disease control and plant growth promotion in the coffee plant have not been reported. It is necessary and useful to evaluate and document indigenous beneficial microbe isolated from coffee and test them against coffee pathogens. In the current study, several bacteria from the rhizosphere of C. arabica L. were isolated and the potent bacterium antagonistic to C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum was chosen, which also showed multiple plant growth promoting activity. The potent isolate showed maximum similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by 16 s rRNA gene sequencing and by blasting this sequence against reference sequences found in the international nucleotide database using the program called BLASTn.

Isolation of Bacillus species
From the rhizosphere of Coffea arabica L. 42 pure Bacillus species were isolated. These isolates were grampositive, catalase-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped and able to survive at 80°C (Fig. 1). It forms central/sub terminal/ellipsoidal endospores. The bacterium grew at the temperature range of 15-50°C, the optimum temperature of 30-42°C, optimum pH of 7 in aerobic condition.
The antagonistic effect of Bacillus species isolates against C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum Bacteria isolates were studied against two fungal pathogens C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum for radial mycelial growth inhibition. Sixteen Bacillus species isolates showed greater than 40% mycelial growth inhibition. Among these isolates, BT42 showed maximum radial mycelial growth inhibition against C. gloeosporioides (78%) and F. oxysporum (86%) (Fig. 2). Therefore, BT42 selected for in vitro and vivo studies.

Identification of isolate
The isolate BT42 selected for identification because it showed highest mycelial growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum when compared to other isolates. The 16S rRNA gene amplified from the genomic DNA of BT42 (1.5 kb) sequenced and analyzed by nucleotide Blast analysis (BLASTn). The BT42 (NCBI Fig. 1 Gram staining of cells of Bacillus sp BT42 isolated from Coffea arabica L. rhizosphere accession number KT220617) showed maximum similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Fig. 3). When compared to Ez taxon database it showed 86.55% similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum FZB42.

Plant growth promoting characteristics of Bacillus species BT42
BT42 produced 14.56 ± 0.862 μg/ml IAA in the medium supplemented with L-tryptophan, produced ammonia, solubilized 6.36 ± 0.48 μg/ml tri-calcium phosphate, formed 37.5 ± 0.56 mm of holo zone by solubilizing insoluble zinc oxides (Fig. 4), produced 75.90 ± 1.24% siderophore units in the iron free succinate medium, grew on the media supplemented with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) as a sole nitrogen source, and formed robust pellicles when grown in LB broth at the liquid air interference.

Effect of BT42 on seed germination and disease incidence
To study the effect of BT42 on germination of C. arabica L. seeds, suspension of overnight grown rhizobacteria (0.5 McFarland Standard) was coated on the seeds of C. arabica L and the effect on germination were observed and recorded. Percentage germination of C. arabica L.  improved from 50% of untreated seeds to higher in the presence of rhizobacteria ( Table 1). None of the C. arabica L. seeds infected with C. gloeosporioides could germinate (Fig. 5a), but in the presence of BT42, there was an improvement in germination percentage and decrease in the disease incidence. The disease incidence was as high as 91.67% when the seeds infected by C. gloeosporioides spore suspension alone. Disease incidence reduced by 88.9% when the BT42 was simultaneously surface coated with C. gloeosporioides ( Table 1).

Production of Antifungal compounds
To investigate the production of antifungal metabolite/s, 5 ml of growing culture of BT42 (in three replicates) was taken at different time intervals and its supernatant was tested for antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum by agar well diffusion method. The highest antifungal activity was found in 48 h old culture grown at 30°C under shaking condition of 150 rpm (Fig. 7).

Stability of antifungal compounds
The ethyl acetate extract of 48-hour-old cell-free culture was checked for its antifungal activity at different temperatures and it was found stable for more than 3 months at 4°C, for 1 h at 100°C and for 3 months at room temperature.

Separation and purification of antifungal compound
The ethyl acetate extract was separated on the silica thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate using isopropanol: ammonia: water (10:1.5:1) as the solvent system (Fig. 8a). Five bands with Rf values 0.33, 0.50, 0.61, 0.72 and 0.87 were detected. Compounds corresponding to a metabolite in each band named from bottom to top as C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 were assayed for antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum. Among the five bands, the metabolite named as C1 showed significant mycelial growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides (Fig. 8b) and F. oxysporum (Fig. 8c) and was selected further for characterization and identification. The purity of the band showing maximum antifungal activity (that is C1, Rf 0.33) was checked again using different solvent systems on TLC, which showed a single band.

