Cyber-Physical-Social-Thinking Modeling and Computing for Geological Information Service System

The serious geological hazards occurred frequently in the last few years, which have caused heavy casualties and severe economic losses. It is necessary to design a geological information service system to analyze and evaluate geological hazards. With the development of computer and Internet service model, it is now possible to obtain rich data and process the data with some advanced computing techniques under network environment. Some technologies, including cyber-physical-system (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing, have been used in geological information management. Furthermore, the concept of cyber-physical-social-thinking (CPST) as a broader vision of the IoT was presented through the fusion of those advanced computing technologies. Motivated by it, in this paper we develop a novel modeling and computing method for geological information service system in consideration of the complex data processing requirement of geological service under dynamic environment. Specifically, some key techniques of modeling the information service system and computing geological data via CPS and IoT are discussed. Moreover, the security issue of the proposed system is also analyzed.


I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, a geological hazard has been one of the most important problems in hindering social development.It is necessary to design a geological information service system to analyze and evaluate geological hazards.Among the available geological information service applications, a geographic information system (GIS) and its location intelligence play an important role in analyzing and visualizing geological data for the public.Furthermore, with the continuous improvement of Internet technology, the concept of cyber-physical-system (CPS) gradually appears in front of everyone [1].CPS is a hyperspace system, in which comprehensive computing, networking, and physical environment can be proceeded.Meanwhile, CPS can also achieve real-time sensing, dynamic control, and information services for large-scale engineering systems.Beyond the scope of the CPS, the cyber-physicalsociety system (CPSS) concerns not only the cyber space and the physical space but also humans, knowledge, society, and culture.It can connect nature, cyber space, and society under certain rules [2].
Under the development of computer and Internet service model, the Internet of Things (IoT) is the product of information technology.The IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration between the physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy, and economic benefit.Meanwhile, the cloud computing technology makes it easier for users to store and process information in IoT applications, and it makes the information available over the web or other terminal ends while improving the performance.Therefore, cloud computing is so popular in recent years due to its technical benefits of the on-demand capacity management model with the purpose of efficiently sharing the resources, software, and information among multiple devices [3].
More recently, through the fusion of CPS and IoT on the basis of cloud computing technology, a novel concept cyberphysical-social-thinking (CPST) as a broader vision of the IoT was presented [4].Motivated by it, in this paper we develop a novel modeling and computing method for geological information service system.Considering the complex data processing requirement of geological service under dynamic environment, it imposes very challenging obstacles to the design of geological information service system with the help of those current computing technologies.Therefore, CPST may play an important role in dealing with those difficult issues of designing system.

II. RELATED WORKS
A. CPS, CPSS, and CPST 1) CPS: CPS is a networked, component-based, real-time system that controls and monitors the physical world [5].From the structural point of view, the CPS system includes the following parts: i) sensor used to perceive the physical world; ii) controller/actuator used to operate the physical entity; iii) computing components used to conduct appropriate processing and analysis according to the physical information; iv) communication network used to connect the above units and related information, objects, events and characters.
Mobile cyber-physical system (MCPS) [6], where the physical system has inherent mobility, is a prominent subcategory of CPS.Currently, with the rise in popularity of smart phones, there are more interests in the area of MCPS.
2) CPSS: Generally, the environment of society is an autonomous, living, sustainable, and intelligent variable within the CPS.Then, the CPSS will gather and organize resources into semantically rich forms that both machines and people can easily use [7].Such a system should include globally distributed resources (e.g., devices, information, knowledge) and services that could dynamically and intelligently collaborate to provide effective just-in-time services on demand to help manage an emerging crisis.
The key issue of CPSS is how to describe the interaction of physical, social, and hardware.methods are presented for system schedulability analysis based on real-time unified modeling.CPSS will promote the interconnection of distributed CPS.
3) CPST: CPST hyperspace is accordingly established by merging a new dimension of thinking space with the CPS space [4].Specifically, wisdom along with the intelligent interactions of data, information, and knowledge are through the CPST hyperspace.Currently, the hyperworld is developing into CPST hyperspace by coupling data, information, knowledge, and cognition related cyber interactions, physical perceptions, social correlations, and human thinking.The CPST hyperspace has three basic implications as follows.
• Integration.It means the CPST hyperspace may be a combination of different spaces.• Interconnection.It means the CPST hyperspace is interlinked with each other referring to the same type of space or different type of space.• Interaction.It means the CPST hyperspace can exchange information through cyber spaces to achieve ubiquitous intelligence.

B. Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet [?].Then, the traditional system architecture should be extended to meet the requirement of software development in cloud computing scheme.Cloud Computing supports users yo employ a variety of terminal access services in any position.The requested resources from the "cloud" is virtual, rather than a fixed physical entity.Then, the user may enjoy all kinds of super services through Internet.Due to its automatic management feature, the cost for data center management is greatly reduced, then cloud computing is cost-effective.
Cloud service provides some solutions or real-time software services through the remote Internet.Existing cloud service can be categorized into three major groups: infrastructure-asa-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and softwareas-a-service (SaaS) [8].

C. IoT
At present, IoT achieves a great success with the development of wireless technology [9].Among the available key technologies in IoT, the radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor network (WSN) play an important role in implementation.Through the use of RFID technology, there are many real-time monitoring applications in IoT.
Meanwhile, a WSN uses spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions [10] and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location.Today such network is used widely in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on.

A. Features of Geological Data
In the era of big data, geological data is an important resource of geological disaster emergency command system.Generally speaking, geological data has three features: rich sources, wide area, and big data [11].So organization of data is a key to realize geological information management system.Geological data is a series of important results of geological work.Through the use of geological data with an effective scheme in collecting, integrating, sharing, and developing, the public can obtain an orderly and long-term service.

B. System Modeling
The CPST includes the cyber space, physical space, social space, and thinking space.Fig. 1 shows the geological information service system and its main components described by CPST.The function of every part is given as follows.
1) Cyber Space: In the cyber space, it refers to the generalized information resources, including virtual and digital abstractions to achieve interconnections among cyber entities.During the cyber interactions, the cognitive information framework is a central component used to provide the intelligent data, resource, and service management.It indicates that holographic data management, on-demand resource management, and spontaneous service management should be considered to achieve intelligence during cyber interactions.
2) Physical Space: Physical space refers to the real world conceived in linear dimensions, in which physical objects are respectively perceived and controlled by sensors and actuators to establish interactions via the communication channels, remote collaboration, real-time localization, and autonomy maintenance.A physical object may be mapped into the cyber space as single or multiple cyber entities for interconnections.
3) Social Space: Social space is a logical architecture.It is an integration of the social attributes and social intra-/interrelationships owned by the human beings and other physical objects or cyber entities.The social space can be formally described in the semantic representations to address the issues, including ownership control management, affiliation relationship modeling, trustworthiness evaluation, and human behavior formalization.
4) Thinking Space: Thinking space addresses thoughts and ideas related issues of the human beings and other things.It includes the process of analysis, synthesis, judgment, and reasoning based on the representations and abstract conceptions.Thoughts are the result or product of either spontaneous or willed acts of thinking.
5) System Architecture: Considering the background of geological service and complex features of geological data, we develop a system architecture based on CPST.Government module in this system can use web and mobile devices to manage the information.Due to some limitations of network technology, it is not possible to connect all the devices directly to the next generation network.With some technologies of CPS and IoT, a novel information platform system framework for geological data service is shown in Fig. 2.
In view of above considerations, this system architecture is composed of the interconnection between nodes with a specific function of the local connection attributed to the physical layer.The network layer focus on the interconnection and interoperability of equipments, and its function is data transmission and resource sharing while ensuring that the next generation of network characteristics is effectively integrated in the transmission processing.The network layer aims at transmitting various real-time data and un-real-time data for users through the special-purpose production network.In the proposed architecture, the perceptual layer is a front-end of information collection.The application layer is the business logic layer in the integrated information platform, which provides a kinds of business to meet the needs of different users.Those web terminals or mobile terminals both can accept pushed information.

