Abstract
Snakes of the genus Cerberus Cuvier, 1829 occupy a unique, widespread coastal distribution and have a salt-tolerant physiology that allows members of the genus to move across a wide range of salinities from full salt water to freshwater. Cerberus nomenclature is revised based upon morphology and builds on previous molecular studies. Three species have been recognized by recent workers, here we recognize five species: the South Asian C. rynchops (Schneider 1799); the Southeast Asian-Philippine C. schneiderii (Schlegel 1837), a new combination; the freshwater Philippine endemic C. microlepis Boulenger 1896; the Australopapuan C. australis (Gray 1842); and a new species from Micronesia. We also select a lectotype for Homalopsis schneiderii Schlegel based upon a figure published in 1837 and restrict the type locality for this species to Timor. Evidence is also presented for a population of Cerberus australis in Indonesia, west of Weber’s Line.
References
Acharji, M.N. & Mukherjee, A.K. (1966) Report on a collection of snakes from lower Bengal (Reptilia: Ophidia), Journal of the Zoological Society of India, 16, 76–81.
Alcala, A.C. (1986) Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. X. Amphibians and Reptiles. Natural Resources Management Center Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines, Quezon City, 195 pp.
Alcock, A. & Rogers, L. (1902) On the toxic properties of the saliva of certain ‘non-poisonous’ Colubrines. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 70, 446–454.
Alfaro, M.E., Karns, D.R., Voris, H K., Abernathy, E. & Sellins, S.L. (2004) Phylogeny of Cerberus (Serpentes: Homalopsinae) and phylogeny of Cerberus rynchops: diversification of a coastal marine snake in Southeast Asia. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 1277–1292.
Alfaro, M.E., Karns, D.R., Voris, H.K., Brock, C.D. & Stuart, B.L. (2008) Phylogeny, evolutionary history, and biogeography of Oriental-Australian rear-fanged water snakes (Colubroidea: Homalopsidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 576–593.
Allison, A. (1996) Zoogeography of amphibians and reptiles of New Guinea and the Pacific region. In: Keast, A. & Miller, S. (Eds.), The Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island Biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Patterns and Processes. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 407–436.
Ambercrombie, A F. (1913) Distribution of snakes in Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica, 8, 304–305.
Anderson, J. (1871a) A list of the reptilian accession to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from 1865 to 1870, with a description of some new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 40, 12–39.
Anderson, J. (1871b) On some Indian reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1871, 149–211.
Anderson, J. (1889) Report on the mammals, reptiles, and batrachians, chiefly from the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1889, 331–350.
Annandale, N. (1905) Additions to the collections of Oriental snakes in the Indian Museum. Part 2. Specimens from the Andamans and Nicobars. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1, 173–176.
Annandale, N. (1907) Reptiles and batrachians from an island in the Chilka Lake, Orissa. Records of the Indian Museum, 1, 397–398.
Annandale, N. (1921) The reptiles and Batrachia of Barkuda Island. The fauna of an island in the Chilka Lake. Records of Indian Museum, 22, 331–333.
Auffenberg, W. (1980) The herpetofauna of Komodo with notes on adjacent areas. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 25, 39–146.
Auliya, M.A. (2003) Taxonomy, life history and conservation of giant reptiles in West Kalimantan (Indonesia Borneo). PhD Dissertation, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, 513 pp.
Barbour, T. (1912) A contribution to the zoogeography of the East Indian Islands. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 44, 1–203
Barrett, C. (1950) Reptiles of Australia, Crocodiles, Snakes and Lizards. Cassell and Co. Ltd., Sydney, 168 pp.
Bartlett, E. (1896) Notes on the snakes of Borneo and the adjacent islands. Part 3. Sarawak Note Book, 2, 100–116.
Batchelor, D.M. (1958) Some notes on the snakes of Asahan, Malacca. Malayan Nature Journal, 12, 103–111.
Bedot, M. (1909) Sur la fauna de l’Archipel Malais. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 17, 143–169.
Bergman, R.A.M. (1955) L'anatomie de Cerberus rhynchops. Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie, 11, 113–126.
Berry, A.J. (1963) Faunal zonation in mangrove swamps. Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore, 32, 90–98.
Bethencourt-Ferreira, J. (1897) Reptis da India no Museu de Lisboa. Journal de Sciencias, Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, (Series 2) 4, 212–234.
Blanford, W.T. (1881) On a collection of reptiles and frogs, chiefly from Singapore. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1881, 215–227.
Blanford, W.T. (1901) The distribution of vertebrate animals in India, Ceylon, and Burma. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. (Series B), 194, 335–436.
Bleeker, P. (1857a) Over eenig reptiliën van Celebes, door. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, 14, 231–233.
Bleeker, P. (1857b) Opsomming der soorten van Reptiliën, tot dus verre van het eiland Java bekend geworden. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, 14, 235–246.
Bleeker, P. (1857c) Berigt omtrent eenige Reptiliën van Sumatra, Borneo, Batjan en Boero. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, 13, 470–475.
Bleeker, P. (1858) Opsomming der tot dus verre van het eiland Sumatra bekend gewordene Reptilien. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, 15, 260–263.
Bleeker, P. (1860) Over de Reptiliën-Fauna van Sumatra door. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, 21, 284–298.
Bocourt, F. (1866) Notes sur les reptiles, les batraciens et les poissons, recueillis pendant un voyage dans le Royaume de Siam par M. Bocourt. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum National d’Historie Naturelle, 2, 4–9.
Boettger, O. (1886) Aufzählung der von den Philippine bekannten Reptilien und Batrachier. Berichte der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 1886, 91–134.
Boettger, O. (1892a) Herpetologische Mitteilungen. Listen von Kriechtieren und Lurchen aus dem tropischen Asien u. aus Papuasien. I. Britisch-Indien und Ceylon. Bericht des Offenbacher Vereins für Naturkunde, 1892, 61–164.
Boettger, O. (1892b) Bericht über die Leistungen in der Herpetologie während des Jahres 1891. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1892, 80–185.
Boettger, O. (1893) Übersicht der von Kapt. Storm auf Borneo gesammelten Retilien und Batrachier. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museum in Löbeck (Series 2), 5, 1–6.
Boettger, O. (1895) Liste der Reptilien und Batrachier der Insel Halmheira nach den Sammlungen Prof. Dr. W. Kükenthals. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 18, 129–138.
Boettger, O. (1898) Katalog der Reptilien-Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. II. Teil. Schlangen. Museum Senckenbergianum, 2, 1–160.