Characterization and identification of potent compound
Purified compound C1 was subjected to spectral scan analysis from 100-1100 nm to identify its absorbance maxima, which was found to be 205 nm. The compound C1 was found to be soluble in methanol and sparingly soluble in water. Liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LC-MS) data of C1 showed the retention time 4.9 min by the photodiode anode (PDA) detector. The same fragment was subjected to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. MS analysis clearly indicated that purified C1 compound has the molecular weight 212.10 ( Fig. 9a). For the investigation of the numbers of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms, absolute intensity of M + 1 peak and natural Based on LC-MS data and FTIR assignment, the suggested formula for the compound is C 13 H 12 N 2 O and its structural formula showed in Fig. 11. Further confirmation of the compound was carried out by qualitative tests using the general reagent for alkaloids (Dragendroff 's reagent) and it was found to be positive and specifically for the presence of indole derivates using glyoxylic-sulphuric acid test. Accordingly, the solution containing the C1 showed a positive test for the presence of alkaloid and showed a positive test for the presence of indole derivative, forming a purple to violet ring at the junction of two distinct phases when glyoxylic acid and the test solution mixed in the presence of conc. H 2 SO 4 . The secondary metabolite harmine could be the principal reason for inhibition of growth of C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum.

Discussion
In the present study, we have isolated potent Bacillus species (BT42) that is able to inhibit C. gloeosporioides (78%) and F. oxysporum (86%). In a review of similar studies, Bacillus sp. strain RMB7, which has broad range antifungal activity showed 71% and 78% mycelial growth inhibition of F. oxysporum and C. gloeosporioides respectively [13]. BT42 produces known extracellular lytic enzymes (chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase), which are significantly correlated with fungi mycelial growth inhibition. In a similar study conducted elsewhere, significant mycelial growth inhibition of G. xylarioides (anamorph: Fusarium xylarioides) by the chitinase producing Bacillus species isolate named as JU5444 was also reported [12]. Apart from chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, BT42 produced protease and lipase that might be involved in the inhibition of the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and Fig. 7 The radius of inhibition of pathogenic fungi by metabolite extracted from BT42 at different period of growth. Error bar represents ± SD  F. oxysporum. Earlier reports indicated that protease [14,15] and lipase production [12] by bacteria are associated with inhibition of mycelial growth of different fungi.
Since the statistical correlation of growth inhibition of pathogenic fungi and lytic enzyme produced were positive but mostly less than 0.9 r, more than one mechanism of inhibition of pathogenesis was suspected. The production of siderophore by BT42 might also be involved in the inhibition of fungi. Bacteria produce Siderophores during iron starvation. The previous report indicates that siderophores produced by Bacillus subtilis have got potential to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum [16]. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, which has maximum similarity with BT42, harbors genes responsible for the synthesis of siderophores [17].
Apart from production of lytic enzymes and siderophores, from the culture filtrate of BT42, we also isolated and identified antifungal compound, which is confirmed as Harmine [18]. Harmine is β-carboline alkaloid that was first isolated from Peganum harmala L [19,20]. Harmine is rarely reported from bacteria and it is mostly extracted from higher plants [19,21]. Harmine production in bacteria was limited to a few species including Enterococcus faecium, Myxobacter and Pseudomonas species [22][23][24][25]. However, the recent report by Saad and Zakaria demonstrated that Bacillus flexus isolated from fresh water produced harmine as a mechanism of inhibition of toxic cyanobacteria and this was considered as the first report from Bacillus species [26]. In our present study, we identified harmine from the cultural extract of Bacillus species (BT42) isolated from root rhizosphere of C. arabica L., which is the first report of its type. This is the first report of inhibition of pathogens of C. arabica L., C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum by plant growth promoting rhizobacterium by an alkaloid harmine. The inhibitory activity of β-carboline alkaloids against different fungi that include C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum was recently described although the β-carboline alkaloids were extracted from the plant [21].
To sum up, the highest inhibition of C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum mycelial growth by the Bacillus species (BT42) is due to the synergistic effect of multiple mechanisms, which could be explained as the production of lytic enzymes and harmine, which is produced as an extracellular secondary metabolite.
Apart from biocontrol activity, Bacillus species (BT42) also exhibited plant growth promoting characteristics (IAA production, ammonia production, phosphate solubilization and zinc solubilization) that directly involved in plant growth promotion and indirectly in the pathogen suppression. The production of IAA by rhizobacteria is so important in supporting plant growth and development by interfering with the endogenous IAA produced by the plant and serve in defense responses [27][28][29]. Studies showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is known to produce a substantial amount of IAA [17,30]. Another important trait displayed by Bacillus species (BT42) is the ability to produce an enzyme ACC deaminase. The production of ACC deaminase by the BT42 is also vital in plant-microbe interaction; that enables the host plant to withstand stress due to drought and flooding by decreasing the endogenous ethylene levels. Studies showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has the versatile potential for both plant growth and biocontrol activity of different phytopathogenic fungi, which is similarly strengthened by our present study [17,[31][32][33].
The high disease incidence caused by C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum were significantly reduced in the presence of BT42 due to the potential biocontrol activity of this bacterium. In BT42 treated C. arabica L seeds, germination occurred much better than that of untreated, which indicates that the isolate facilitated germination of the C. arabica L. seeds by the extracellular production of PGPR traits that supported the germination.