IV. CYBER-PHYSICAL-SOCIAL-THINKING COMPUTING
FOR GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SYSTEM Computing technologies play an elemental role in facilitating the intelligent circumstance monitoring, semantic analysis, social behavior modeling, and insight generation.In our developed system, computing technologies include traditional data computing and the CPST computing.Specifically, the security of the system is inevitable to be considered in the computing technologies.

A. The Computing for Geological data 1) Management of Distributed Database:
The management on distributed database is one of the important issues in the geological service system.To ensure the high reliability of data, distributed database often employs backup strategy to achieve fault tolerance.Therefore, when reading data, the client can concurrently read simultaneously from multiple backup server, so as to improve the speed of data access and provide higher concurrent traffic.
2) Data Processing and Predicting: Generally, the collected data in the geological information is abundant, and those data can be fused to predict long-term trends of geologic hazards.How to preprocess data to improve the data analysis quality is very important.Data processing extracts valuable information from large amounts of data, and converts the data into information.There exists many methods to process and predict data [6].In the practical applications, the combination of two or more methods is implemented to achieve satisfactory data processing and predictive validity.

B. The CPST Computing
The CPS computing has been emerged to support humancentric paradigms, and address data, information, and knowledge to integrate, correlate, interpret, and provide contextually relevant abstractions for human beings [12].Furthermore, the CPST computing should provide a holistic treatment of human thought and thinking to achieve supportive wisdom.
In the computing world, virtualization is a mechanism of abstracting physical resources [13].Many approaches, e.g., cloud computing, can serve this purpose.They are seen as an extension of service oriented architecture (SOA) applications for physical infrastructure applications.A cloud computing environment is composed of physical servers that contain resources shared by many users and applications.In this incorporated space, users can obtain services non-intrusively anytime and anywhere.
More recently, social computing has become a focus in computing methods and their applications.Social computing highlights social intelligence by capturing social dynamics, appointing virtual social agents, and managing social knowledge.It is regarded as an intersection of recommendations, trust/reputation systems, and social networks.
Thinking computing arises from emotions, and it is further developed to recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human cognitive states and empathy.Moreover, it enhances selfunderstanding and interpersonal communication.In thinking computing, there exists many analysis methods, including Bayesian networks, linear discriminant analysis, and neural networks.They can be applied to achieve automatic emotion recognition.

C. Security of System
Security is one of the most concerned problems for system.Due to open network structure and service sharing scheme in cloud, it imposes very challenging obstacles to the security guarantee.In the system proposed here, through monitoring abnormal behavior of software used in network environment of clients, the cloud can intercept malicious program and Trojan.Security analysis shows that the third party provider chosen in the proposed system could guarantee data availability to a certain degree, and thus effectively enhance data confidentiality.Furthermore, data security is one of the most concerned issues for the user.Some effective protection measures for data have been developed to ensure the security of the data, such as multiple copies of data storage, encryption [14].A cloud security policy focuses on managing users, protecting data, and securing virtual machines.The developed system in this paper has data backup and data restore functions to ensure data security.Meanwhile, the classification strategy for modules in the system can also make the system manager effectively check access permissions on system resource, and display content according to requirement.

V. CONCLUSION
Currently, the complexity of geological issues imposes very challenging obstacles to the traditional management service of geological information.With the rapid development of computer technologies and Internet, many software tools and solutions are developed to design a geological information service system while improving the performance.Through the understanding of the applications of IoT in the field of geology, the construction requirement of the geological information service system is analyzed, and the overall architecture and physical deployment of the geological things are proposed.In this paper, we emply RFID, sensors, and other things to realize the orderly and intelligent management of geological data.Based on the management and application of geological equipments, this paper also presents a modeling and computing scheme using CPST.In addition, the data security of the proposed system is also analyzed.As an effective solution for geological information service management using CPST, there are several interesting research topics to be explored in the future.For instance, further geological information service system can be developed using some advanced open source softwares.