A census of the edition of 1555 of Andreas Vesalius' De Humani Corporis Fabrica

The purpose of this study was to determine the locations of the second edition (1555) of the De Humani Corporis Fabrica written by Vesalius. Contacts were made with institutions of higher learning, museum libraries, and libraries of national collections, libraries of research institutions, cathedral libraries, antique book dealers, trade journals, book auctions and private collectors. A total of 113 copies of the 1555 Fabrica were found in University and Institutional Libraries. Of them, 33 (29%) were in the United Kingdom; 35 (31%) in Europe and 45 (40%) in the USA. Location of the second edition Vesalius in private collections was more difficult to objectively determine and accounts for approximately 10% of the second Edition books in the census.


Introduction
In 1555, the Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius, together with his publisher, Johannes Oporinus of Basel, produced a second folio edition of this revolutionary work De Humani Corporis Fabrica.
Cushing included an incomplete list of holdings of all Vesalian works that he traced as part of this Bio-bibliography of Andreas Vesalius, what he calls an "Index of Recorded Copies [1] A later census of the 1543 edition, compiled by Horowitz and Collins and published in 1984, was created as a result of their research into variant variant copies of that edition [2] In 1994, Elly Cockx-Indestege published the results of her research into every copy of every pre-1800 edition of all Vesalius' works held in Belgian collections, including five copies of the 1555 edition [1]. This report presents a list of copies of the second edition of (1555) De Humani Corporis written by Vesalius and their institutional locations 450 years since publication.

Materials and methods
A great boon to the 21 st -century researcher is the development of the internet. The number of university and institutional libraries which are searchable online means that the libraries of over 200 institutions could be searched in a matter of several months.
While these innovations have undoubtedly shortened dramatically the amount of time researchers have to spend physically turning the pages of printed catalogues, the "detective techniques" used by Owen Gingerich in his Great Copernicus Chase still provide the mainstay of this research. Many libraries were not yet online, or are in the process of being made available online. Letters of enquiry, consultation with dealers, advertising in bibliophilic journals, and systematic checking through the multivolume Book Auction Records and original auction catalogues have therefore all been vital to the collection and collation of the information in this catalogue.
The method of researching copies held in institution libraries was relatively straightforward. Once it had been ascertained which institutions owned copies of the 1555 edition, requests were sent to the relevant librarians for any bibliographical details that did not appear in their online catalogues. In some cases, such further information was not available and wherever possible, the original copy was then examined in person in the United Kingdom. That this catalogue is so complete is due in the main to those librarians, who went out of their way to help this research, both through their own investigations, suggestions and comments, and the ability to cross-reference information provided.
Discovering copies held in private collections was a more involved process. Auction houses were naturally discreet with regard to their clients' identities; records from the earlier sales often do not survive, and catalogue descriptions from pre-1980s catalogues tend to be brief.
While recent catalogues provide a great deal of detailed bibliographic information, those dating from earlier than the mid-seventies do not supply much information beyond basic notes on the completeness and condition of the copy. This brevity of description makes it difficult to identify the copy in question, which in turn means that it is difficult to guarantee that the same copy, sold in different sales in different countries was not counted as two separate copies. Unfortunately, unless an owner, knowing the provenance of his or her copy, recognizes it on the list of those sold at auction, there is no way of remedying this particular problem.
The Book Auction Records for the past 100 years have been searched, and it has sometimes been possible to trace the movement of a single copy from sale to sale. Catalogues for individual sales have also been looked at, though even those containing the auctioneer's own notations usually give not further clue to the provenance, seller or buyer of the copy in question. Even those auction houses that are still in business are unlikely to be in possession of any further information. As in the case of Southerans, whose records were destroyed in the Blitz of the Second World War, records often just no longer exist.
Although the chronological scope of the catalogue was originally intended to cover the past century, the lack of information available has meant that though sales from the early 20 th century have been included, it is only in a very few cases that the present day whereabouts of those copies is known.
For more recent sales, Christie's and Sotheby's, as the auction house through which the vast majority of more recent copies have been sold, have been exceptionally helpful. Within the boundaries of their client confidentiality, both companies have enabled the present owners of most copies to be established.
Auction and dealer sales in the United Kingdom were examined from the year 1900 to 2006. The copies were then tabulated to report as accurately as possible the copies known to currently exist in both private and public collections. Those books in private collections were personally reviewed or third party verified.

