Skip to main content

Common fixed point results for α-ψ-contractions on a metric space endowed with graph

Abstract

Abdeljawad (Fixed Point Theory Appl., 2013:19) introduced the concept of α-admissible for a pair of mappings. More recently Salimi et al. [Fixed Point Theory Appl., 2013:151] modified the notion of α-ψ-contractive mappings. In this paper we introduce the concept of an α-admissible map with respect to η and modify the α-ψ-contractive condition for a pair of mappings and establish common fixed point results for two, three, and four mappings in a closed ball in complete dislocated metric spaces. As an application, we derive some new common fixed point theorems for ψ-graphic contractions defined on dislocated metric space endowed with a graph as well as preordered dislocated metric space. Some comparative examples are constructed which illustrate the superiority of our results to the existing ones in the literature.

MSC: 46S40, 47H10, 54H25.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

Fixed point results of mappings satisfying certain contractive condition on the entire domain has been at the center of rigorous research activities, for example, see [133]. From application point of view the situation is not yet completely satisfactory because it frequently happens that a mapping T is a contraction not on the entire space X but merely on a subset Y of X. Recently Arshad et al. [8] proved a result concerning the existence of fixed points of a mapping satisfying a contractive condition on closed ball in a complete dislocated metric space (see also [9, 14, 15, 25, 33]). The notion of dislocated topologies has useful applications in the context of logic programming semantics (see [5, 17, 29]).

The existence of fixed points of α-ψ-contractive and α-admissible mappings in complete metric spaces has been studied by several researchers (see [1820] and references therein). In this paper we discuss common fixed point results for α-ψ-contractive type mappings in a closed ball in complete dislocated metric space. Our results improve several well known recent conventional results in [2, 8, 31]. We also derive some new common fixed point theorems for ψ-graphic contractions as well as ordered contractions on preordered metric space. We give examples which show how these results can be used when the corresponding results cannot.

Consistent with [2, 7, 8, 17, 31], the following definitions and results will be needed in the sequel.

Definition 1.1 [17]

Let X be a non-empty set and let d l :X×X[0,) be a function, called a dislocated metric (or simply d l -metric) if the following conditions hold for any x,y,zX:

  1. (i)

    if d l (x,y)=0, then x=y;

  2. (ii)

    d l (x,y)= d l (y,x);

  3. (iii)

    d l (x,y) d l (x,z)+ d l (z,y).

The pair (X, d l ) is then called a dislocated metric space. It is clear that if d l (x,y)=0, then from (i), x=y. But if x=y, d l (x,y) may not be 0.

Definition 1.2 [17]

A sequence { x n } in a d l -metric space (X, d l ) is called a Cauchy sequence if given ε>0, there corresponds n 0 N such that for all n,m n 0 we have d l ( x m , x n )<ε.

Definition 1.3 [17]

A sequence { x n } in d l -metric space converges with respect to d l if there exists xX such that d l ( x n ,x)0 as n. In this case, x is called a limit of { x n } and we write x n x.

Definition 1.4 [17]

A d l -metric space (X, d l ) is called complete if every Cauchy sequence in X converges to a point in X.

Definition 1.5 Let X be a non-empty set and T,f:XX. A point yX is called point of coincidence of T and f if there exists a point xX such that y=Tx=fx, here x is called coincidence point of T and f. The mappings T, f are said to be weakly compatible if they commute at their coincidence point (i.e., Tfx=fTx whenever Tx=fx).

We require the following lemmas for subsequent use.

Lemma 1.6 [8]

Let X be a non-empty set and f:XX be a function. Then there exists EX such that fE=fX and f:EX is one-to-one.

Lemma 1.7 [7]

Let X be a non-empty set and the mappings S,T,f:XX have a unique point of coincidence v in X. If (S,f) and (T,f) are weakly compatible, then S, T, f have a unique common fixed point.

Let Ψ denote the family of all nondecreasing functions ψ:[0,+)[0,+) such that n = 1 + ψ n (t)<+ for all t>0, where ψ n is the n th iterate of ψ.

Lemma 1.8 [31]

If ψΨ, then ψ(t)<t for all t>0.

Definition 1.9 [2]

Let S,T:XX and α:X×X[0,+). We say that the pair (S,T) is α-admissible if x,yX such that α(x,y)1, then we have α(Sx,Ty)1 and α(Tx,Sy)1.