Boettger, O. (1901) Die Reptilien und Batrachier. Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise in der Molukken und Borneo. In: Kükenthal, W. (ed.) Zweiter Teil. Wissenschaftiche Reiseergebnisse. Band III. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, 321–402.
Boie, H. (1826) Merkmale einiger japanischer Lurche. Isis von Oken, 19, 203–216.
Bosch, H.A.J. In Den. (1985) Snakes of Sulawesi: checklist, key, and additional biogeographical remarks. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 217, 1–50.
Boulenger, G.A. (1887) An account of the reptiles and batrachians obtained in Tenasserim by M. L. Fea, of the Genoa Civic Museum. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Series 2, 5, 474–486.
Boulenger, G.A. (1890) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor and Francis, London, 541 pp.
Boulenger, G.A. (1894a) On the herpetological fauna of Palawan and Balbec. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (Series 2), 14, 81–90.
Boulenger, G.A. (1894b) A list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Dr. E. Modigliani on Sereinu (Sipora), Mentawei Islands. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (Series 2) 15, 613–618.
Boulenger, G.A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum. Volume 3. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 727 pp.
Boulenger, G.A. (1897a). A catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians of Celebes with special reference to the collections made by Drs. P. & F. Sarasin in 1893–1896. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 13, 193–237.
Boulenger, G.A. (1897b) A list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr. Alferd Everett in Lombok, Flores, Sumba, and Sauv with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (Series 6) 19, 503–509.
Boulenger, G.A. (1903) Report on the batrachians and reptiles. Fasciculi Malayensis Zoology, 1, 164.
Boulenger, G.A. [with notes by M. A. Smith]. (1914) Descriptions of new species of reptiles from Siam. Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam, 1, 67–70.
Boulenger, G.A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor and Francis, London, 297 pp.
Bourret, R. (1927) La Faune de l'Indochine. Les Vertebratés. Inventaire Général de l’Indochine, 3, 1–265.
Bourret, R. (1934) Notes herpétologiques sur l’Indochine française. IV. Sur une collection d’Ophidiens de Cochine et du Cambodge. Bulletin Générale de l’Instruction Publique, Hanoi. September (1), 1–20.
Bourret, R. (1936) Les Serpents de L'Indochine. Tome 1. Études sur la faune. Henri Basuyau & Co., Toulouse, 505 pp.
Bourret, R. (1939) Notes herpétologiques sur l’Indochine française. XVII. Reptiles et Batraciens reçus au Laboratorie des Sciences Naturelles de l’Université au cours de l’année 1938. Descriptions de trios espèces nouvelles. Bulletin Générale de l’Instruction Publique, Hanoi. February (6), 14–34.
Brongersma, L.D. (1929) Appendix III. A list of the reptiles from Java. Pages 64–68 In: Dammerman, K.W. On the zoogeography of Java. Treubia, 11, 1–88.
Brongersma, L.D. (1933) Herpetological Notes V. The herpetofauna of Pulu Weh. Zoologische Mededelingen, 16, 12–17.
Brongersma, L.D. (1934) Contributions to Indo-Australian Herpetology. Zoologische Mededelingen, 17, 161–261.
Brown, R.M., Ferner, J.W., Sison, R.V., Gonzales, P.C. & Kennedy. R.S. (1996) Amphibians and reptiles of the Zambales Mountians of Luzon Lsland, Republic of the Philippines. Herpetological Natural History, 4, 1–22.
Campden-Main, S.M. (1970) A Field Guide to the Snakes of South Vietnam. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 114 pp.
Cantor, T. (1836) Sketches of two undescribed venomous Serpentes with fangs behind the maxillary teeth (“a crochets posterieurs”). Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society, 8, 135–142.
Cantor, T. (1839) Spicilegium serpentium indicorum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1839, 31–34, 49–55.
Cantor, T. (1847) Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and islands, collected or observed. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 16, 1–157.
Cardew, A.G. (1896) A rough key to the identification of Indian Ophidia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 10, 585–596.
Casto de Elera, F. (1895) Catálogo sistematico de toda la fauna de Filipinas conocida hasta el presente, y á la ves el de la collección zoological del Musei de PP. Vol. 1, Vertebrados. Dominicos del colegio-universidad de Santo Tomás de Manila, Manila, Philippines, 701 pp.
Chanhome, L., Pauwels, O.S.G., Jintakune, P. & David, P. (2001) Catalog of the herpetological collection of the Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok. Part 1. Snakes (except Elapidae and Viperidae). Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society, 37, 49–72.
Chim, C.K. (2009) Population ecology of the dog-faced water snake (Cerberus rynchops) at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, Singapore. Thesis (M.Sc.) National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 350 pp. http://repository.nie.edu.sg/jspui/bitstream/10497/2725/3/ChimCheeKong.htm
Cochran, D. (1930) The herpetological collections made by Dr. Hugh M. Smith in Siam from 1923 to 1929. Proceeding of the United States National Museum, 77, 1–39.
Cogger, H.G. (1967) Australian Reptiles in Colour. A.H. and A.W. Reed, Wellington,112 pp .
Cogger, H.G. (1975) Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. A.H. and A.W. Reed, Sydney, 584 pp.
Cogger, H.G. (1979) Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. 2nd Ed. Ralph Curtis Books, Sanibel, Florida, 608 pp.
Cogger, H.G. (1983) Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. 3rd Ed. Ralph Curtis Books, Sanibel, Florida, 660 pp.
Cogger, H.G. (1986) Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. 3rd Ed. Ralph Curtis Books, Sanibel, Florida, 660 pp.
Cogger, H.G. (1992) Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. 5th Ed. Comstock/Cornell, Ithaca, NY, 775pp.
Cogger, H.G. (1981) A biogeographic study of the Arnhem Land Herpetofauna. In: Banks, C.B. & Martin, A.A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Melbourne Herpetological Symposium. Zoological Board of Victoria, Melbourne, pp. 148–155.
Cogger, H.G. (1992) Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Sydney, .
Cogger, H.G., Cameron, E.E. & Cogger, H.M. (1983) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 1. Amphibia and Reptilia. Australia Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 313 pp.
Cogger, H.G. & Lindner, D.A. (1974) Frogs and reptiles. In: Frith H.J. & Calaby, J.H. (Eds.), Fauna Survey of the Port Essington District, Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory of Australia. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper, 28, 63–107.
Cope, E.D. (1886) An analytical table of the genera of snakes. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 23, 479–499.
Cope, E.D. (1895) The classification of the Ophidia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 18, 186–219.
Cope, E.D. (1900) The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes or North America. Report of the U. S. National Museum for the Year Ending June 30, 1898. Pages 153–1294.
