Book Reviews

Nicholas A. Scott, Assembling Moral Mobilities: Cycling, Cities and the Common
Good (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020), 288 pp., 38 illus., $50John Stehlin, Cyclescapes of the Unequal City: Bicycle Infrastructure and Uneven
Development (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019), 328 pp., 24 photos, 11 maps, 9 tables, $27Cecilia Vindrola-Padros, Critical Ethnographic Perspectives on Medical Travel (New York: Routledge, 2019), 161 pp., $36.77Nicola Frost and Tom Selwyn, eds., Travelling Towards Home: Mobilities and Homemaking (New York: Berghahn, 2018), 182 pp., 10 illus., 1 table, $110Peter Cox, Cycling: A Sociology of Vélomobility (Abingdon: Routledge, 2019), 200 pp., 2 B/W illus., £120.00 (ebook £40.49)Lesley Murray and Susana Cortés-Morales, Children’s Mobilities: Interdependent, Imagined, Relational (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 307 pp., 10 illus., $89.99
Jocelyne Guilbault and Timothy Rommen, eds., Sounds of Vacation: Political Economies of Caribbean Tourism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019), 234 pp., $25.95John Krige, ed., How Knowledge Moves: Writing the Transnational History of Science and Technology (Chicago: Th e University of Chicago Press, 2019), 408 pp., 11 illus., $40


Two continuing trends provide the context behind this edited volume. As population and income increases, mostly in urban areas, our demand for natural services and amenities increase. But in rural areas, which provide much of these natural services, populations and relative incomes are declining. This edited volume presents 12 chapters that address these issues from differing perspectives and two additional chapters introducing and summarizing the contributions. Many prominent economists, including Daniel Bromley, V. Kerry Smith, Alan Randall, Jason Shogren, Bruce Weber, and Emory Castle are contributors. The chapters are well written and serve to extend the 'frontiers' to a multidisciplinary audience interested in a number of very important issues in the rural United States.
This volume evolved from a 2005 symposium 'Research Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics: Rural-Urban Interplay and Human-Ecosystems Interactions'. This symposium also served as a celebration of the career of Emory Castle, who has made a lasting contribution to the fields of natural resource, environmental, and community economics. It is Dr. Castle who contributed the introductory chapter, along with David Ervin, and the summarizing review chapter. This volume is well organized. Chapters tend to alternate between those focusing on environmental economics and rural economics. Initial review chapters, written by Daniel Bromley and Paul Barkley, provide background of the 'state of the art' of environmental and rural economics, respectively. Daniel Bromley's contribution continues his recent critique of welfare economics and the imperfect practitioners of benefit-cost and non-market valuation studies. This chapter introduces readers to the concerns detailed in his recent book (Bromley, 2006).
The next section provides chapters that address the broad theme of rural amenities and rural economies. These contributions are both theoretical and empirical. Maureen Kilkenny's chapter on 'the New Rural Economics' complements Paul Barkley's contribution and provides a valuable review of rural economics. Elena Irwin, Alan Randall, and Yong Chen should be complimented for presenting a theoretical chapter without the stylized mathematical sophistication found in disciplinary journals.

Book Reviews
The third section of this volume addresses specific issues important in this Rural-Urban, Human-Nature interdependence. These issues include rural poverty, rural education, public finance, and rural governance. Thoughts about rural America in the next quarter century are presented in the last section of the book.
I have particular comments and concerns about certain chapters. However, my only criticism of the volume as a whole is that I wanted additional topics to be addressed. At 251 pages, the book is relatively thin. There are a number of issues that I think would be appropriate for inclusion in the volume's third section. This includes a more generalized presentation of rural public finance, and a more comprehensive assessment of the human capital implication of what Dan Bromley titles, 'the commodification of nature'. When rural areas are valued for their production of environmental services and amenities, as opposed to the production of extracted, farmed, or manufactured goods, the negative effects of the demand for labour and human capital are serious. This issue is incorporated in the volume's rationale, but not addressed specifically in any case study. And it is not addressed adequately in Kathleen Segerson's optimistic discussion of the role of environmental service payments in the penultimate chapter. The book is also very focused on the United States' context and has little to contribute to the assessment of rural-urban interactions in other countries.