Definition 1.10 [31]

Let T:XX and α,η:X×X[0,+) two functions. We say that T is α-admissible mapping with respect to η if x,yX such that α(x,y)η(x,y), then we have α(Tx,Ty)η(Tx,Ty). Note that if we take η(x,y)=1, then T is called an α-admissible mapping [32].

2 Common fixed point results in dislocated metric space

We first extend the concept of α-η-admissibility for the pair of mappings.

Definition 2.1 Let S,T:XX and α,η:X×X[0,+) two functions. We say that the pair (S,T) is α-admissible with respect to η if x,yX such that α(x,y)η(x,y), then we have α(Sx,Ty)η(Sx,Ty) and α(Tx,Sy)η(Tx,Sy). Also, if we take η(x,y)=1, then the pair (S,T) is called α-admissible, if we take, α(x,y)=1, then we say that the pair (S,T) is η-subadmissible mapping. If we take η(x,y)=1, then we obtain Definition 1 of Abdeljawad [2]. Also, if we take S=T, we obtain Definition 1.10.

Theorem 2.2 Let (X, d l ) be a complete dislocated metric space and S,T:XX be two mappings. Suppose there exist two functions, α,η:X×X[0,+) such that the pair (S,T) is α-admissible with respect to η. For r>0, x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , and ψΨ, assume that

x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ ,α(x,y)η(x,y) d l (Sx,Ty)ψ ( d l ( x , y ) )
(1)

and

i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( x 0 , S x 0 ) ) r,for all jN.
(2)

Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    α( x 0 ,S x 0 )η( x 0 ,S x 0 );

  2. (ii)

    for any sequence { x n } in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that α( x n , x n + 1 )η( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN{0} and x n u B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+ then α( x n ,u)η( x n ,u) for all nN{0}.

Then there exists a point x in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that x =S x =T x .

Proof Let x 1 in X be such that x 1 =S x 0 and x 2 =T x 1 . Continuing this process, we construct a sequence x n of points in X such that

x 2 i + 1 =S x 2 i ,and x 2 i + 2 =T x 2 i + 1 ,where i=0,1,2,.

By assumption α( x 0 , x 1 )η( x 0 , x 1 ) and the pair (S,T) is α-admissible with respect to η, we have, α(S x 0 ,T x 1 )η(S x 0 ,T x 1 ) from which we deduce that α( x 1 , x 2 )η( x 1 , x 2 ) which also implies that α(T x 1 ,S x 2 )η(T x 1 ,S x 2 ). Continuing in this way we obtain α( x n , x n + 1 )η( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN{0}. First, we show that x n B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ for all nN. Using inequality (2), we have

d l ( x 0 ,S x 0 )r.

It follows that

x 1 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ .

Let x 2 ,, x j B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ for some jN. If j=2i+1, where i=0,1,2, j 1 2 then using inequality (1), we obtain

d l ( x 2 i + 1 , x 2 i + 2 ) = d l ( S x 2 i , T x 2 i + 1 ) ψ ( d l ( x 2 i , x 2 i + 1 ) ) ψ 2 ( d l ( x 2 i 1 , x 2 i ) ) ψ 2 i + 1 ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) .

Thus we have

d l ( x 2 i + 1 , x 2 i + 2 ) ψ 2 i + 1 ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) .
(3)

If j=2i+2, then as x 1 , x 2 ,, x j B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ where (i=0,1,2,, j 2 2 ), we obtain,

d l ( x 2 i + 2 , x 2 i + 3 ) ψ 2 ( i + 1 ) ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) .
(4)

Thus from inequality (3) and (4), we have

d l ( x j , x j + 1 ) ψ j ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) .
(5)

Now,

d l ( x 0 , x j + 1 ) = d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) + d l ( x 1 , x 2 ) + d l ( x 2 , x 3 ) + + d l ( x j , x j + 1 ) i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) r .

Thus x j + 1 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Hence x n B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ for all nN. Now inequality (5) can be written as

d l ( x n , x n + 1 ) ψ n ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) ,for all nN.
(6)

Fix ε>0 and let n(ε)N such that ψ n ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ))<ε. Let n,mN with m>n>k(ε), then by using the triangle inequality, we obtain

d l ( x n , x m ) k = n m 1 d l ( x k , x k + 1 ) k = n m 1 ψ k ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) n n ( ε ) ψ k ( d l ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) < ε .