Conclusions
In conclusion, we have isolated a Bacillus species (BT42), which shows the versatility of direct and indirect plant growth promoting traits. BT42 showed maximum similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in NCBI BLASTn result and shows maximum similarity with the same bacterium by Ez taxon database. This bacterium could effectively inhibit pathogens of C. arabica L. The mechanisms of inhibition of C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum were found to be the production of lytic enzymes, siderophores as well as antifungal compounds. The major antifungal compound was identified as harmine (a member of β-carboline alkaloids), which is not previously reported as a mechanism of action of PGPR. To this end, the BT42 isolate can be a potential candidate to be used as a biocontrol of C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum and also as biofertilizer.

Sampling site and sample collection
Rhizosphere soil samples of Coffea arabica L. were collected from two different fields at Khusalnagar, Karnataka, South India. These sites are located between 12 0 28'05.7"N and 75 0 57'51.7"E. Soil samples were collected after consent was obtained from coffee farm owners.

Isolation and Identification of bacterial isolate
Isolation of rhizobacteria from root rhizosphere of C. arabica L. was performed as previously stated [12]. The pure isolates were further confirmed by standard microbiological techniques [34]. Pure isolates were stored at -20°C with 50% glycerol for further study. Primers fD1 (forward, 5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTC AG-3′) and rP2 (reverse, 5′-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACG ACTT-3′), were obtained from Eurofins (India) and used for the amplification of 16S rRNA gene [35]. A PCR mixture (20 μl) consisting of: 2.5 μl of 10X Mg 2+ buffer containing 15 mM Mg 2+ , 1 μl of Taq polymerase enzyme (1U/μl), 3 μl of dNTP mixture (3 mM), 1 μl of each primer (10 pM), 2 μl of template DNA (50-100 ng/μl) and 9.5 μl of Milli-Q water was prepared. DNA thermocycler was used for the amplification of the DNA at 94°C for 3 min, followed by 32 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 15 s at 54°C and 1 min at 72°C with an extension of 72°C for 5 min. One μl of PCR product along with standard DNA ladder (1.5 kb) were loaded on a 0.8% agarose gel containing 3 μl of ethidium bromide in 1X TAE buffer and electrophoresed at 100 V for 35 min. The PCR product checked and visualized using a UV transilluminator. The PCR product purified and sequenced at Eurofins Genomics India Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
Using the NCBI website, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn) used for checking the 16S rRNA gene sequences with comparative sequences of reference strains. Mega 6 software used for the construction of phylogenetic tree after the sequences aligned. To carry out phylogenetic analysis, sequences of 16S rRNA of thirteen reference strains that are important for comparison downloaded from NCBI database http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

In vitro antagonistic study of bacteria against pathogens
In vitro antagonistic study of the bacteria was carried out against two fungal pathogens Colletotrichum gloeosporioids sp.coffee (ITCC 7131) and Fusarium oxysporum (ITCC 3595). Both the cultures were obtained from Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), Division of Plant pathology, Indian agricultural research institute, New Delhi 110012 (India).
Potato dextrose agar used for dual culture during the antagonistic studies of bacteria against fungal pathogens. Percent fungal radial growth inhibition was calculated as stated below [12].