Although I did hope for additional topics, I applaud the editors for producing a manageable volume of 14 chapters. The book provides insights to researchers and practitioners across disciplines. The chapters are well conceived and well presented. And as predicted in demographer David Brown's concluding chapter, the challenges for rural policy will remain for the next generation. This book should be considered to be a valuable addition to many university and personal libraries. Public lands cover nearly one third of the United States. The importance of these lands and debates surrounding their use have led to a substantial amount of public and academic attention. Scholars have written scores of books on the subject of public land management. Despite this wide coverage, Martin Nie shows that the subject warrants continued attention. This thoughtful and well-written work details the elements of our public land laws and agencies that all too often lead to controversy and gridlock while offering insightful alternatives and recommendations. The book begins with a simple premise: public land management is characterized by conflict and controversy. Nie seeks to identify what causes this acrimony, how people have dealt with it in the past and what we might do to resolve resource conflict on public lands in the future. As the title suggests, the book looks at these issues from a governance level, focusing on the political institutions and decision-makers responsible for public land governance. Chapter 1 sets the stage by identifying the specific drivers of conflict on public land. Nie skillfully returns to many of these issues throughout the book reinforcing his main points without being repetitive. Chapter 2 flows directly out of the first chapter, focusing on how agencies are to approach and manage these interrelated drivers of political conflict on public lands. Nie analyses our public land laws that govern forests, rangeland, parks, and wildlife, identifying the language and ambiguity inherent in them that drive conflict. He points out how broad statutory language, often rife with contradiction and uncertainty, creates governance problems across the public land estate.

Robert Hearne
Writing ambiguous statutes not only has allowed Congress to sidestep taking positions on controversial public land governance issues but it has also burdened agencies to become the arbiters of conflict. Lack of congressional guidance has promoted administrative rule making and resource planning processes as the venues for dealing with public land conflict. The middle chapters of the book provide two excellent case studies that elaborate on these issues. Chapter 3 uses the Forest Service Roadless Rule to explore administrative rule making. Chapter 4 focuses on the Tongass National Forest, the biggest and arguably the most conflict-ridden forest in the country. Nie points out that these cases represent two of the most controversial public land issues we face. He suggests that focusing on them not only highlights the pathologies associated with public land management generally, but that if we hope to resolve these problems it is critical to look at the most difficult and seemingly intractable issues.
While the book looks at pubic lands broadly, Nie focuses most of his attention on national forests. In addition to the two forest-related case studies, chapter 5 focuses on national forest governance and continues to draw on both the roadless rule and Tongass case studies. He outlines how the absence of congressional direction has shifted conflict resolution to agency planning processes, appropriation riders, executive intervention, litigation, and has led to the politicization of science. This situation has had both positive and negative outcomes, but Nie argues that it clearly does not represent the most appropriate or effective way of managing our public lands. Chapter 6 outlines a range of alternatives that could help to alleviate or resolve conflicts surrounding public land management. Nie packages his recommendations in four broad categories: new public land law, administrative planning-based reform, collaboration, and policy experimentation. He draws on topics and issues brought up throughout the book, particularly the case studies, to illustrate the benefits and shortcomings of each recommendation. The conclusion to the book states more specifically what Nie sees as the most important steps forward, including a commitment to expanding and reinvesting in public lands and creating a second public land law review commission.