Cox, M.J. (1991) The Snakes of Thailand and Their Husbandry. Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, 526 pp.
Cox, M.J., van Dijk, P.P., Nabhitabhata, J. &. Thirakhupt, K. (1998) A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Ralph Curtis Publishing Co., Sanibel Island, 144 pp.
Crombie, R.I. & Pregill, G.K. (1999) A checklist of the herpetofauna of the Palau Islands (Republic of Belau), Oceania. Herpetological Monographs, 13, 29–80.
Cuvier, G. (1829) Le règne animal distribuè d’après son organisation, pour servir de base a l’histoire naturelle des animaux ex d’introduction a l’anatomie comparèe. Nouvelle édition, revue et augmentée. Tome II. Deterville, Paris, 406 pp .
Cuvier, G. (1837) The Animal Kingdom, arranged according to its organization, serving as a foundation for the natural history of animals and an introduction to comparative anatomy. Volume II. Reptiles and Amphibians - Atlas. G. Henderson, London, 36 (34 colored) of 40 plates.
Daniel, J.C. (1983) The Book of Indian Reptiles. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 141 pp.
Dammerman, K.W. (1926) The fauna of Durian and the Rhio-Lingga Archipelago. Treubia, 8, 281–326.
Das, I. (1998) The Serpent’s Tongue, A Contribution to the Enthnoherpetology of India and adjacent countries. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 121 pp.
Daudin, F.M. (1803a) Caractères des vingt-trois genres qui composent l’ordre des Ophidiens. Magasin Encyclopédique 8, 5, 433–438.
Daudin, F.M. (1803b) Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére des reptiles, pour faire suite à l'histoire naturelle de Buffon, rédigée par Sonnini. Volume 5. F. Dufart, Paris, 365 pp.
Daudin, F.M. (1803c) Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére des reptiles, pour faire suite à l'histoire naturelle de Buffon, rédigée par Sonnini. Volume 7. F. Dufart, Paris, 436 pp.
David, P. and Ineich, I. (1999) Les serpents venimeux du monde: systématique et _epartition. Dumerilia 3:1– 499.
David, P. & Vogel, G. (1996) The Snakes of Sumatra. An Annotated Checklist and Key with Natural History Notes. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 260 pp.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (1955) A Colored Atlas of Some Vertebrates From Ceylon. Vol. 3. Serpentoid Reptilia. Ceylon National Museum Publication, Colombo, 121 pp.
De Silva, P.H.D.H. (1980) Snake Fauna of Sri Lanka. National Museum of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 427 pp.
De Silva, A. (1990) Venomous snakes, their bites and treatment in Sri Lanka. In: Snakes of Medical Importance (Asia-Pacific Region). Gopalakrishnakone, P. & Chou, L.M. (eds.). Venom and Toxin Research Group, Singapore. Pages 479–556.
De Silva, A. (1994) An introduction to the herpetofauna of Sri Lanka. Lyriocephalus, 1, 3–19.
Dowling, H.G. & Jenner, J.V. (1988) Snakes of Burma, Checklist of reported species and bibliography. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, (76), 1–19.
Duméril, A.M.C., Bibron, G. & Duméril, A. (1854) Érpétologie générale ou historie naturelle compléte des reptiles. Volume 7 Part 2. Roret, Paris, pp. 782–1536.
Dunson, W.A. & Dunson, M.K (1979) A possible new salt gland in a marine homalopsid snake. Copeia, 1979, 661–672.
Dunson, W.A. & Minton, S.A. (1978) Diversity, distribution, and ecology of Philippine marine snakes. Journal of Herpetology, 12, 281–286.
Dutt, K. (1966). Karyotype study of a fresh water snake Cerberus rhynchops. Abstract. Proceedings International Symposium Animal Venoms Instituto Butantan, São Paulo. Pp. 15–16.
Dutta, S.K. (1989) On the mass killing of the dog-faced water snake (Cerberus rhynchops) in the Chilka Lake, Orissa. Hamadryad, 14, 227–228.
Ellison, A.M. (2008) Managing mangroves with benthic biodiversity in mind. Journal of Sea Research, 59, 2–15.
Erdelen, W. (1998) Trade in lizards and snakes in Indonesia – biogeography, ignorance, and sustainability. Mertensiella, 9, 69–83.
Fejérváry, G.J. (1923) Nomenklatoriche revision einiger Schlangengattungsnamen. Zoologisher Anzeiger, 56, 166–173.
Ferguson, H.S. (1896) List of snakes taken in Travancore from 1888–1895. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 10, 68–77.
Ferner, J.W., Brown, R.M., Sison, R.A. & Kennedy, R.S. (2001) The amphibians and reptiles of Panay Island, Philippines. Asiatic Herpetological Research, 9, 34–70.
Fischer von Waldheim, G. (1813) Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrate in Musum Praelectionum Acacemias Imperialis medico-chirurgicae Mosquensis edita. Editio tertia, Classium , Ordinum, Generum illustratione perpetua aucta. Volumen Primum, Tabulas synopticas generales et comparatives, nec non characteram quorundam explicationem iconographicam continens. Part 3 (Reptiles, poisons). Typis Nicolai Sergeidis Vsevolozsky, Mosquae, Pp. 57–117.
Fitzinger, L.I. (1826) Neue Classification der Reptilien. J.G. Heubner, Wien, 66 pp.
Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Braumüller et Seidel, Vindobonnae, 106 pp.
Flower, S.S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895–96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 856–914.
Flower, S.S. (1899) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 to September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899, 600–697.
Forcart, L. (1953) Die Amphibien und Reptillien von Sumba, ihre zoogeographischen Bezlehungen und Revision der Unterarten von Typhlops polygrammicus. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 64, 356–388.
Frith, C.B. (1977) A survey of the snakes of Phuket Island and the adjacent mainland areas of peninsular Thailand. Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam, 26, 263–316.
Fuchs, K. & Fuchs, M. (2003) The Reptile Skin. A key feature in the identification of lizards and snakes. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 408 pp.
Gaulke, M. (1990) The identification of snakeskins. A guide for the Philippine tanning-footwear-leather goods- industry. EEC Project NTP 85/708/935, IHK Publishers, Philippines. 42 pp.
Gaulke, M. (1998) Utilization and conservation of lizards and snakes in the Philippines. Mertensiella, 9, 137–142.
Gayen, N.C. (1999) A synopsis of the reptiles of Gujarat, Western India. Hamadryad, 24, 1–22.