Thus we proved that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence in ( B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , d l ). As every closed ball in a complete dislocated metric space is complete, so there exists x B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that x n x . Also

lim n d l ( x n , x ) =0.
(7)

On the other hand, from (ii), we have

α ( x , x n ) η ( x , x n ) for all nN{0}.
(8)

Now using the triangle inequality, together with (1) and (8), we get

d l ( S x , x 2 i + 2 ) ψ ( d l ( x , x 2 i + 1 ) ) < d l ( x , x 2 i + 1 ) .

Letting i and by using inequality (7), we obtain d l (S x , x )<0. Hence S x = x . Similarly by using

d l ( T x , x 2 i + 1 ) ψ ( d l ( x , x 2 i ) ) < d l ( x , x 2 i ) ,

we obtain d l (T x , x )=0, that is, T x = x . Hence S and T have a common fixed point in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . □

If η(x,y)=1 for all x,yX in Theorem 2.2, we obtain the following result.

Corollary 2.3 Let (X, d l ) be a complete dislocated metric space and S,T:XX, r>0 and x 0 be an arbitrary point in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose there exists α:X×X[0,+) such that the pair (S,T) is α-admissible. For ψΨ, assume that

x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ ,α(x,y)1 d l (Sx,Ty)ψ ( d l ( x , y ) )

and

i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( x 0 , S x 0 ) ) rfor all jN.

Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    α( x 0 ,S x 0 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for any sequence { x n } in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0} and x n u B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+ then α( x n ,u)1 for all nN{0}.

Then there exists a point x in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that x =S x =T x .

If α(x,y)=1 for all x,yX in Theorem 2.2, we obtain following result.

Corollary 2.4 Let (X, d l ) be a complete dislocated metric space and S,T:XX be two mappings. Suppose there exists η:X×X[0,+) such that the pair (S,T) is η-subadmissible. For ψΨ and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , assume that

x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ ,η(x,y)1 d l (Sx,Ty)ψ ( d l ( x , y ) )

and

i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( x 0 , S x 0 ) ) rfor all jN.

Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    η( x 0 ,S x 0 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for any sequence { x n } in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that η( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0} and x n u B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+ then η( x n ,u)1 for all nN{0}.

Then there exists a point x in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that x =S x =T x .

Corollary 2.5 (Theorem 2.2 of [32])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and S:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that for ψΨ,

α(x,y)d(Sx,Sy)ψ ( d ( x , y ) )

holds for all x,yX. Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,S x 0 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for any sequence { x n } in X with α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0} and x n x as n+, we have α( x n ,x)1 for all nN{0}.

Then S has a fixed point.

Theorem 2.6 On adding the condition ‘if x is any common fixed point in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ of S and T, x be any fixed point of S or T in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , then α(x, x )η(x, x )’ to the hypotheses of Theorem  2.2, S and T have a unique common fixed point x and d l ( x , x )=0.

Proof Assume that y be another fixed point of T in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , then, by assumption, α( x , y )η( x , y ),

d l ( x , y ) = d l ( S x , T y ) ψ ( d l ( x , y ) ) .

A contradiction to the fact that for each t>0, ψ(t)<t. So x = y . Hence T has no fixed point other than x . Similarly, S has no fixed point other than x . Now, α( x , x )η( x , x ), then

d l ( x , x ) = d l ( S x , T x ) ψ ( d l ( x , x ) ) .

This implies that

d l ( x , x ) =0.

 □

Example 2.7 Let X= Q + {0} and d l :X×XX be defined by d l (x,y)=x+y. Then (X, d l ) is complete dislocated metric space (see [8]). Let S,T:XX be defined by

Sx={ x 7 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] X , x 1 2 if  x ( 1 , ) X ,

and

Tx={ 2 x 7 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] X , x 1 3 if  x ( 1 , ) X .

Considering, x 0 =1, r=2, ψ(t)= t 3 and α(x,y)=2. Now B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ =[0,1]X. Also,

d l ( x 0 , S x 0 ) = d l ( 1 , S 1 ) = d l ( 1 , 1 7 ) = 1 + 1 7 = 8 7 , i = 0 n ψ n ( d l ( x 0 , S x 0 ) ) = 8 7 i = 0 n 1 3 n < 3 2 ( 8 7 ) = 12 7 < 2 .

Also if x,y(1,)X, then

3 x + 3 y 5 2 > x + y , x + y 5 6 > x + y 3 , x + y 5 6 > ψ ( x + y ) , d l ( S x , T y ) > ψ ( d l ( x , y ) ) .

