Mannose-binding lectin concentrations in people living with HIV/AIDS infected by HHV-8

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in the innate immune response by activating the complement system via the lectin pathway, and it has been studied in several viral infections; however, the influence of MBL in PLWHA infected with HHV-8 is unknown. The objective of this study was to verify the association of MBL deficient plasma concentrations in HIV/HHV-8 coinfected and HIV monoinfected patients and to correlate these concentrations with HIV viral load and CD4 counts in both groups. This was an analytical study of case-controls consisting of PLWHA monitored at the medical outpatient of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the clinical hospital in the Federal University of Pernambuco. Plasma concentrations of MBL were obtained by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercial Human Mannose Binding Lectin kit (MyBioSource, Inc.) that was performed according to the manufacturer’s guidelines, with values < 100 ng/ml considered deficient. A total of 245 PLWHA samples were analysed; 118 were HIV/HHV-8 coinfected and 127 were HIV monoinfected; 5.1% (6/118) of the coinfected patients and 3.2% (4/127) of the monoinfected patients (p = 0.445) were considered plasma concentration deficient. The median of the plasma concentrations of MBL in the coinfected patients was 2803 log10 ng/ml and was 2.959 log10 ng/ml in the monoinfected patients (p = 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between the plasma concentrations of MBL and the HIV viral load in both groups, but no correlation with the CD4 count. Although the plasma concentrations considered deficient in MBL were not associated with HHV-8 infection in PLWHA, the coinfected patients showed lower MBL concentrations and an inverse correlation with HIV viral load, suggesting that there may be consumption and reduction of MBL due to opsonization of HIV and HHV-8, leading to the reduction of plasma MBL and non-accumulation in the circulation.


Background
The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) has increased in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), with a more aggressive clinical course and progression to death [1][2][3][4][5][6]. KS is one of the most common cancers in PLWHA, even when the individuals are treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and have an undetectable HIV viral load and CD4 + T cell counts that are above 350 cells/mm 3 [7][8][9].
The control of HHV-8, just as in the early stages of the development of KS, is mediated by the innate and adaptive immunity [10][11][12]. In this context, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays a key role in innate immunity as a standard recognition receptor, binding with a high affinity to the residue patterns of carbohydrates present on the surface of viruses or virus-infected cells, especially when the humoral immunity is not fully functional, such as in childhood or in immunosuppressed or immunocompromised populations [13][14][15]. Thus, MBL contributes to the defence of the innate immune system by initiating the activation of the lectin-complement pathway, which promotes opsonophagocytosis, modulates inflammation and induces cellular lysis [16][17][18].
Regarding PLWHA, some studies have shown an association between MBL plasma concentration deficiency and HIV infection or a more rapid disease progression [19][20][21][22][23], and others found no association with this infection, the HIV viral load or the CD4 count [18,24]. However, the influence of MBL on HHV-8 infection is not known, but for other herpes viruses, studies suggest that MBL deficiency may be a risk factor for the symptomatic development of human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2) [25] and for cytomegalovirus reactivation (CMV) [14,26]. Although MBL plays an important role in the innate immune response, it is still unknown whether a deficiency in the MBL plasma concentration is associated with HHV-8 infection in PLWHA. In view of the above, the objective of this study was to verify the association of MBL deficient plasma concentrations in HIV/HHV-8 coinfected and HIV monoinfected patients and correlate the concentration with the HIV viral load and CD4 counts in both groups.
The plasma concentrations were considered deficient in 5.1% (6/118) of the coinfected patients and in 3.2% (4/127) of the monoinfected patients, with a p value of 0.445 (OR = 1.647; IC = 0.453-5.989). However, the MBL plasma concentration median were significantly lower in the coinfected patients, as shown in Fig. 1. Table 1 shows the median MBL plasma concentrations according to the clinical variables in the coinfected and monoinfected patients.
Among the coinfected and monoinfected patients, there was a negative correlation between the HIV viral load and the MBL plasma concentration, as shown in Fig. 2. Figure 3 shows the Spearman correlation between the CD4 count and the MBL plasma concentration in the HIV/HHV-8 coinfected and HIV monoinfected patients.