Gee, N.G. (1929) A contribution toward a preliminary list of reptiles recorded from China. Peking Society Natural History Bulletin, 4, 53–84.
Gervais, P. (1869) Bibliotheque de Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie. Reptiles Vivants et Fossiles. German Bailliere, Paris, XIX plates, 80 pp.
Gharpurey, K.G. (1944) The Snakes of India. The Popular Book Depot, Bombay,178 pp.
Gharpurey, K.G. (1962) Snakes of India and Pakistan. Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 156 pp.
Giebel, C.G. (1861) Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs. Dritter Band. Amphibien und Fische. Verlag von Otto Wigand, Leipzig, 408 pp.
Giesen, W. (1993) Mass feeding by dog-faced water snakes (Cerberus rynchops) on Sumatran mud-flats. Malayan Nature Journal, 46, 265–266.
Glauert, L. (1950) A Handbook of the Snakes of Western Australia. Western Australian Naturalists Club, Perth, 50 pp.
Goldfuss, G.A. (1820) Zweite Ordnung Ophidii: Schlangen. In: Handbuch der Zoologie. Erste Abtheilung. Nurnberg: Johann Leonhard Schrag, pp. 135–151.
Gorman, G.C. (1973) The chromosomes of the reptilia, a cytotaxonomic interpretation. In: Chiarelli, A.B. & Capanna, E. (eds.) Cytotaxonomy and Vertebrate Evolution. Academic Press, New York, pp. 349–424.
Gorman, G.C., Licht, P. & McCollum, F. (1981) Annual reproductive patterns in three species of marine snakes from the central Philippines. Journal of Herpetology, 15, 335–354.
Gow, G. (1977) Snakes of the Darwin Area. Museums and Art Galleries Board of the Northern Territory, Darwin, 29 pp.
Gow, G. (1983) Snakes of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 118 pp.
Gow, G. (1989) Graeme Gow's Complete Guide to Australian Snakes. Angus & Robertson Publishers, North Ryde, 171 pp.
Gray, J. (1835) Illustrations of Indian Zoology: chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke. Volume 2.London, 263 pp.
Gray, J. (1842) Monographic synopsis of the watersnakes, or the family Hydridae. In: Zoological Miscellany, pp. 59–71.
Gray, J. (1849) Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 125 pp.
Gray, J. (1858) Appendix (2.) to the Catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. First part (Crotalidae, Viperidae, Hydridae and Boidae. In: Günther, A. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 265–281.
Greene, H.W. (1997) Snakes The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley, 351 pp.
Greer, A. (1997) The Biology and Evolution of Australian Snakes. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, 358 pp.
Griffin, L.E. (1909) A list of snakes found in Palawan. Philippine Journal of Science, 4, 595–601.
Griffin, L.E. (1910) A list of the snakes from the island of Polillo, P.I., with descriptions of a new genus and two new species. Philippine Journal of Science, 5, 211–217.
Grijs, P. de. (1901) Beobachtungen an Reptilien in der Gefangenschaft. Der Zoologische Garten, 37, 33–46, 65–76, 97–109.
Grismer, J.L., Grismer, L.L., Das, I., Yaakob, N.S., Lim Boo Liat, Leong, T.M., Youmans, T.M. & Kaisen, H. (2004) Species diversity and checklist of the herpetofauna of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia, with a preliminary overview of habitat utilization. Asiatic Herpetological Research, 10, 247–279.
Guinea, M.L., McMorrow, L., Sriprakash, K.S. & Peerzada, N. (1992) Yield and molecular weight of the Duvernoys’s gland secretions of the dog-faced mud snake (Cerberus rynchops) (Serpetes: Colubridae; Homalopsinae). In: Gopalakrishnakone, P. & Tan, C.K. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Toxicology Research. Vol. 1. Venom and Toxin Research Group, National University of Singapore, Singapore, pp. 386–396.
Günther, A.C.L.G. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 281 pp.
Günther, A.C.L.G. (1860) On the reptiles of Siam. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1860, 113–118.
Günther, A.C.L.G. (1863) Contribution to the herpetology of Ceram. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1863, 58–60.
Günther, A.C.L.G. (1864) Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, 452 pp.
Günther, A.C.L.G. (1872) On the reptiles and amphibians of Borneo. Proceedings of the Zoolgical Society of London 1872, 586–600.
Gyi, K.K. (1970) A revision of colubrid snakes of the subfamily Homalopsinae. University of Kansas Publications. Museum of Natural History, 20, 47–223.
Gyldenstolpe, N. (1916) Zoological results of the Swedish Zoological Expeditions to Siam 1911–1912 and 1914–1915. I. Snakes. Künglia Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 55, 17–18.
Haas, C.P.J. de (1950) Checklist of the snakes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Reptiles, Ophidia). Treubia, 20, 511–625.
Haas, G. (1931) Über die morphologie der Kiefermuskulatur und die Schädelmechanik einiger Schlangen. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 54, 333–416.
Hawgood, B.J. (1994) The life and viper of Dr Patrick Russell MD FRS (1727-1805): physician and naturalist. Toxicon, 32, 1295–1304.
Heatwole, H. (1975) Sea snakes of the Gulf of Carpentaria. In: Dunson, W.A. (Ed.), The Biology of Sea Snakes, University Park Press, Baltimore, pp. 145–149.
Heatwole, H. (1977) Voluntary submergence time and breathing rhythm in the homalopsine snake, Cerberus rhynchops. Australian Zoologist, 19, 155–167.
Heatwole, H. (1999) Sea Snakes. Krieger Publishing, Malabar, 148 pp.
Heatwole, H. & Dunson, W.A. (1987) Hematological parameters of some marine snakes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 113, 289–300.
Heatwole, H. & Seymour, R.S. (1978) Cutaneous oxygen uptake in three groups of aquatic snakes. Australian Journal of Zoology, 26, 481–486.
Hendrickson, J.R. (1966) Observations on the fauna of Pulau Tioman and Pulau Tulai. 5. The Reptiles. Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore, 34, 53–71.
Higgins, S.B. (1873) Ophidians, Zoological Arrangements of the Different Genera, Including Varieties Known in North and South America, the East Indies, South Africa, and Australia…Boericke and Tafel, New York, 239 pp.
Hoesel, J.K.P. van (1958) Notites over Viper russellii en enkele andere slangen van Flores. Lacerta, 16, 32–36. [English Summary]
Hoesel, J.K.P. van (1959) Ophidia Javanica. Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Kebun Raya, Indonesia, 188 pp.