Then the contractive condition does not hold on X. Also, if x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , then

3 x 7 + 6 y 7 x + y , x 7 + 2 y 7 x + y 3 , x 7 + 2 y 7 ψ ( x + y ) , d l ( S x , T y ) ψ ( d l ( x , y ) ) .

Therefore, all the conditions of Corollary 2.3 are satisfied and S and T have a common fixed point 0.

Now we apply our Theorem 2.6 to obtain unique common fixed point of three mappings on a closed ball in complete dislocated metric space.

Theorem 2.8 Let (X, d l ) be a dislocated metric space, S,T,f:XX such that SXTXfX, r>0 and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose there exist two functions, α,η:X×X[0,+) α-admissible with respect to η and ψΨ such that

for all fx,fy B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ ,α(fx,fy)η(fx,fy) d l (Sx,Ty)ψ ( d l ( f x , f y ) )
(9)

and

i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( f x 0 , S x 0 ) ) rfor all jN.
(10)

Suppose that

  1. (i)

    the pair (S,T) and f are α-admissible with respect to η;

  2. (ii)

    α(f x 0 ,S x 0 )η(f x 0 ,S x 0 );

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ such that α( x n , x n + 1 )η( x n , x n + 1 ) for all n and x n u B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+ then α( x n ,u)η( x n ,u) for all nN{0};

  4. (iv)

    if fx is any point in B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ such that Sx=Tx=fx and fy be any point in B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ such that Sy=fy or Ty=fy, then α(fx,fy)η(fx,fy);

  5. (v)

    fX is complete subspace of X and (S,f) and (T,f) are weakly compatible.

Then S, T, and f have a unique common fixed point fz in B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ . Moreover, d l (fz,fz)=0.

Proof By Lemma 1.6, there exists EX such that fE=fX and f:EX is one-to-one. Now since SXTXfX, we define two mappings g,h:fEfE by g(fx)=Sx and h(fx)=Tx, respectively. Since f is one-to-one on E, then g, h are well defined. Now f x 0 B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ fX. Then f x 0 fX. Let y 0 =f x 0 , choose a point y 1 in fX such that y 1 =g( y 0 ) and let y 2 =h( y 1 ). Continuing this process and having chosen y n in fX such that

y 2 i + 1 =g( y 2 i )and y 2 i + 2 =h( y 2 i + 1 ),where i=0,1,2,.

As f is α-admissible then α(x,y)η(x,y) implies

α(fx,fy)η(fx,fy).

Also if (S,T) is α-admissible then α(x,y)η(x,y) implies

α ( S x , T y ) = α ( g ( f x ) , h ( f y ) ) η ( g ( f x ) , h ( f y ) ) and α ( h ( f x ) , g ( f y ) ) η ( h ( f x ) , g ( f y ) ) .

This implies that the pair (g,h) is α-admissible. As α( y 0 , y 1 )η( y 0 , y 1 )α(g y 0 ,h y 1 )η(g y 0 ,h y 1 )α(h y 1 ,g y 2 )η(h y 1 ,g y 2 ). Continuing this process, we have α( y n , y n + 1 )η( y n , y n + 1 ). Following similar arguments to those of Theorem 2.2, y n B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ . Also by inequality (10).

i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( y 0 , g y 0 ) ) rfor all jN.

Note that for fx,fy B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ and α(fx,fy)η(fx,fy). Then by using inequality (9), we have

d l ( g ( f x ) , h ( f y ) ) ψ ( d l ( f x , f y ) ) .

As fX is a complete space, all conditions of Theorem 2.6 are satisfied, we deduce that there exists a unique common fixed point fz B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ of g and h. Now fz=g(fz)=h(fz) or fz=Sz=Tz=fz. Thus fz is the point of coincidence of S, T and f. Let v B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ be another point of coincidence of f, S and T then there exists u B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ such that v=fu=Su=Tu, which implies that fu=g(fu)=h(fu). A contradiction as fz B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ is a unique common fixed point of g and h. Hence v=fz. Thus S, T and f have a unique point of coincidence fz B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ . Now since (S,f) and (T,f) are weakly compatible, by Lemma 1.7 fz is a unique common fixed point of S, T, and f. □

Similarly, we can apply our Theorem 2.6 to obtain unique common fixed point and point of coincidence of four mappings in complete dislocated metric space. One can easily obtain conclusion by using the technique given in the proof of Theorem 2.8 [8].

