Module 17 The Future Indicative and Infinitive Active of ἔχω , ἐλαύνω , ἔρχομαι and the Dynamic Infinitive The Verb

The course is built on three pillars: memory, analysis, and logic. Readers memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring ancient Greek words, the essen� al word endings, the eight parts of speech, and the gramma� cal concepts they will most frequently encounter when reading authen� c ancient texts. Analysis and logic exercises enable the transla� on and parsing of genuine ancient Greek sentences, with compelling reading selec� ons in English and in Greek off ering star� ng points for contempla� on, debate, and refl ec� on. A series of embedded Learning Tips help teachers and students to think in prac� cal and imagina� ve ways about how they learn.


The Future Indicative Active
The future tense refers to actions that will occur in the future. The future tense stems have a temporal value but no aspect, showing no distinction between the imperfective (incomplete) and perfective (completed) aspect . To review what is meant by the aspect of verbs, reread Verb Tense-Aspect in Module 9.

Future Tense Stems
To obtain the future tense stem remove the ending from the second principal part. What remains is the future active and middle tense stem. To this stem, add the future tense endings.

Future Tense Endings
Add to the correct tense stem.
Primary Active (use for the present and future active tenses) 1. Almost all verb forms have recessive accent. Remember that final -αι and -οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series. 2. In the second person singular intervocalic sigma dropped out (-εσαι), resulting in the two endings -ει and -ῃ. 3. Deponent verbs are active in meaning and middle and passive in form.

The Conjugation of ἔχω
All ω-verbs combine their stems and endings just as ἔχω does. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ἔχω to recognize and translate the forms of other ω-verbs.

Future Indicative Active of ἔχω
To the future active and middle tense stems ἕξ-or σχήσ-, add the correct endings.

Verb Form
English Equivalent Person and Number

The Conjugation ἐλαύνω, ἐλάω
ἐλάω is referred to as a contract ω-verb because its stem ends in alpha in the first person singular, future indicative active of the second principal part. When the stem of principal part I or II ends in alpha, the alpha may contract with the endings in accordance with the chart below. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ἐλάω to recognize and translate the forms of other alpha contract ω-verbs.

Future Indicative Active of ἐλαύνω, ἐλάω
To the future active and middle tense stem ἐλα-, add the correct endings.

The Conjugation of ἔρχομαι
Deponent ω-verbs are similar to ω-verbs except that they have middle and passive forms but active meanings. All deponent ω-verbs form their present and future indicative actives just as ἔρχομαι does. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ἔρχομαι to recognize and translate the forms of other deponent ω-verbs.

Future Indicative of ἔρχομαι
To the future tense stem ἐλεύσ-, add the correct endings.

Person and Number
ἐλεύσομαι I will go 1 st person singular ἐλεύσει, ἐλεύσῃ you will go 2 nd person singular ἐλεύσεται he, she, it will go 3 rd person singular ἐλευσόμεθα we will go 1 st person plural ἐλεύσεσθε you will go 2 nd person plural ἐλεύσονται they will go 3 rd person plural

Future Infinitive of ἔρχομαι
To the future tense stem ἐλεύσ-, add -εσθαι.
ἐλεύσεσθαι to be about to go unmarked

The Infinitive
Remember that in English and in Greek the infinitive is unmarked for person and for number. Ιt is classified as a verbal noun and is best understood by thinking of its function as completing or enhancing the meaning of adjectives, clauses, nouns, and verbs. This is why the infinitive is referred to as complement. Sometimes classified as a mood, the infinitive is potential in meaning, ἐν δυνάμει, because its action may or may not be realized. There are two types of infinitives, the declarative and the dynamic. Both the declarative and the dynamic infinitives refer to actions that exist potentially or ἐν δυνάμει.

The Dynamic Infinitive
The dynamic infinitive refers to actions that exist potentially, ἐν δυνάμει. It is negated by the abverb μή not and not οὐ not. For more on the dynamic infinitive, see CGCG 51. Consider its use as a complement in these examples. Ῥέα ἐν Φρυγίᾳ μὲν τοὺς Κορύβαντας ὀρχέεσθαι πείθει.
Check your answers with those in the Answer Key.

Papyrology
Papyrus, πάπυρος, is paper made from the papyrus plant. Ancient Egyptians used this plant to make reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. They used papyrus paper to write down many things, including lists, records, and literary works. They also used it to wrap mummies. In hot and dry climates, papyrus survives, offering us a window into the past. Papyrologists study the writings these papyri record. Module 30 offers a recently discovered poem by Sappho, preserved on papyrus.
Module 17 Top 250 Vocabulary to be Memorized. Like learning the alphabet and endings, memorizing vocabulary is essential to acquiring language. The better you memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary words, the greater mastery of the language you will have. Whose woods these are I think I know.

Nouns
His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.

My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year.

He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.
On the grille of our car, we place woods with an owl perched on a tree, crying who, who. On the hood we place a house located in a small village. At the electric car charging port we place a big round eye which sees me and has red knotted veins popping out. In the driver's seat is a big paper trashbag with woods drawn on it and filling up with snow. The trash bag is wearing a giant watch around its waist. On the dash is a little horse, prancing about and wearing a lightbulb for a hat. The horse calls out in a hoarse voice, queer, queer, queer. In the passenger's seat is an empty field of snow with a big red zero melting into the snow. In the middle of the zero is the roof of a collapsed farmhouse. Attached to the rooftop is a stop sign. Between the seats is a console, made out of sweet-smelling cherry wood and filled with frozen ice.
On the floor of the backseat is a flashlight peering up at the dark roof from which an evenly balanced scale hangs. The trunk is filled with liberty bells, held together with harnesses, and shaking so much that their cracks are widening. At the back bumper is a car jack with a stake for a lever. The jack is misplaced and unable to lift the car. Up the tailpipe climbs a chimney sweep making a sweeping sound as he cleans the outside of the pipe. Out of the tailpipe are blowing an easy wind and downy feathers and flakes of cereal. On one bumper sticker are the words love trumps hate and on another dark lives matter and on a third Deep Purple. The license plate has the word promises with a picture of two entwined rings. On the rubber of one of the wheels is written in red the words lifetime warranty and unlimited miles. Pay attention to how long it takes you to commit the poem to memory. Also note how easy it is to recall the poem verbatim. Try recalling the poem the next day to see how much you have remembered. Try again in a week and then again in a month. Enjoy knowing that you can memorize anything and carry it with you for as long as you wish.