Holtzinger-Tenever, H. (1917) Verzeichnis der von Herrn H. Schoede auf Ceylon und Sumatra gesammelten Reptilien. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 8, 425–444.
Hundley, H.G. (1964) Checklist of Burmese Reptiles. Privately Published, Kyi, Burma, 42 pp.
Iskandar, D.T. & Colijn, E. (2001) Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinea Herpetofauna II. Reptilia, Serpentes. Treubia, 31, 135–313.
Iskandar, D.T. & Nio, T.K. (1996) The amphibians and reptiles of Sulawesi, with notes on the distribution and chromosomal number of frogs. In: Kitchener, D.J. & Suyanto A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Eastern Indonesian-Australian Vertebrate Fauna. Western Australian Museum, Perth, pp. 39–46.
Jan, G. (1857) Cenni sul Museo Civico di Milano ed indice sistematico dei rettili ed anfibi. Luigi di Giacomo Pirola, Milano, 64 pp.
Jan, G. (1861) Uber die familie Homalopsidae. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 27, 87–95.
Jan, G. (1863) Elenco sistematico degli ofidi, descritti e disegnati per l'iconografia générale. Lombardi, Milan, 143 pp.
Jan, G. (1864) Prodromo della Iconografia Generale delgί ofidia. VIII. Gruppo Potamophilidae. Modena: Soliani, 65 pp.
Jan, G. (1865) Enumerazione sistematica degli Ofidi appartenenti al gruppo Potamophilidae. Archiv per la Zoologia, l’Anatomia e la Fisiologia, 3, 213–330.
Jan, G. & Sordelli, F. (1860–1881) Iconographie générale des Ophidiens. J. B. Ballére et fils, Milan and Paris, 100 pp.
Jayne, B.C. (1986) Kinematics of terrestrial snake locomotion. Copeia, 1986, 915–927.
Jayne, B.C., Voris, H.K. & Heang, K.B. (1988) Diet, feeding behavior, growth, and numbers of a population of Cerberus rynchops (Serpentes: Homalopsinae) in Malaysia. Fieldiana: Zoology, (1394), 1–15.
Jong, J.K. de (1926) Reptiles. Fauna Buruana. Treubia, 7, 85–96.
Jong, J.K. de (1927) Reptiles from Dutch New Guinea, In: Results de l’Expedition Scientifique Neerlandaise la Nouvelle-Guinea. Nova-Guinea Vol. 15. E.J. Brill, Leiden. Pp. 296–318.
Jong, J.K. de (1928) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Reptilien-Fauna von Niederlandisch Ost-Indien. Treubia, 10, 151.
Karns, D.R., Murphy, J.C., Voris, H.K. & Suddeth, J.S. (2005) Comparison of semi-aquatic snake communities associated with the Khorat Basin, Thailand. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, 5, 73–90.
Karns, D.R., O’Bannon, A., Voris, H.K. & Weight, L.A. (2000) Biogeographical implications of mitochondrial DNA variation in the bockadam snake (Cerberus rynchops, Serpentes: Homalopsinae) in Southeast Asia. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 391–402.
Karns, D.R., Voris, H.K., Cha'nard, T., Goodwin, T. & Murphy, J.C. (1999–2000) The spatial ecology of the rainbow water snake, Enhydris enhydris (Homalopsinae) in southern Thailand. Herpetological Natural History, 7, 97–115.
Karns, D.R., Voris, H.K. & Goodwin, T.G. (2002) Ecology of the Oriental-Australian rear-fanged water snakes (Colubridae: Homalopsidae) in the Pasir Ris Park Mangrove Forest, Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50, 487–498.
Keswall, (1886) Waters of Western India. Part 2. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 1, 153–175.
Khan, M.A., Khan, M.H. & Chowdhury, H.H. (2001) Threatened herpetofauna of Bangladesh. In: An Overview of the Threatened Herpetofauna of South Asia. IUCN Sri Lanka and Asia Regional Biodiversity Programme, Columbo, pp. 48–58.
Khan, M.S. (2002) A Guide to the Snakes of Pakistan. Edition Chimaria, Frankfurt, 265 pp.
Kinghorn, J.R. (1926) A new genus of sea snake and other reptiles collected by H.M.A.S. ‘Geranium’ during a cruise to northern Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1926, 71–74.
Kinghorn, J.R. (1929) The Snakes of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 198 pp.
Kinghorn, J.R. (1956) The Snakes of Australia. 2nd Edition. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 197 pp.
Kopstein, F. (1926) V. Reptilien von der Molukken und den benach-barten Inseln. Zoologische Mededelingen, 9, 71–122.
Kopstein, F. (1927) Die reptilienfauna der Sula-Inseln. Treubia, 9, 437–446.
Kopstein, F. (1930) De Javaansche Gifslangen en haar Beteekenis voor den Mensch. Visser & Co., Weltevreden, 138 pp.
Kopstein, F. (1931) IV. Fordonia leucobalia Schegel und Cerberus rhynchops Schneider. Treubia, 13, 1–4.
Kopstein, F. (1937) Schlangen von Enggano. Treubia, 16, 239–244.
Kopstein, F. (1941) Über sexualdimorphismus bei Malaiischen schlangen. Temminckia, 6, 109–185.
Krefft, G. (1869) The Snakes of Australia; Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of all the Known Species. Thomas Richards, Sydney, 100 pp.
Krishnan, V., Ramalingam, K. & Krishnan, M. (1985) Blood haemoglobin of the freshwater snake Cerberus rhynchops. Environment and Ecology, 3, 119–120.
Laidlaw, F.F. (1901) List of a collection of snakes, crocodiles, and chelonians from the Malay Peninsula, made by members of the “Skeat Expedition,” 1899-1900. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 2, 575–583.
Lampe, E. & Lindholm, W.A. (1902) Catalog der Reptilien und Amphibien – Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Wiesbaden. Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde, 55, 1–66.
Latreille, P.A. (1804) Nouveau dictionnaire d’Histoire naturelle appliqué aux arts, a l’agriculture,à l’Economie rurale et domestique, à la Médicine, etc. par une Société de Naturalistes et d’Agriculteurs. Volume 24. Deterville, Paris, p. 67. [Not seen.]
Lau, M.W.-N., Ades, G., Goodyer, N. & Zou, F.-S. (2000) Wildlife trade in southern China including Hongkong and Macao. Zoological Division of the Chinese Biodiversity Information Center. http://monkey.ioz.ac.cn/bwg-cciced/english/bwg-cciced/tech-27.htm.
Laurent, R. (1948) Notes sur quelques reptiles appartenant a la collection du Museé Royal d’Historie Naturelle de Belgique. II. Formes asiatiques et néo-guinéenes. Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 24, 1–12.