Theorem 2.9 Let (X, d l ) be a dislocated metric space and S, T, g and f be self-mappings on X such that SX,TXfX=gX, r>0 and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose there exist two functions α,η:X×X[0,+) is α-admissible with respect to η and ψΨ such that

for all fx,gy B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ ,α(fx,gy)η(fx,gy) d l (Sx,Ty)ψ ( d l ( f x , g y ) )

and

i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( f x 0 , S x 0 ) ) rfor all jN.

Suppose that

  1. (i)

    the pairs (S,T) and (f,g) are α-admissible with respect to η;

  2. (ii)

    α(f x 0 ,S x 0 )η(f x 0 ,S x 0 );

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ such that α( x n , x n + 1 )η( x n , x n + 1 ) for all n and x n u B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+ then α( x n ,u)η( x n ,u) for all n;

  4. (iv)

    if fx=gx is any point in B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ such that Sx=Tx=fx and fy=gy be any point in B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ such that Sy=fy or Ty=fy, then α(fx,fy)η(fx,fy);

  5. (v)

    fX is complete subspace of Xand (S,f) and (T,g) are weakly compatible.

Then S, T, f, and g have a unique common fixed point fz in B ( f x 0 , r ) ¯ .

A partial metric version of Theorem 2.2 is given below.

Theorem 2.10 Let (X,p) be a complete partial metric space, S,T:XX be two maps, r>0 and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose there exist two functions, α,η:X×X[0,+) such that (S,T) be α-admissible with respect to η and ψΨ. Assume that

x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ ,α(x,y)η(x,y)p(Sx,Ty)ψ ( p ( x , y ) )

and

i = 0 j ψ i ( p ( x 0 , S x 0 ) ) r+p( x 0 , x 0 )for all jN.

Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    α( x 0 ,S x 0 )η( x 0 ,S x 0 );

  2. (ii)

    for any sequence { x n } in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that α( x n , x n + 1 )η( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN{0} and x n u B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+ then α( x n ,u)η( x n ,u) for all nN{0}.

Then there exists a point x in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that x =S x =T x .

3 Fixed point results for graphic contractions in dislocated metric spaces

Consistent with Jachymski [24], let (X, d l ) be a dislocated metric space and Δ denotes the diagonal of the Cartesian product X×X. Consider a directed graph G such that the set V(G) of its vertices coincides with X, and the set E(G) of its edges contains all loops, i.e., E(G)Δ. We assume G has no parallel edges, so we can identify G with the pair (V(G),E(G)). Moreover, we may treat G as a weighted graph (see [24]) by assigning to each edge the distance between its vertices. If x and y are vertices in a graph G, then a path in G from x to y of length m (mN) is a sequence { x i } i = 0 m of m+1 vertices such that x 0 =x, x m =y and ( x n 1 , x n )E(G) for i=1,,m. A graph G is connected if there is a path between any two vertices. G is weakly connected if G ˜ is connected (see for details [1, 11, 21, 24]).

Definition 3.1 [24]

We say that a mapping T:XX is a Banach G-contraction or simply G-contraction if T preserves the edges of G, i.e.,

x,yX,(x,y)E(G)(Tx,Ty)E(G)

and T decreases the weights of the edges of G in the following way:

k(0,1),x,yX,(x,y)E(G)d(Tx,Ty)kd(x,y).

Now we extend the concept of G-contraction for the pair of maps as follows.

Definition 3.2 Let (X, d l ) be a dislocated metric space endowed with a graph G and S,T:XX be self-mappings. Assume that for r>0, x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ and ψΨ following conditions hold:

x , y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , ( x , y ) E ( G ) ( S x , T y ) E ( G ) and ( T x , S y ) E ( G ) x , y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , ( x , y ) E ( G ) d l ( S x , T y ) ψ ( d l ( x , y ) ) .

Then the mappings (S,T) are called a ψ-graphic contractive mappings. If ψ(t)=kt for some k[0,1), then we say (S,T) are G-contractive mappings.

Theorem 3.3 Let (X, d l ) be a complete dislocated metric space endowed with a graph G and S,T:XX be ψ-graphic contractive mappings and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    ( x 0 ,S x 0 )E(G) and i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( x 0 ,S x 0 ))r for all jN;

  2. (ii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that ( x n , x n + 1 )E(G) for all nN and x n x as n+, then ( x n ,x)E(G) for all nN.

Then S and T have a common fixed point.