Experimental design and bioassay
The experiment involved only one factor (the rhizobacteria antagonist). In the experiment Bacillus sp BT42, used as it showed the highest reduction of radial mycelial growth of both C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum. Healthy Coffea arabica L. seeds collected from selected healthy coffee plants. First, the exocarp of the coffee fruits was removed and kept in water at 30°C for 24 h with the other fruit part (mesocarp and endocarp) then mesocarp was removed by washing them and left on a tray to dry [36]. Surface sterilization of coffee seeds was carried out as reported elsewhere [37]. Two hundred sixteen surface sterilized coffee seeds randomly distributed in four groups: untreated (36 seeds), rhizobacteria treated (36 seeds), rhizobacteria + fungi (72 seeds) and fungi (72 seeds) for the experiment. The bacterium grown in nutrient broth under shaking condition of 150 rpm for 18-20 h (1 X 10 8 cells/ml) at 30°C were used for coating seeds. The surface sterilized seeds inoculated in the liquid culture of bacteria and dried in aseptic condition under laminar flow hood for 30 min. In the same manner, spore suspensions of C. gloeosporioides (1 X 10 4 spores/ml) inoculated and dried under laminar flow hood for 30 min. Similarly, bacteria and fungi surface coated on the seed of C. arabica L., in the same manner, one after the other. Surface sterilized seeds without any treatment taken as controls. Seeds in each group (bacterial treated, fungi infected, fungi + bacteria treated and untreated) placed on pre-sterilized Whatman filter paper in separate Petri plate (three replicates). Plates with the coffee seeds incubated at 30 + 1°C, dampness of the seeds maintained by spraying 1-1.5 ml distilled water on filter paper as necessary and any physiological changes in each group of seeds inspected and recorded daily. The experiment carried out in completely randomized design under controlled conditions. The experiment performed in three replicates.

Studies of plant growth promoting traits
Qualitative and quantitative test for Siderophore production Rhizobacterium was grown in iron-free medium (K 2 HPO 4 , 6.0 g L -1 ; KH 2 PO 4 , 3.0 g L -1 ; MgSO 4 7H 2 O,0.2 g L -1 ;(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ,1.0 g L -1 ; and Succinic acid 4.0 g L -1 , pH 7.0) and incubated for 48 h at 30°C with constant shaking of 150 rpm [38]. After 48 h of incubation, the fermented broth centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min and supernatant were taken and checked for the presence of siderophore. For estimation of siderophore, 0.5 ml of supernatant was mixed with CAS reagent and absorbance was calculated at 630 nm [38]. Percent siderophore units calculated using the formula: Where, Ar = absorbance of reference at 630 nm (CAS reagent) and As = absorbance of the sample at 630 nm.

Test for phytohormones production
For the production of IAA, purified bacterium isolate was grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth under shaking condition (150 rpm) around the clock at 30°C. Overnight grown culture centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min and the supernatant collected. To the supernatant (app. 2 ml) two drops of O-phosphoric acid added; the manifestation of pink color indicates IAA production by the rhizobacteria isolates. Quantitative estimation of IAA was done colorimetrically [39].
For the production of Gibberellic acid, bacterium isolate was grown in 100 ml nutrient broth at 30°C for 48 h. The growth of bacterium was monitored by measuring turbidity at 600 nm. For extraction of Gibberellic acid, 50 ml of the culture was taken and centrifuged at 7500 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and pH was adjusted to 2.5 using 37% HCl. Supernatant extracted using ethyl acetate in 1:1 volume ratio [40]. Gibberellic acid quantitatively estimated by using a UV spectrophotometer at 254 nm [41].

Test for ammonia production
Rhizobacterium isolate grown in peptone water for 4 days at 30°C in 50 ml test tubes. In each test tube containing bacterial isolates, 1 ml of Nessler's reagent added. The appearance of a faint yellow color is evidence of weak reaction and deep yellow to brownish color was confirmation of strong reaction [42].

Test for zinc and phosphate solubilization
Phosphate solubilizing ability of bacterium isolate was determined by the inoculation of overnight grown bacterial isolates on pre-solidified specific medium for phosphate solubilization test [43]. The rhizobacterium incubated for 96 h at 30°C and any clear zone around the rhizobacterium colonies indicated phosphate solubilization. Quantitative determination of phosphate solubilizing activity was performed calorimetrically [44]. Zinc solubilization was performed by plate assay using modified Pikovskaya agar [45]. The rhizobacteria isolates were inoculated into a medium consisting of: ammonium sulfate (1 g L -1 ), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (0.2 g L -1 ), glucose (10.0 g L -1 ), magnesium sulfate (0.1 g L -1 ), potassium chloride (0.2 g L -1 ), Yeast (0.2 g L -1 ), distilled water (1000 ml), pH 7.0 and 0.1% insoluble zinc compounds (ZnO, ZnCO 3 and ZnS). The rhizobacteria isolate grown in this medium for 48 h at 28°C. The clear zone around the colony indicated solubilization of insoluble zinc compounds.
Qualitative test for 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase ACC deaminase production was checked using Dworkin and Foster (DF) minimal salts medium [46]. To the pre-solidified DF minimal salts medium 3 mM ACC solution sprayed and allowed to dry in aseptic condition for 10 min then bacterial isolates inoculated. After 48 h of incubation at 30°C, any growth of bacteria on the media was considered as ACC deaminase production [47].