Lawson, R., Slowinski, J.B., Crother, B.I. & Burbrink, F.B. (2005) Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): new evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37, 581–601.
Lidth de Jeude, T.W. van (1890) Note VIII. On a collection of snakes from Dehli. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 12, 17–22.
Lilley, G. (1993) The use of reptiles as a product. The Reptilian Magazine, 1, 12–14.
Lillywhite, H.B. (1985) Behavioral control of arterial pressure in snakes. Physiological Zoology, 58, 306–308.
Lillywhite, H.B. (2008) Dictionary of Herpetology. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, 376 pages.
Lim Boo Liat. (1955) Snakes collected near Kuala Lumpur. Malayan Nature Journal, 9, 122–125.
Lim Boo Liat. (1956) The natural food of some Malayan snakes. Malayan Nature Journal, 10, 139–144.
Lim, F. & Lee, M. (1989) Fascinating Snakes of Southeast Asia-An Introduction. Tropical Press Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, 124 pp.
Lim, K.K.P. & Lim, L.J. (1999) The terrestrial herpetofauna of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 6, 135–155.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cun Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima (10th ed.). Volume 1. Holimiae (Stockholm): Laurenti Salvi
Liong, A.L.G. (1953) Cerberus rynchops (Schneider, 1799). De Tropische Natuur, 33, 127–131.
Lloyd, D.J., Cotton, A.F.R., Parker, H.W. & Prain, D. (1933) The collection of reptile skins for commercial purposes. Report by the advisory committee on hides and skins. Imperial Institute, London, 31 pp.
Loveridge, A. (1948) New Guinea reptiles and amphibians in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and United States National Museum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 101, 305–430.
Luther, D.A. & Greenberg, R. (2009) Mangroves: A Global Perspective on the Evolution and Conservation of Their Terrestrial Vertebrates. BioScience, 59, 602–612.
Lyle, J.M. & Timms G.J. (1987) Predation on aquatic snakes by sharks from northern Australia. Copeia, 1987, 802–803.
Macnae, W. (1968) A general account of the fauna and flora of mangrove swamps and forests in the Indo-West-Pacific Region. Advances in Marine Biology, 6, 73–270.
Maki, M. (1931) A Monograph of the Snakes of Japan. Dai-ichi Shobo, Tokyo, 487 pp.
Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien und Reptilien Südostasiens. Natur und Tier – Verlag, Berlin, 512 pp.
McDiarmid, R.W., Campbell, J.A. & Touré, T.A. (1999) Snake Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographical Reference. Volume 1. The Herpetologists League, Washington, 551 pp.
McDowell, S. (1986) The architecture of the corner of the mouth of colubroid snakes. Journal of Herpetology, 20, 353–407.
Merrem, B. (1820) Versuch eines Systematic der Amphibien. Johann Christian Krieger, Marburg, 191 pp.
Mertens, R. (1930) Die Amphibibien und Reptilien der Inseln Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa und Flores. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 42, 115–344.
Mertens, R. (1957) Zur herpetofauna von Ostjava und Bali. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 38, 23–31.
Mertens, R. (1959) Amphibien und Reptilien von Karimundjawa, Bawean und den Kangean-Inseln. Treubia, 25, 1–15.
Mertens, R. (1974) Die Amphibien und Reptilien West-Pakistans. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 55, 35–38.
Miller, K.G., Kominz, M.A., Browning, J.V., Wright, J.D., Mountain, G.S., Katz, M.E., Sugarman, P.J., Cramer, B.S., Christie-Blick, N. & Pekar, S.F. 2005. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science, 310, 1293–1298.
Minton, S.A. (1966) A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 134, 27–184.
Minton, S.A. (1975) Geographic distribution of sea snakes. In: Dunson, W.A. (Ed.), The Biology of Sea Snakes, University Park Press, Baltimore, pp. 21–31.
Mitchell, F.J. (1955) Preliminary account of the reptilia and Amphibia collected by the National Geographic Society Commonwealth Government, Smithsonian Institution Expedition to Arnhem Land (April-November, 1948). Records of the South Australian Museum, 11, 373–408.
Mocquard, F. (1904) Reserches sur l’Historie naturelle de l’Indochine Orientale. Serpentes recueillis par M. A. Pavie en Indochine. Mission Pavie Indochine, 3, 481–484.
Mocquard, F. (1907) Les reptiles de l’Indo-Chine. Revue Coloniale, 1906, 1–59.
Mori, A. (1998) Prey-handling behavior of three species of homalopsine snakes: features associated with piscivory and Duvernoy’s gland. Journal of Herpetology, 32, 40–50.
Morice, A. (1875) Coup d'Oeil sur la Fauna de la Cochinchine Francaise. H. Georg, Lyon, 64 pp.
Müller, F. (1878) Katalog der im Museum und Universitätskabinet zu Basel aufgestellten Amphibien und Reptilien nebst Anmerkungen. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 6, 561–709.
Müller, F. (1880) Erster Nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums. Systematische uebersicht. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 7, 120–165.
Müller, F. (1894) Reptilien und Amphibien aus Celebes. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 10, 825–843.
Murphy, J.C. (2007) Homalopsid Snakes, Evolution in the Mud. Krieger Publishing, Malabar, 249 pp.
Murphy, J.C., Mumpuni, & Sanders, K.L. 2011. First molecular evidence for the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake genus Brachyorrhos (Serpentes: Caenophidia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61, 953–957.
Murray, J.A. (1886) The Reptiles of Sind. A systematic account with descriptions of all the species inhabiting the province and a table of their geographical distribution in Persia, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Punjab, North-West Provinces, and the Peninsula of India generally, with woodcut, lithographs, and coloured illustrations. Richardson & Co., London, 92 pp.
Murthy, T.S.N. (1971) The occurrence of the dog-faced watersnake, Cerberus rhynchops (Schneider) (Serpentes: Colubridae) around Madras. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 67, 574–575.
Murthy, T.S.N. (1987) Herpetofauna of the Chilka Lagoon, Orissa, India. British Journal of Herpetology, 21, 8–10.
Murthy, T.S.N. (1995) Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Reptiles of India. B.R. Publishing Corp. Delhi, 113 pp.
Murthy, T.S.N. & Rao, K.V.R. (1986) Observations on some snake-eating birds of the Chilka Lagoon, Orissa. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 85, 620.
Nicholson, E. (1874) Indian Snakes. An Elementary Treatise on Ophiology, with a Descriptive Catalogue of the Snakes Found in India and the Adjoining Countries. Higgenbotham, Madras. 186 pp.