Proof Define, α: X 2 (,+) by α(x,y)= { 1 , if  ( x , y ) E ( G ) , 0 , otherwise. At first we prove that the mappings (S,T) are α-admissible. Let x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ with α(x,y)1, then (x,y)E(G). As (S,T) are ψ-graphic contractive mappings, we have (Sx,Ty)E(G) and (Tx,Sy)E(G). That is, α(Sx,Ty)1 and α(Tx,Sy)1. Thus S, T are α-admissible mappings. From (i) there exists x 0 such that ( x 0 ,S x 0 )E(G). That is, α( x 0 ,S x 0 )1.

If x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ with α(x,y)1, then (x,y)E(G). Now, since S, T are ψ-graphic contractive mappings, d l (Sx,Ty)ψ( d l (x,y)). That is,

α(x,y)1 d l (Sx,Ty)ψ ( d l ( x , y ) ) .

Let { x n } B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ with x n x as n and α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN. Then ( x n , x n + 1 )E(G) for all nN and x n x as n+. So by (ii) we have ( x n ,x)E(G) for all nN. That is, α( x n ,x)1. Hence, all conditions of Corollary 2.3 are satisfied and S and T have a common fixed point.

Theorem 3.2(2o) [24] and Theorem 2.3(2) [12] are extended to ψ-graphic contractive pair defined on a dislocated metric space as follows. □

Theorem 3.4 Let (X, d l ) be a complete dislocated metric space endowed with a graph G and S,T:XX be ψ-graphic contractive mappings and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    ( x 0 ,S x 0 )E(G) and i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( x 0 ,S x 0 ))r for all jN;

(iis) (x,z)E(G) and (z,y)E(G) imply (x,y)E(G) for all x,y,zX, that is, E(G) is a quasi-order [24]and if { x n } is a sequence in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that ( x n , x n + 1 )E(G) for all nN and x n x as n+, then there is a subsequence { x k n } with ( x k n ,x)E(G) for all nN.

Then S, T have a common fixed point.

Proof Condition (iis) implies that of (ii) in Theorem 3.3 (see Remark 3.1 [24]). Now the conclusion follows from Theorem 3.3. □

Corollary 3.5 Let (X, d l ) be a complete dislocated metric space endowed with a graph G and S,T:XX be two mappings and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    (S,T) are G-contractive mappings;

  2. (ii)

    ( x 0 ,S x 0 )E(G) and d l ( x 0 ,S x 0 )(1k)r;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that ( x n , x n + 1 )E(G) for all nN and x n x as n+, then ( x n ,x)E(G) for all nN.

Then S and T have a common fixed point.

Corollary 3.6 Let (X, d l ) be a complete dislocated metric space endowed with a graph G and S:XX be a mapping and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    S is Banach G-contraction on B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ ;

  2. (ii)

    ( x 0 ,S x 0 )E(G) and d l ( x 0 ,S x 0 )(1k)r;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that ( x n , x n + 1 )E(G) for all nN and x n x as n+, then ( x n ,x)E(G) for all nN.

Then S has a fixed point.

Corollary 3.7 Let (X, d l ) be a complete dislocated metric space endowed with a graph G and S:XX be a mapping. Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    S is Banach G-contraction on X and there is x 0 X such that ( x 0 ,S x 0 )E(G);

  2. (ii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that ( x n , x n + 1 )E(G) for all nN and x n x as n+, then ( x n ,x)E(G) for all nN.

Then S has a fixed point.

The study of existence of fixed points in partially ordered sets has been initiated by Ran and Reurings [28] with applications to matrix equations. Agarwal, et al. [3, 4], Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [10], Ciric et al. [13] and Hussain et al. [22, 23] presented some new results for nonlinear contractions in partially ordered metric spaces and noted that their theorems can be used to investigate a large class of problems. Roldán et al. [30] and Harandi et al. [6] proved some results in preordered metric spaces which is a generalization of partially ordered metric spaces. Here as an application of our results we deduce some new common fixed point results in preordered dislocated metric spaces.

Recall that if (X,) is a preordered set and T:XX is such that for x,yX, with xy implies TxTy, then the mapping T is said to be nondecreasing. If for x,yX, with xy implies SxTy and TxSy, then the pair (S,T) is called jointly nondecreasing.

Let X be a non-empty set. Then (X, d l ,) is called a preordered dislocated metric space if d l is a dislocated metric on X and is a preorder on X. Let (X, d l ,) be a preordered dislocated metric space. Define the graph G by

E(G):= { ( x , y ) X × X : x y } .