Discussion
MBL plays an important role in the innate immune response by activating the complement system via the lectin pathway in an antibody-independent mechanism [15,17,23]. This protein has been studied in several infections [26][27][28][29][30]; however, this is the first study to evaluate the plasma concentrations of functional MBL in PLWHA coinfected with HHV-8 and correlate the concentrations with HIV viral load and CD4 counts.
The study population did not differ in age and sex when compared to other studies evaluating PLWHA infected with HHV-8 [4,8,[31][32][33]. Similarly, the median HIV viral load and TCD4 count did not show a statistically significant difference between the HIV/HHV-8 coinfected and the HIV monoinfected patients, corroborating works that also evaluated these clinical characteristics [31,32,34].
It is still unknown how MBL aids in the control or elimination of HHV-8 infection; however, in relation to HIV infection, studies show that MBL binds to HIV gp120 glycoprotein, helping to clear this virus through the activation of the complement system [22,[35][36][37][38]. In addition, when MBL is bound to HIV it can also be eliminated from the circulation by the C1q receptor, which has a structural and functional affinity for MBL [30,39,40], suggesting the consumption and reduction of MBL during HIV infection [26,30].
In relation to the Herpesviridae family there are few studies performed. The data of a research show that MBL modulates the response to HSV-2 in mice by affecting neutralization of the virus. Furthermore, reported that the frequency of the MBL deficient (< 100 ng/ml) was higher in the symptomatic group (people with recurrent HSV-2 infections) [25]. In other research the MBL deficient levels were linked to CMV reactivation after lung transplantation [26]. These authors suggest that lack of MBL mediated complement activation increases susceptibility to infections by these viruses.
Studies use different cut-off points, including < 100, < 300 and < 500 ng/ml, to define MBL deficient plasma concentrations [14,18,25,26,30]. In our study, we defined deficient concentrations as < 100 ng/ml and found no association with HHV-8 infection in PLWHA, the HIV viral load or the CD4 count; however, the median of these concentrations was significantly lower in the HIV/HHV-8 coinfected patients compared to the HIV monoinfected patients. However, the median concentrations found in both groups were higher than the values considered deficient by these authors [14,18,19,25,26,30]. A possible explanation for the lower concentrations of MBL in coinfected patients would be the consumption and reduction of this protein, involving the opsonization of HIV and HHV-8, leading to the reduction of plasma MBL and its non-accumulation in the circulation [26].
On the other hand, considering the cut-off point established by Manuel et al. (2007) to characterize the deficient plasma concentration of MBL (< 500 ng/ml), in our study, four coinfected patients who developed KS showed a deficient MBL concentration 2.519 log 10 ng/ml (data not shown). These same four patients were genetically charac-   In relation to CD4, the counts above or below 200 cells/ mm 3 did not influence the MBL plasma concentrations, because the medians remained smaller in the coinfected patients in relation to the monoinfected patients. However, considering the use of a continuous numerical scale, it was possible to establish an inverse correlation between the plasma MBL concentrations and the HIV viral load in the coinfected and monoinfected patients, suggesting that MBL plasma concentrations might also modulate coinfection.
Other factors may influence the MBL concentration, such as polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene, resulting in defects in the polymerization of the molecule, leading to functional deficiency and protein expression and reducing the activation capacity of the complement system [42][43][44]. Furthermore, the drugs used in the treatment of infections, such as those of ART [45][46][47], are metabolized in the liver and may affect the concentration of MBL because this protein is mainly synthesized in the liver [26].
Our research has some limitations, such as the absence of investigation of the HHV-8 latent or latent cycle, quantify of the HHV-8 viral load, evaluate functionality of MBL by measuring the activity of MBL in the complement system through C4b binding or measure aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme levels in the blood as a measure of liver toxicity. We suggest that future prospective studies evaluate these variables by associating or correlating them with plasma MBL concentrations in HIV/HHV-8 coinfected patients, especially in those who developed KS.

Conclusion
Therefore, although the plasma concentrations considered deficient of MBL were not associated with HHV-8 infection in PLWHA, the coinfected patients had lower concentrations of MBL and an inverse correlation with the HIV viral load, suggesting that MBL might also be modulating HIV/HHV-8 coinfection.

Methods
The aim of this study was to verify the association of MBL deficient plasma concentrations in HIV/HHV-8 coinfected and HIV monoinfected patients and correlate the concentration with the HIV viral load and CD4 counts in both groups.

Design and study population
This was an analytical study of case-controls, consisting of PLWHA that were monitored at the medical out-

MBL plasma concentrations
The plasma concentrations of MBL were obtained by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercial Human Mannose Binding Lectin kit (MyBio-Source, Inc.), with a detection threshold of 0.05 ng/ml. The samples were diluted at 1:100, and the protocol for the ELISA was performed following the manufacturer's guidelines. The readings were performed on a spectrophotometer (Thermoplate®) with a wavelength of 450/630 nm. The plasma concentrations were considered deficient when they were < 100 ng/ml [18,19,25].

Statistical analysis
To evaluate the deficiency of the concentrations, we used the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and the Mann-Whitney test was used to associate the MBL plasma concentrations in the HIV/HHV-8 coinfected and HIV monoinfected patients. The Spearman test was used to correlate the plasma MBL concentrations with HIV viral load and CD4 count, and these variables were included in the statistical models as units transformed into log 10 . For the statistical analyses and the construction of the graphs, we used GraphPad Prism software version 6.1 (GraphPad Software, USA) and Epi Info version 7.1.5 (CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA). Statistically significant values were indicated by p < 0.05.