Results
Results are presented as a geographic list of holdings within the United Kingdom Europe (Table 1 and 2) and the USA ( Table 3). As well as complete works, there are some instances where fragmentary copies (usually comprising solely of the illustrations) are held. These have been excluded in the main body of the census. Also provided is the list of copies known to have been sold through auction houses and dealers during the last century (Table 4). These copies are placed in the chronological order of their last appearance on the market. The last known location is given for these privately held copies. It is certain that in many cases the copy is now held somewhere else.
Twenty one of the copies sold at auction were subsequently bought by dealers of which nineteen (90%) were UK dealers. Eleven books are definitely in private collections today; another three were initially bought privately but could not be found.
This means of 74 books recorded as being present in the UK over the last century, only 42 are known to still be held there, of which 33 are confirmed to be at Universities or Public Institutions and at least nine are in private collections. The remaining 32 second edition Vesalius are probably now in private and university collections in the USA and Europe and are included in the Tables.
Eleven copies are confirmed to be privately owned by direct inspection or third party verification.
Due to security risks, privacy and the desire for anonymity, it was difficult to document additional books. Most of the books previously owned privately have been donated to University and Institutions, especially in the USA due to the tax benefits obtained by the donor.

Discussion
Both Cushing and Cockx-Indestege's research took over 20 years to complete and despite the limiting of this cen-sus to one edition of one of Vesalius' works, it is till a huge undertaking [1,3].
The development of the internet is a great boon to the 21 st -century researcher. University and institutional libraries are now searchable online; libraries of over 200 institutions could be rapidly searched. These innovations have shortened the time researchers need to spend physically turning the pages of printed catalogues. Harvey Cushing, in his Bio-bibliography of Andreas Vesalius, recorded 25 copies in the US and only four copies in the UK of the first edition. This article presents the results of an attempt to enumerate and list the location of second edition copies.
The 1555 edition was more sumptuous than the 1543 first edition. It was printed on thicker paper, set in larger type and had more widely spaced lines. Vesalius made both stylistic and factual changes, and in some cases this required the design and production of a new initial letter woodblock. The new illustrations, with the exception of the title page, are generally considered to be even finer than those in the 1543 edition. This second edition also had several textual alterations, including a revised chapter on embryology, a description of the venous valves, and two new chapters. No documentary evidence remains for the decision behind the production of a second edition except possibly to answer specific criticisms of the content leveled at the first edition and for Vesalius to answer his detractors in the new edition.
In addition, the market for the Fabrica remained strong as evidenced by the production in Lyons of an unauthorized cheaper pocket edition in 1552, as soon as the protective privilege granted to Vesalius by the French king had expired. This suggests that during the early 1550s, about the time that Vesalius and Oporinus began planning their second edition, demand for an expensive illustrated second version of the Fabrica remained high enough to make the effort and financial outlay of its production worthwhile. An ideal starting point for a census would be to determine how many copies of the edition were originally printed. In the case of the 1555 Fabrica, however, the question cannot be answered conclusively as there are no surviving records of the print-run.
Records do survive from a printing house contemporary with that of Oporinus, though in a different country. Christoffel Plantjin or Plantin, as he is more familiarly known (1514-89), opened his printing house in Antwerp in the same year that the second edition of the Fabrica was produced. Plantin and his family kept detailed records of their business transactions, the survival of which is considered so rare that in 2001 the records were included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.
Then, as now, the number of copies to be printed of a book was decided by its potential market. Some editions were printed to order, and these ranged from 12-120 copies. However, as Leon Voet points out in The Golden Compasses, Plantin's son-in-law made it plain that such small runs did not make good financial sense, and editions were usually much larger. Although print-runs were flexible and could be altered according to his anticipation of the market, Plantin usually produced runs of 1,250 for ordinary editions, while works in great demand could be produced in editions of up to 2,500. However, most medical treatises, among certain other categories of book, were produced in runs of only 800.
From this evidence, it would seem likely the 1543 print run of the Fabrica, with its extraordinarily complex and numerous illustrations, would have been produced in numbers from the lower end of that scale, say about 800-1,000, and that the 1555 edition was also produced in similar numbers.

Conclusion
This article presents in list form 113 copies of Andreas Vesalius' 1555 edition of De Humani Corporis Fabrica known to be held worldwide. Over the last century, a total of 74 second edition Vesalius' are recorded as having been in the UK. Only 42 copies are definitely now in the UK, with 33 in University and Institution Libraries. A further