Studies of mechanisms of inhibition of pathogenic fungi Lytic enzymes production
Test for Production of β-1, 3 glucanases, and chitinase Test for the production of β-1, 3 glucanases was performed using laminarin as the only carbon source for growth of bacteria. Accordingly, the isolates were inoculated on media containing Na 2 HPO 4 (6 g L -1 ), KH 2 PO 4 (3 g L -1 ), NH 4 Cl (0.5 g L -1 ), yeast extract (0.05 g L -1 ), Agar (15 g L -1 ) and 0.05% laminarin, (Sigma) and incubated at 30°C for 48 h. After 48 h of incubation, the clear zones obtained. To visualize clearly, plates were flooded with a mixture of 0.666% KI and 0.333% Iodine and isolates showing yellow clear zone around the bacterial colony confirmed as the production of β-1, 3 glucanases.
For the checking of chitinase production, colloidal chitin was prepared from chitin powder (Hi-Media) for the preparation of the solid media. The compositions of solid media were colloidal chitin 1% (w/v), Na 2 HPO 4 (6 g L -1 ), NaCl (0.5 g L -1 ), KH 2 PO 4 (3 g L -1 ); NH 4 Cl (1 g L -1 ), yeast extract (0.05 g L -1 ) and agar (15 g L -1 ). The bacteria isolates were checked for their production of chitinase by observation of clear zone around the colonies after five days incubation at 30 ± 1°C [48].
Test for Production of Protease and Lipase Test for protease production was done using the protease specific medium as earlier described [49]. Similarly, the rhizobacteria isolates were checked for lipase enzyme using lipase media [2]. This media contains calcium chloride 0.1 g, Peptone 10 g, sodium chloride 5 g, Agar 15 g, distilled water 1 Liter, 10 ml sterile Tween 20. The bacterial isolates streaked on this medium and incubated at 27°C for 48 h, the clear zone around the bacterial colonies show the activity of lipase enzyme.

Production of antifungal compound from isolate BT42
The test for antifungal activity of the culture filtrate was done as described elsewhere with modifications [50,51]. Briefly, to check the antifungal activity of culture filtrate from strain BT42, a single colony of the isolate inoculated into Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and incubated for 120 h under shaking condition of 150 rpm at 30°C. During the incubation period, 5 ml samples taken from flasks at different time intervals and centrifuged at 12,500 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. The cell pellet removed and supernatant filtered through a membrane filter (25 mm) to remove any suspended cell. The collected sample tested for the antifungal activity by agar well diffusion method using 20 μl of the culture filtrate and sterile broth as a control on Potato dextrose agar spread with a spore suspension of pathogenic fungi (1 X 10 4 spores/ml). The plates incubated at 28°C for 3 days.
Extracellular metabolites extracted from the 48 h grown culture filtrate using ethyl acetate. Accordingly, an equal amount of ethyl acetate added to the culture filtrate and both phases collected and concentrated to dryness. Active compounds obtained from both the phases subjected to the antifungal activity bioassay after dissolving them in methanol Purification, identification and characterization of antifungal compound The crude extract dissolved in methanol was separated by TLC on silica gel plates (20 × 20 cm, 0.5 mm thick, G), developed in Isopropanol: ammonia: water (10:1.5:1, v/v) as the mobile phase. The TLC plate was visualized under UV transilluminator. Each specific band corresponding to specific metabolite eluted by carefully scraping from the TLC plate, suspended in methanol and checked for antifungal activity. The antifungal compound was once again subjected to TLC using the same as well as different solvent systems (chloroform: methanol 90:10; benzene: acetic acid 95:05; ammonia: methanol: chloroform 0.5:1:8.5) as stated above to check its purity. The purified compound characterized and identified using FTIR and LC-MS analysis. The alkaloid nature of the purified antifungal compound was also confirmed by a qualitative test using Dragendorff's reagent and glyoxylic-sulphuric acid test specific for indole derivatives as described elsewhere [52,53].

Statistical analysis
IBM SPSS Statistics software version 19 was used to analyze the data related to correlations of fungal radial mycelial growth inhibition and lytic enzyme production. Similarly, one-way ANOVAs was used to compare the mean difference between treatments, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

Funding
No specific fund was obtained for this study; however, the study was supported by BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India.

Availability of data and materials
The dataset generated for phylogenetic tree construction is available in the Tree BASE repository, http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S20152.
Authors' contributions TK involved in designing of the study, experimentations, data analysis and interpretation, and write-up of the manuscript. VRT designed the study, supervised and guided the experimental process, and prepared the manuscript for publication. PT involved in LC-MS and FTIR data analysis and interpretation and manuscript writing. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.