As Nie notes early on in the book, it would be difficult to create a more problematic public land institutional and policy framework. Meticulously referenced, the book provides a wealth of references for follow-up on particular issues. Nie provides an accessible yet thought-provoking analysis sure to benefit anyone interested in the governance of public 208 Book Reviews lands. Resolving conflict over public land management will prove difficult and Nie admittedly does not provide all the answers. What he does do, however, is provide readers with an accessible, compelling overview of what drives conflict on public lands and lays out a suite of options to address them.  and Sons, 2007. xx+268 pp., US$85.00 (hardcover),  It is no secret that climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation efforts could have enormous economic consequences as firms adapt to changing economic and climate conditions. Understanding how to successfully navigate through this new carbon-constrained economy is important for all stakeholders in the public and private sectors. There is no simple solution to the climate crisis, so firms and policy-makers will have difficult choices to make in the face of changing climatic risk and public pressures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Brian Petersen
In Carbon Finance, Sonia Labatt and Rodney R. White present an accessible and detailed discussion of the financial implications of climate change and GHG mitigation policies. Drawing from pertinent case studies and recent literature, the book provides an excellent resource for anyone interested in learning more about the interdependencies of climate change risk, energy markets, GHG mitigation policy, and financial institutions. The authors cover several topics that are all tied to the global financial system, including the biophysical impacts of climate change, renewable energy development, climate policy options and institutions, and the financial sector's role in GHG mitigation regimes. The text is accompanied by several figures, numerical examples, and contemporary case studies, making the book easy to read and engaging. This material provides the reader with valuable references for topics they may wish to read about in more depth.
The one major complaint I have is that the organizational structure of the book is hard to follow, at times jumping from topic to topic with no clear order or flow to which the information is presented. This is likely a result of the authors' ambitions to cover such a pervasive subject area that is relatively new in scope. The authors touch on so many themes in just over 230 pages that they perhaps sacrifice sufficient detail on certain subjects, and sometimes do not make the connections they allude to.
The book begins by discussing corporate risks in the face of climate change and policy, and then dives into a discussion of energy markets and renewable energy development. The physical impacts of climate change and emerging sources of climate change risk are highlighted next, providing a nice illustration of the need for GHG mitigation. Then, the remainder of the book discusses the role of financial institutions in a carbon-constrained economy, emissions trading in general, and adaptation to changing climatic conditions. For those readers only interested in the impacts of carbon trading or alternative mitigation strategies on financial markets, be wary that the book diverges from these concepts to cover adaptation, energy, and climate change risk in some depth.
Throughout this discourse the authors make the point that mitigating and/or adapting to climate change is no simple feat; in fact all facets of industry, from the production value chain and energy consumption to public perceptions and research and development, are explicitly linked to climate change. Careful financial consideration and entrepreneurial vision are needed to develop new sources of energy or carbon offsetting technologies, while preparing for the risks imposed by a changing climate.
I found several thought-provoking sections that I will undoubtedly refer back to for my own research, including a discussion on weather derivatives and catastrophe bonds. The authors discuss the rise of such contracts and how they relate to changing climate conditions and increased incidence of extreme weather events; this alludes to the supposition that such contracts will increase in popularity in the coming years. Another valuable contribution is a detailed overview of the development and evolution of the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme, the largest active carbon market. Lessons learned from the EU's recent experiences in emissions trading can serve as a stepping-stone for the creation of other carbon trading schemes. Finally, the sections on fiduciary responsibility and environmental reporting were extremely relevant. As public perception of climate change has evolved from apathy to general concern, firms now have an obligation to be forthright with their shareholders on their carbon footprints, and what (if any) practices are being adopted to reduce that footprint and protect business interests from emerging climate change risk.
In summary, I found Carbon Finance to be an engaging read, accessible to anyone with basic knowledge of economic and financial institutions, but covering enough topics to make it worthwhile for individuals knowledgeable in climate change and/or environmental economics. The topics were excellently researched and the examples used were highly relevant. The authors, while obviously concerned with the potential impacts of climate change, do not push a policy agenda. They instead focus on explaining the emerging corporate risks of climate change and policy, and the role of financial institutions in an adapting/mitigating world. In a carbon constrained economy, more work of this nature is needed, and I commend the authors for tackling such a difficult and politically sensitive issue.
Justin S. Baker Duke University justin.baker@duke.edu