For this graph, the first condition in Definition 3.2 means S, T are jointly nondecreasing with respect to this order. From Theorems 3.3-Corollary 3.7 we derive the following important results in preordered dislocated metric spaces.

Theorem 3.8 Let (X, d l ,) be a preordered complete dislocated metric space and let the pair (S,T) of self-maps of X be jointly nondecreasing and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    for all x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ , with xy d l (Sx,Ty)ψ( d l (x,y));

  2. (ii)

    x 0 S x 0 and i = 0 j ψ i ( d l ( x 0 ,S x 0 ))r for all jN;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a nondecreasing sequence in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that x n x B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+, then x n x for all nN.

Then S and T have a common fixed point.

Corollary 3.9 Let (X, d l ,) be a preordered complete dislocated metric space and let the pair (S,T) of self-maps of X be jointly nondecreasing and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists k[0,1) such that d l (Sx,Ty)k d l (x,y) for all x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ with xy;

  2. (ii)

    x 0 S x 0 and d l ( x 0 ,S x 0 )(1k)r;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a nondecreasing sequence in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that x n x B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+, then x n x for all nN.

Then S and T have a common fixed point.

Corollary 3.10 Let (X, d l ,) be a preordered complete dislocated metric space and let the pair (S,T) of self-maps of X be jointly nondecreasing. Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists k[0,1) such that d l (Sx,Ty)k d l (x,y) for all x,yX with xy;

  2. (ii)

    x 0 S x 0 ;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a nondecreasing sequence in X such that x n xX as n+, then x n x for all nN.

Then S and T have a common fixed point.

Corollary 3.11 Let (X, d l ,) be a preordered complete dislocated metric space and S:XX be a nondecreasing map and x 0 B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ . Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists k[0,1) such that d l (Sx,Sy)k d l (x,y) for all x,y B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ with xy;

  2. (ii)

    x 0 S x 0 and d l ( x 0 ,S x 0 )(1k)r;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a nondecreasing sequence in B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ such that x n x B ( x 0 , r ) ¯ as n+, then x n x for all nN.

Then S has a fixed point.

Corollary 3.12 Let (X, d l ,) be a preordered complete dislocated metric space and S:XX be a nondecreasing map. Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists k[0,1) such that d l (Sx,Sy)k d l (x,y) for all x,yX with xy;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 X such that x 0 S x 0 ;

  3. (iii)

    if { x n } is a nondecreasing sequence in X such that x n xX as n+, then x n x for all nN.

Then S has a fixed point.

Corollary 3.13 [27]

Let (X,d,) be a preordered complete metric space and S:XX be a nondecreasing mapping such that

d(Sx,Sy)kd(x,y)

for all x,yX with xy where 0k<1. Suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X such that x 0 S x 0 ;

  2. (ii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x n + 1 for all nN and x n x as n+, then x n x for all nN.

Then S has a fixed point.

Remark 3.14 We can similarly obtain partial metric and preordered partial metric versions of all results proved here which provide new results in the literature.

References

  1. Abbas M, Nazir T: Common fixed point of a power graphic contraction pair in partial metric spaces endowed with a graph. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2013., 2013: Article ID 20

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abdeljawad T: Meir-Keeler α -contractive fixed and common fixed point theorems. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 19

    Google Scholar 

  3. Agarwal RP, El-Gebeily MA, O’Regan D: Generalized contractions in partially ordered metric spaces. Appl. Anal. 2008, 87: 109–116. 10.1080/00036810701556151

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Agarwal RP, Hussain N, Taoudi MA: Fixed point theorems in ordered Banach spaces and applications to nonlinear integral equations. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2012., 2012: Article ID 245872

    Google Scholar 

  5. Amini-Harandi A: Metric-like spaces, partial metric spaces and fixed points. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2012., 2012: Article ID 204

    Google Scholar 

  6. Amini-Harandi A, Fakhar M, Hajisharifi HR, Hussain N: Some new results on fixed and best proximity points in preordered metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 263

    Google Scholar 

  7. Arshad M, Azam A, Vetro P: Some common fixed point results in cone metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2009., 2009: Article ID 493965

    Google Scholar 

  8. Arshad M, Shoaib A, Beg I: Fixed point of a pair of contractive dominated mappings on a closed ball in an ordered complete dislocated metric space. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 115

    Google Scholar 

  9. Arshad M, Shoaib A, Vetro P: Common fixed points of a pair of Hardy-Rogers type mappings on a closed ball in ordered dislocated metric spaces. J. Funct. Spaces Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 638181