Oken, L. (1817) Cuviers and Okens Zoologien neben einander gestellt. Isis von Oken, 8, 1145–1186.
O’Shea, M.T. (1996) A Guide to the Snakes of Papua New Guinea. Independent Publishing, Port Moresby, 239 pp.
Pallas, P.S. (1771) Reise durch verschiedene Provinzien des Russischen Reiches, Vol. I. Gedruckt bey der Kayserlichen academie der wissenschaften, Petropoli. 308 pp.
Parameswaran, K.N. (1943) Observations on the develepment of the brackish water snake Cerberus rhynchops (Schneider). Proceedings of Indian Science Congress, Calcutta 1943, Part III. Abstract.
Parameswaran, K.N. (1954) On the viviparous habit of the fresh-water snake, Enhydris dussumieri (Smith). Current Science, 23, 27–28.
Parameswaran, K.N. (1963) The foetal membranes and placentation of Enhydris dussumieri (Smith). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 56, B, 302–327.
Parker, H.W. (1925) A collection of reptiles and batrachians from Tonkin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 15, 300–306.
Parker, F. (1982) The snakes of Western Province. Wildlife in Papua New Guinea 82/1. Division of Wildlife, Konedobu, 78 pp.
Pauwels, O.S.G., Laohawat, O.-A., David, P., Bour, R., Dangsee, P., Puangjit, C. & Chimsunchart, C. (2000) Herpetological investigations in Phang-Nga Province, southern peninsular Thailand, with a list of reptile species and notes on their biology. Dumerilia, 4, 123–154.
Pauwels, O.S.G., Wallach, V. & David, P. (2008) Global diversity of snakes (Serpentes; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 599–605.
Peracca, M.-G. (1899) Reptiles et batraciens de l’Archipel Malais. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 7, 321–330.
Peters, J.A. (1964) Dictionary of Herpetology. Hafner Publishing Co. New York, 392 pp. .
Peters, W.K.H. & Doria, G. (1878) Catalogo dei rettili e dei batraci raccolti da O. Beccari, L. M. D’Albertis e A. A. Bruijn. Nella sotto-regione Austro-Malese. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Series 1, 13, 323–450.
Pfeffer, P. (1959) Observations sur le Varan de Komodo Varanus komodoensis Ouwens 1912. Terre et la Vie, 106, 195–243.
Phisalix, M. & Caius, R.P.F. (1918) L’extension de la fonction venimeuse dans l’ordre entier des ophidians et son existence chez des familles ou elle n’aveit pas été soupconée jusquici. Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie générale, 17, 923–964.
Porej, D. (2001) Herpetofauna of the Muthurajawela Marsh, Sri Lanka, with notes on natural history. Herpetological Natural History, 8, 27–35.
Prater, S.H. (1923) The snakes of Bombay Island and Salsette. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 30, 151–176.
Prater, S.H. (1933) “Non-Poisonous Snakes.” Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 36, 391–394.
Price, R. & Kelly, P. (1989) Microdermatoglyphics: basal patterns and transition zones. Journal of Herpetology, 23, 244–261.
Rafinesque, C.S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l’univers et des corps organizés. Privately Printed, Palerme. 224pp.
Raj, B.S. (1927) The Littoral Fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Manaar - by Various Authors - New series - Natural History Section - F.H. Gravely Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1, 183.
Ridley, H.N. (1899) The habits of Malay reptiles. Journal of the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society, 32, 85–210.
Ritgen, F.A. (1828) Versuch einer Natürlichen Eintheilung der Amphibien. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum, 14, 246–284.
Robinson, H.C. & Kloss, C.B. (1920) Appendix. A nominal list of the species of reptiles and batrachians occurring in Sumatra. In: Boulenger, G.A. Reptiles and batrachians collected in Korinchi, West Sumatra. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 7, 297–306.
Rooij, N. de (1915) Reptiles. In: Kleinweh de Zwaan, J.P. (ed.), Die Insel Nias bei Sumatra. Kraniologische Untersuchungen. Zoologische Resultate. Martinus Nijhoffm, The Hague, pp. 282–307.
Rooij, N. de (1917) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. II. Ophidia. E. J. Brill, Ltd., Leiden, 331 pp.
Rooij, N. de (1922) Fauna Simalurensis. Reptilia. Zoologische Mededelingen, 6, 217–238.
Rosén, N. (1905) List of snakes in the Zoological Museum of Lund and Malmö with descriptions of a new species and a new genus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 15, 168–181.
Roux, J. (1911) Elbert-Sunda-Expedition des Frankfurter Vereins für geographie und statistik. Zoologischer Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematic, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 5, 495–508.
Roux, J. (1925) Note sur une collection de Reptiles et d’Amphibiens de l’île Nias. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 32, 319–321.
Russell, P. (1796) An Account of Indian Serpents Collected on the Coast of Coromandel; Containing Descriptions and Drawings of Each Species, Together with Experiments and Remarks on Their Several Poisons. W. Bulmer, London. 90 pp.
Saha, B.K. (1983a) Notes on the dog-faced watersnake. Hamadryad, 8, 4.
Saha, B.K. (1983b) More on the dog-face. Hamadryad, 8, 4–5.
Saint Girons, H. (1972a) Les Serpents du Cambodge. Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, New Series A, Zoologie 74, 1–170.
Saint Girons, H. (1972b) Etude de la collection de serpents de Cochinchine du Docteur Morice. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum Naional d’Historie Naturelle, Paris, 9, 3–12.
Saint Girons, H. (1985) Chapter 2. Comparative data on lepidosaurian reproduction and some time tables. In: Gans C. & Billett, F. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia Volume 15, Development B. John Wiley and Sons, New York, Pp. 35–58.
Sales, A.R.Y. (1884) Ofidios venenoso de Filipinas. Crónica Científica, 7, 33–35, 52–54, 85–88, 113–117.
Samuel, M. (1947) Histogenesis and development of the corpus luteum in Cerberus rhynchops. In: Proceedings of the Indian Science Society Congress 33rd Congress, pp. 133–134. [Abstract].
Samuel, M. (1951) Histogenesis and development of the corpus luteum in Cerberus rhynchops (Schneider). Journal of the Zoological Society of India, 3, 291–310.
Sarkar, S.C. (1923) A comparative study of the buccal glands and teeth of the Opisthoglypha, and a discussion of the evolution of the order from the Aglypha. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 21, 295–322.
Schenkel, E. (1901) Achter nachtrag zum katalog der herpetologischen sammlung des Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 13, 142–199.