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bhaskar TG, Lakshmikantham V: Fixed point theorems in partially ordered metric spaces and applications. Nonlinear Anal. 2006, 65: 1379–1393. 10.1016/j.na.2005.10.017

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Bojor F: Fixed point theorems for Reich type contraction on metric spaces with a graph. Nonlinear Anal. 2012, 75: 3895–3901. 10.1016/j.na.2012.02.009

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Bojor F: Fixed point of φ -contraction in metric spaces endowed with a graph. An. Univ. Craiova, Ser. Mat. Inform. 2010,37(4):85–92.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Ćirić L, Abbas M, Saadati R, Hussain N: Common fixed points of almost generalized contractive mappings in ordered metric spaces. Appl. Math. Comput. 2011, 217: 5784–5789. 10.1016/j.amc.2010.12.060

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Azam A, Hussain S, Arshad M: Common fixed points of Chatterjea type fuzzy mappings on closed balls. Neural Comput. Appl. 2012,21(Suppl 1):S313-S317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Azam A, Waseem M, Rashid M: Fixed point theorems for fuzzy contractive mappings in quasi-pseudo-metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 27

    Google Scholar 

  16. Harjani J, Sadarangani K: Generalized contractions in partially ordered metric spaces and applications to ordinary differential equations. Nonlinear Anal. 2010,72(3–4):1188–1197. 10.1016/j.na.2009.08.003

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Hitzler P, Seda AK: Dislocated topologies. J. Electr. Eng. 2000,51(12/s):3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hussain N, Salimi P, Latif A: Fixed point results for single and set-valued α - η - ψ -contractive mappings. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 212

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hussain N, Karapinar E, Salimi P, Vetro P: Fixed point results for G m -Meir-Keeler contractive and G - (α,ψ) -Meir-Keeler contractive mappings. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 34

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hussain N, Karapinar E, Salimi P, Akbar F: α -admissible mappings and related fixed point theorems. J. Inequal. Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 114

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hussain N, Al-Mezel S, Salimi P: Fixed points for ψ -graphic contractions with application to integral equations. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013., 2013: Article ID 575869

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hussain N, Khan AR, Agarwal RP: Krasnosel’skii and Ky Fan type fixed point theorems in ordered Banach spaces. J. Nonlinear Convex Anal. 2010,11(3):475–489.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Hussain N, Taoudi MA: Krasnosel’skii-type fixed point theorems with applications to Volterra integral equations. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 196

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jachymski J: The contraction principle for mappings on a metric space with a graph. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 2008,1(136):1359–1373.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Kutbi MA, Ahmad J, Hussain N, Arshad M: Common fixed point results for mappings with rational expressions. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013., 2013: Article ID 549518

    Google Scholar 

  26. Matthews SG: Partial metric topology. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1994, 728: 183–197. Proc. 8th Summer Conference on General Topology and Applications 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44144.x

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Nieto JJ, Rodríguez-López R: Contractive mapping theorems in partially ordered sets and applications to ordinary differential equations. Order 2005, 22: 223–229. 10.1007/s11083-005-9018-5

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Ran ACM, Reurings MCB: A fixed point theorem in partially ordered sets and some applications to matrix equations. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 2003, 132: 1435–1443.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Ren Y, Li J, Yu Y: Common fixed point theorems for nonlinear contractive mappings in dislocated metric spaces. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013., 2013: Article ID 483059

    Google Scholar 

  30. Roldán A, Karapınar E: Some multidimensional fixed point theorems on partially preordered G-metric spaces under (ψ,φ) -contractivity conditions. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 158

    Google Scholar 

  31. Salimi P, Latif A, Hussain N: Modified α - ψ -contractive mappings with applications. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 151

    Google Scholar 

  32. Samet B, Vetro C, Vetro P: Fixed point theorems for α - ψ -contractive type mappings. Nonlinear Anal. 2012, 75: 2154–2165. 10.1016/j.na.2011.10.014

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Shoaib A, Arshad M, Ahmad J: Fixed point results of locally cotractive mappings in ordered quasi-partial metric spaces. Sci. World J. 2013., 2013: Article ID 194897

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This article was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Therefore, the first author acknowledges with thanks DSR, KAU for financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nawab Hussain.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hussain, N., Arshad, M., Shoaib, A. et al. Common fixed point results for α-ψ-contractions on a metric space endowed with graph. J Inequal Appl 2014, 136 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-136

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-136

Keywords