Schlegel, H. (1826a) Notice sur l’erpetologie de l’ile de Java: par M. Boie. Bulletin des Sciences Naturelle et de Géologie, 9, 233–240.
Schlegel, H. (1826b) Erpetologische Nachrichten. Isis von Oken, 20, 281–294.
Schlegel, H. (1828) Untersuchung der Speicheldrüsen bei Den Schlangen mit Gefurchten Zähnen, in Vergleich mit denen der giftlosen und Giftigen. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopold-Carolinae Germanicae Nature Curiosorum, 14, 143–156.
Schlegel, H. (1837) Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. II. Partie descriptive. J. Kips, J. Hz, & W. P. Van Stockum, The Hague, 606 pp.
Schneider, J.G. (1799) Historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus primus, continens Ranas, Clamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros in genera et species descriptos notisque suis distinctos. Friederici Frommann, Jenae, 264 pp.
Schneider, J.G. (1801) Historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus secundus, continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas, Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues, Amphibaemas et Caecilias. Friederici Frommann, Jenae, 364 pp.
Sclater, W.L. (1891) List of Snakes in the Indian Museum. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 79 pp.
Scortecci, G. (1929) Rettili ed anfibi raccolti dal Cav. Stefano Bigatti nella penisola di Malacca. Attivo della Società Italiana di Scienza Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 68, 72–78.
Shaw, G. (1802) General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Thomas Davidson, London. 446 pp.
Shelford, R. (1901) A list of the reptiles of Borneo. Notes of the Sarawak Museum, 1901, 43–68.
Shine, R. (1991a) Strangers in a strange land: ecology of the Australian colubrid snakes. Copeia, 1991, 120–131.
Shine, R. (1991b) Australian Snakes A Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 223 pp.
Singh, L., Sharma, T. & Ray-Chaudhuri, S.P. (1970) Chromosomes numbers and sex chromosomes in a few Indian species of amphibians and reptiles. Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter, 11(33), 91–94.
Smedley, N. (1931) Amphibians and reptiles from the south Natuna Islands. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 5, 102–104.
Smith. H.M. & David, P. (1999) Introduction. George Shaw and the Herpetology Volume in His Series, General Zoology. In: Shaw, G. General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vol. 3. Amphibia. Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, pp. 5–96.
Smith, M.A. (1914) The Snakes of Bangkok. Part 3. Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam, 1, 93–104.
Smith, M.A. (1925) On a collection of reptiles and amphibians from Mt. Murud. Sarawak Museum Journal, 3, 5–14.
Smith, M.A. (1930) The Reptilia and Amphibia of the Malay Peninsula. A supplement to G. A. Boulenger's Reptilia and Batrachia, 1912. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 3, 1–149.
Smith, M.A. (1943) The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. 3. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, London, 583 pp.
Sonnini, C.S. & Latreille, P.A. (1801) Histoire naturelle des reptiles. Volume 4. Déterville, Paris, 335 pp .
Spjᴓtvoll, E. & Stoline, M. R. (1973) An Extension of the T-Method of multiple comparison to include the cases with unequal sample sizes. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69, 975–978.
Stejneger, L. (1907) Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory. United States National Museum, Washington, 557 pp.
Stejneger, L. (1910) The batrachians and reptiles of Formosa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 38, 91–114.
Steindachner, F. (1867) Reptilien. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Erster Band (Wirbelthiere.) K.-K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, pp. 1–98, 3 plates.
Stuebing, R.B. (1991) A checklist of the snakes of Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 39, 323–362.
Stuebing, R.B & Inger, R.F. (1999) A Field Guide to the Snakes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 254 pp.
Supriatna, J. (1982) Jenis-jenis ular di hutan mangrove dan makanan ular tambak (Cerberus rynchops). In: Prosiding Seminar II Ekosistem Mangrove. 3 August 1982. Baturaden, pp. 172–174.
Swainson, W. (1839) On the natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Volume 2. Lardner’s Cabinet Cyclopaedia. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, and John Taylor, London, 452 pp.
Sworder, G.H. (1923) A list of the snakes of Singapore Island. The Singapore Naturalist, 1923, 55–73.
Sworder, G.H. (1924) On a few reptiles and batrachians from the Singapore Islands. The Singapore Naturalist, 1924, 15–20.
Taylor, E.H. (1922) The snakes of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Bureau of Science Monograph, 16, 1–312.
Taylor, E.H. (1965) The serpents of Thailand and adjacent waters. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 45, 609–1096.
Theobald, W. (1868) Catalogue of the reptiles of British Birma embracing the Provinces of Pegu, Martaban, and Tenasserim; with descriptions of new or little-known species. Journal of the Linnean Society, 10, 4–67.
Theobald, W. (1876) Descriptive Catalogue of the Reptiles of British India. Thacker, Spink, and Co. Calcutta, 238 pp.
Thompson, J.C. (1914) Further contributions to the anatomy of the Ophidia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1914, 379–402.
Tirant, G. (1885) Notes sur les reptiles et les batraciens de la Cochinchine et du Cambodge. Gouvornement Press, Saigon, 104 pp.
Tweedie, M.W.F. (1983) The Snakes of Malaya. Singapore National Printers, Singapore, 139 pp.
Tweedie, M.W.F. & Reid, H.A. (1956) Poisonous snakes in Malay. Malayan Museum Pamphlets, 11, 1–16.
Vidal, N., Delmas, A.-S., David, P., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. & Hedges, S.B. (2007) The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 330, 182–187.
Vidal, N. & Hedges, S.B. (2005) The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes. Comptes Rendus Biologies 328, 1000–1008.
Vidal, N. & Hedges, S.B. (2009) The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 332, 129–139.
Voris, H.K. (2000) Map of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 1153–1167.
Voris, H.K. (2006) Assessment of biodiversity among Southeast Asian amphibians and reptiles. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, 6, 1–10.
Voris, H.K & Karns, D.R. (1996) Habitat utilization, movements, and activity patterns of Enhydris plumbea (Serpentes: Homalopsinae) in a rice paddy wetland in Borneo. Herpetological Natural History, 4, 111–126.
Voris, H.K. & Jefferies, W.B. (1995) Predation on marine snakes: a case for decapods supported by new observations from Thailand. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11, 569–576.
Voris, H.K. & Moffett, M.W. (1981) Size and proportion relationship between the beaked sea snake and its prey. Biotropica, 13, 15–19.
Voris, H K. & Murphy, J.C. (2002) Prey and predators of homalopsine snakes. Journal of Natur